MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Lecture Notes:
Dr. Hussam A. Mohammed
Al- Mussiab Technical College

Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston, Jr., and John T. DeWolf

Introduction Concept of Stress

The main objective of the study of mechanics of materials is to provide the
future engineer with the means of analyzing and designing various machines
and load bearing structures.
Both the analysis and design of a given structure involve the determination
of stresses and deformations. In herein The articles is devoted to the concept
of stress.

Review of Statics
The structure is designed to support a 30 kN load
Perform a static analysis to determine the internal force in each structural
member and the reaction forces at the supports
The structure consists of a boom and rod joined by pins ( zero moment
connections) at the junctions and supports
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Concept of Stress

Structure Free- Body Diagram

Structure is detached from supports and the loads and reaction forces are
indicated
Conditions for static equilibrium:

Ay and Cy can not be determined from these equations

Component Free- Body Diagram

In addition to the complete structure, each component must satisfy the
conditions for static equilibrium
Consider a free- body diagram for the boom:

substitute into the structure equilibrium equation

Cy= 30kN
Results:

Reaction forces are directed along boom and rod

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Concept of Stress

Method of Joints
The boom and rod are 2- force members, i. e., the members are subjected to
only two forces which are applied at member ends
Joints must satisfy the conditions for static equilibrium which may be
expressed in the form of a force triangle:
For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to to an axis between the force
application points, equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions

Stress Analysis
Can the structure safely support the 30 kN load?
From a statics analysis

dBC = 20 mm

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Concept of Stress

At any section through member BC, the internal force is 50kN with a force
intensity or stress of

the material properties for steel, the

allowable stress is

Conclusion: the strength of member

BC is adequate

Design
Design of new structures requires selection of appropriate materials and
component dimensions to meet performance requirements
For reasons based on cost, weight, availability, etc., the choice is made to
construct the rod from aluminum ( all= 100 MPa). What is an appropriate
choice for the rod diameter?

An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter is adequate

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Concept of Stress

Axial Loading: Normal Stress

The resultant of the internal forces for an axially loaded member is normal
to a section cut perpendicular to the member axis.

The force intensity on that section is defined as the normal stress.

The normal stress at a particular point may not be equal to the average stress
but the resultant of the stress distribution must satisfy

The detailed distribution of stress is statically indeterminate, i. e., can not

be found from statics alone.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Concept of Stress

SOLVED PROBLEMS IN NORMAL STRESS

Problem No.1
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile load
of 400 kN. Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to
120 MN/m2.

Problem No.2
A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as shown in
Figure. Calculate the smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed 90
MPa in bronze and 120 MPa in steel.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Concept of Stress

Problem No.3
The homogeneous bar shown in Figure is supported by a smooth pin at C and a
cable that runs from A to B around the smooth peg at D. Find the stress in the
cable if its diameter is 0.6 inch and the bar weighs 6000 lb.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Concept of Stress

Problem No.4
A rod is composed of an aluminum section rigidly attached between steel and
bronze sections, as shown in Figure. Axial loads are applied at the positions
indicated. If P = 3000 lb and the cross sectional area of the rod is 0.5 in2,
determine the stress in each section.

Problem No.5
An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a steel rod and a bronze rod as
shown in Figure. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the
maximum value of P that will not exceed a stress in steel of 140 MPa, in
aluminum of 90 MPa, or in bronze of 100 MPa.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Concept of Stress

Problem No.6
Determine the largest weight W that can be supported by two wires shown in Fig.
P-109. The stress in either wire is not to exceed 30 ksi. The cross-sectional areas
of wires AB and AC are 0.4 in2 and 0.5 in2, respectively.

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 Introduction Concept of Stress
Shearing Stress
Forces P and P are applied transversely to the member AB
Corresponding internal forces act in the plane of section C and are called
shearing forces.
The resultant of the internal shear force distribution is defined as the shear
of the section and is equal to the load P.
The corresponding average shear stress is,

Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the member surfaces to

maximum values that may be much larger than the average value.
The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to be uniform.

Shearing Stress Examples

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Concept of Stress

Bearing Stress in Connections

Bolts, rivets, and pins create stresses on the points of contact or bearing
surfaces of the members they connect.
Corresponding average force intensity is called the bearing stress,
The resultant of the force distribution on the surface is equal and opposite to
the force exerted on the pin.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Concept of Stress

Stress Analysis & Design Example

Would like to determine the stresses in the members and connections of the
structure shown.
From a statics analysis:
FAB = 40 kN ( compression)
FBC = 50 kN ( tension)
Must consider maximum normal stresses in AB and BC, and the shearing
stress and bearing stress at each pinned connection

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Concept of Stress

Rod & Boom Normal Stresses

The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.
At the rod center, the average normal stress in the circular cross- section (
A = 314x10-6m2) is BC = + 159 MPa.

At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross- sectional area occurs at the pin
centerline,

The boom is in compression with an axial force of 40 kN and average

normal stress of 26.7 MPa.
The minimum area sections at the boom ends are unstressed since the boom
is in compression.

Pin Shearing Stresses

The cross- sectional area for pins at A, B, and C,

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Concept of Stress

The force on the pin at C is equal to the force

exerted by the rod BC,

The pin at A is in double shear with a total

force equal to the force exerted by the boom
AB,

Divide the pin at B into sections to determine

the section with the largest shear force,

Evaluate the corresponding average shearing

stress,

To determine the bearing stress at A in the

boom AB, we have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,

To determine the bearing stress at A in the bracket,

we have t = 2( 25mm) = 50 mm and d = 25 mm,

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Concept of Stress

Factor of Safety
Structural members or machines must be designed such that the working stresses
are less than the ultimate strength of the material. Factor of safety considerations

uncertainty in material properties

uncertainty of loadings
uncertainty of analyses
number of loading cycles
types of failure
maintenance requirements and deterioration effects
importance of member to structures integrity
risk to life and property
influence on machine function

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Concept of Stress

SOLVED PROBLEMS IN SHEARING & BEARING

STRESS
Problem No.1
What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm thick? The shear
strength is 350 MN/m2.
Solution

Problem No.2
As in Figure below, a hole is to be punched out of a plate having a shearing strength of 40 ksi. The
compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. (a) Compute the maximum thickness of plate in
which a hole 2.5 inches in diameter can be punched. (b) If the plate is 0.25 inch thick, determine the
diameter of the smallest hole that can be punched.
Solution

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Concept of Stress

Problem No.3
Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in the clevis shown in Figure below if P = 400 kN. The
shearing strength of the bolt is 300 MPa.
Solution

Problem No.4
In Figure below, assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that are each 110 mm wide. The
allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60 MPa for shearing of rivet.
Determine (a) the minimum thickness of each plate; and (b) the largest average tensile stress in the
plates.

Solution

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Concept of Stress

Problem No.5
The lap joint shown in Fig. P-126 is fastened by four -in.-diameter rivets. Calculate the maximum
safe load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is limited to 14 ksi and the bearing
stress in the plates is limited to 18 ksi. Assume the applied load is uniformly distributed among the four
rivets.

Solution

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Lecture Notes:
Dr. Hussam A. Mohammed
Al- Mussiab Technical College

Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston, Jr., and John T. DeWolf

Stress and Strain Axial Loading

Suitability of a structure or machine may depend on the deformations in the
structure as well as the stresses induced under loading. Statics analyses alone
are not sufficient.
Considering structures as deformable allows determination of member
forces and reactions which are statically indeterminate.
Determination of the stress distribution within a member also requires
consideration of deformations in the member.
Chapter 2 is concerned with deformation of a structural member under axial
loading. Later chapters will deal with torsional and pure bending loads.

Normal Strain
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Stress & Strain Relationship

Stress-Strain Test

Stress- Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Stress & Strain Relationship

Stress- Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials

Hookes Law: Modulus of Elasticity

Below the yield stress

Strength is affected by alloying,

heat treating, and manufacturing
process but stiffness ( Modulus of
Elasticity) is not.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Stress & Strain Relationship

Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior

If the strain disappears when the stress is removed, the material is said to behave
elastically.
When the strain does not return to zero after the stress is removed, the material is
said to behave plastically.
The largest stress for which this occurs is called the elastic limit.

Deformations Under Axial Loading

From Hookes Law:

From the definition of strain:

Equating and solving for the

deformation,

With variations in loading, cross-

section or material properties,

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Stress & Strain Relationship

Example

Determine the deformation of the steel rod shown under the given loads.

SOLUTION:
Divide the rod into components at the load application points.
Apply a free- body analysis on each component to determine the internal
force
Evaluate the total of the component deflections.
Divide the rod into three components:

Apply free- body analysis to each

component to determine internal
forces,

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Stress & Strain Relationship

Evaluate total deflection,

Sample Problem
The rigid bar BDE is supported by two links
AB and CD.
Link AB is made of aluminum ( E = 70 GPa)
and has a cross- sectional area of 500 mm2.
Link CD is made of steel ( E = 200 GPa) and
has a cross- sectional area of ( 600 mm2).
For the 30- kN force shown, determine the
deflection a) of B, b) of D, and c) of E.

SOLUTION:
Apply a free- body analysis to the bar
BDE to find the forces exerted by links AB and DC.
Evaluate the deformation of links AB and DC or the displacements of B and
D.
Work out the geometry to find the deflection at E given the deflections at B
and D.
Free body:
Bar BDE

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Stress & Strain Relationship

Displacement of B:

Displacement of D:

Displacement of E:

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Stress & Strain Relationship

SOLVED PROBLEMS IN AXIAL DEFORMATION

Problem No.1
A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2 and a length of 150 m is
suspended vertically from one end. It supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the
lower end. If the unit mass of steel is 7850 kg/m3 and E = 200 103 MN/m2,
find the total elongation of the rod.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Stress & Strain Relationship

Problem No.2
A steel wire 30 ft long, hanging vertically, supports a load of 500 lb.
Neglecting the weight of the wire, determine the required diameter if the
stress is not to exceed 20 ksi and the total elongation is not to exceed
0.20 in. Assume E=29106 psi.

Problem No.3
An aluminum bar having a cross-sectional area of 0.5 in2 carries the axial loads
applied at the positions shown in Figure beow. Compute the total change in
length of the bar if E = 10 106 psi. Assume the bar is suitably braced to
prevent lateral buckling.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Stress & Strain Relationship

Problem No.4
Solve Prob. No.3 if the points of application of the 6000-lb and the 4000-lb forces
are interchanged.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Stress & Strain Relationship

Problem No.5
A bronze bar is fastened between a steel bar and an aluminum bar as shown in
Figure below. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the largest
value of P that will not exceed an overall deformation of 3.0 mm, or the following
stresses: 140 MPa in the steel, 120 MPa in the bronze, and 80 MPa in the
aluminum. Assume that the assembly is suitably braced to prevent buckling. Use
Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa, and Ebr = 83 GPa.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Lecture Notes:
Dr. Hussam A. Mohammed
Al- Mussiab Technical College

Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston, Jr., and John T. DeWolf

Stress and Strain Axial Loading

Static Indeterminacy
Structures for which internal forces and
reactions cannot be determined from statics
alone are said to be statically indeterminate.
Deformations due to actual loads and redundant
reactions are determined separately and then
added or superposed.
Redundant reactions are replaced with
unknown loads which along with the other
loads must produce compatible deformations.
A structure will be statically indeterminate
whenever it is held by more supports than are
required to maintain its equilibrium.

Example
Determine the reactions at A and B for the steel bar and loading shown, assuming a
close fit at both supports before the loads are applied.

SOLUTION:
Consider the reaction at B as redundant, release the bar from that support,
and solve for the displacement at B due to the applied loads.
Solve for the displacement at B due to the redundant reaction at B.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Stress & Strain Relationship

Require that the displacements due to the loads and due to the redundant
reaction be compatible, i. e., require that their sum be zero.
Solve for the reaction at A due to applied loads and the reaction found at B.
Solve for the displacement at B due to the applied loads with the redundant
constraint released,

Solve for the displacement at B due to the

redundant constraint,

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Stress & Strain Relationship

Require that the displacements due to the loads and due to

the redundant reaction be compatible,

Find the reaction at A due to the loads and the reaction at B

SOLVED PROBLEMS IN INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Problem No.1
A steel bar 50 mm in diameter and 2 m long is surrounded by a shell of a cast iron 5 mm thick.
Compute the load that will compress the combined bar a total of 0.8 mm in the length of 2 m. For
steel, E = 200 GPa, and for cast iron, E = 100 GPa.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Stress & Strain Relationship

Problem No.2
A reinforced concrete column 200 mm in diameter is designed to carry an axial compressive load
of 300 kN. Determine the required area of the reinforcing steel if the allowable stresses are 6 MPa
and 120 MPa for the concrete and steel, respectively. Use Eco = 14 GPa and Est = 200 GPa.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Stress & Strain Relationship

Problem No.3
A rigid block of mass M is supported by three
symmetrically spaced rods as shown in figure. Each copper
rod has an area of 900 mm2; E = 120 GPa; and the
allowable stress is 70 MPa. The steel rod has an area of
1200 mm2; E = 200 GPa; and the allowable stress is 140
MPa. Determine the largest mass M which can be
supported.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Stress & Strain Relationship

Problem No.3
The rigid platform in Figure shown has negligible mass and rests on
two steel bars, each 250.00 mm long. The center bar is aluminum
and 249.90 mm long. Compute the stress in the aluminum bar after
the center load P = 400 kN has been applied. For each steel bar, the
area is 1200 mm2 and E = 200 GPa. For the aluminum bar, the area
is 2400 mm2 and E = 70 GPa.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Stress & Strain Relationship

Thermal Stresses
A temperature change results in a change in length
or thermal strain. There is no stress associated with
the thermal strain unless the elongation is restrained
by the supports.
Treat the additional support as redundant and apply
the principle of superposition.

The thermal deformation and the deformation from

the redundant support must be compatible.

SOLVED PROBLEMS IN THERMAL STRESSES

Problem No.1
A steel rod with a cross-sectional area of 0.25 in2 is stretched between two fixed points. The tensile
load at 70F is 1200 lb. What will be the stress at 0F? At what temperature will the stress be zero?
Assume = 6.5 10-6 in / (inF) and E = 29 106 psi.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Stress & Strain Relationship

Problem No.2
A steel rod is stretched between two rigid walls and carries a tensile load of 5000 N at 20C. If the
allowable stress is not to exceed 130 MPa at -20C, what is the minimum diameter of the rod?
Assume = 11.7 m/(mC) and E = 200 GPa.

Problem No.2
Steel railroad reels 10 m long are laid with a clearance of 3 mm at a temperature of 15C. At what
temperature will the rails just touch? What stress would be induced in the rails at that temperature
if there were no initial clearance? Assume = 11.7 m/(mC) and E = 200 GPa.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Stress & Strain Relationship

Problem No.3
A steel rod 3 feet long with a cross-sectional area of 0.25 in.2 is stretched between two fixed
points. The tensile force is 1200 lb at 40F. Using E = 29 106 psi and = 6.5 10-6 in./(in.F),
calculate (a) the temperature at which the stress in the bar will be 10 ksi; and (b) the temperature at
which the stress will be zero.

Problem No.4
A bronze bar 3 m long with a cross sectional area of 320 mm2 is placed between two rigid walls as
shown in Figure. At a temperature of -20C, the gap = 25 mm. Find the temperature at which the
compressive stress in the bar will be 35 MPa. Use = 18.0 10-6 m/(mC) and E = 80 GPa.

9 - 12
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Stress & Strain Relationship

Poissons Ratio
For a slender bar subjected to axial loading:

The elongation in the x- direction is

accompanied by a contraction in the other
directions. Assuming that the material is
isotropic ( no directional dependence),

Poissons ratio is defined as

SOLVED PROBLEMS IN Poissons Ratio

Problem No.1
A solid cylinder of diameter d carries an axial load P. Show that its change in diameter
is 4P / Ed.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Stress & Strain Relationship

Problem No.2
A welded steel cylindrical drum made of a 10-mm plate has an internal
diameter of 1.20 m. Compute the change in diameter that would be caused by
an internal pressure of 1.5 MPa. Assume that Poisson's ratio is 0.30 and E =
200 GPa.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Stress & Strain Relationship

Problem No.2
A 2-in.-diameter steel tube with a wall thickness of 0.05 inch just fits in a rigid hole. Find the
tangential stress if an axial compressive load of 3140 lb is applied. Assume = 0.30 and neglect
the possibility of buckling.

Problem No.3
A 150-mm-long bronze tube, closed at its ends, is 80 mm in diameter and has a wall thickness of 3
mm. It fits without clearance in an 80-mm hole in a rigid block. The tube is then subjected to an
internal pressure of 4.00 MPa. Assuming = 1/3 and E = 83 GPa, determine the tangential stress in
the tube.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Lecture Notes:
Dr. Hussam A. Mohammed
Al- Mussiab Technical College

Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston, Jr., and John T. DeWolf

Torsion
Torsional Loads on Circular Shafts
Interested in stresses and strains of
circular shafts subjected to twisting
couples or torques
Generator creates an equal and opposite
torque T Shaft transmits the torque to
the generator
Turbine exerts torque T on the shaft

Net Torque Due to Internal Stresses

Net of the internal shearing stresses is an internal torque, equal and opposite
to the applied torque,

Although the net torque due to the shearing stresses is known, the
distribution of the stresses is not
Distribution of shearing stresses is statically indeterminate must consider
shaft deformations
Unlike the normal stress due to axial loads, the distribution of shearing
stresses due to torsional loads can not be assumed uniform.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Torsion

Axial Shear Components

Torque applied to shaft produces shearing stresses on
the faces perpendicular to the axis.
Conditions of equilibrium require the existence of
equal stresses on the faces of the two planes
containing the axis of the shaft
The existence of the axial shear components is
demonstrated by considering a shaft made up of axial
slats.
The slats slide with respect to each other when equal and
opposite torques are applied to the ends of the shaft.

Shaft Deformations
From observation, the angle of twist of the shaft is proportional to the
applied torque and to the shaft length.

When subjected to torsion, every cross- section of a circular shaft remains

plane and undistorted.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Torsion

Cross- sections for hollow and solid circular shafts remain plain and
undistorted because a circular shaft is axisymmetric.
Cross- sections of noncircular ( nonaxisymmetric) shafts are distorted when
subjected to torsion.

Shearing Strain
Consider an interior section of the shaft. As a
torsional load is applied, an element on the
interior cylinder deforms into a rhombus.
Since the ends of the element remain planar,
the shear strain is equal to angle of twist.
It follows that

Shear strain is proportional to twist and radius

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Torsion

Stresses in Elastic Range

Multiplying the previous equation by the shear
modulus,

From Hookes Law, , so

The shearing stress varies linearly with the radial

position in the section.

Recall that the sum of the moments from the internal

stress distribution is equal to the torque on the shaft
at the section,

The results are known as the elastic torsion formulas,

Sample Problem
Shaft BC is hollow with inner and outer
diameters of 90 mm and 120 mm,
respectively. Shafts AB and CD are solid
of diameter d. For the loading shown,
determine ( a) the minimum and maximum
shearing stress in shaft BC, ( b) the
required diameter d of shafts AB and CD if
the allowable shearing stress in these
shafts is 65 MPa.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Torsion

SOLUTION:
Cut sections through shafts AB and BC and perform static equilibrium
analysis to find torque loadings

Apply elastic torsion formulas to find minimum and maximum stress on

shaft BC

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Torsion

Given allowable shearing stress and applied torque, invert the elastic torsion
formula to find the required diameter

Angle of Twist in Elastic Range

Recall that the angle of twist and maximum
shearing strain are related,

In the elastic range, the shearing strain and

shear are related by Hookes Law,

Equating the expressions for shearing strain and solving for the angle of
twist,

If the torsional loading or shaft cross-

section changes along the length, the angle
of rotation is found as the sum of segment
rotations

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Torsion

Design of Transmission Shafts

Principal transmission shaft performance specifications are:
- power
- speed
Designer must select shaft material and cross- section to meet performance
specifications without exceeding allowable shearing stress.
Determine torque applied to shaft at specified power and speed,

Find shaft cross- section which will not exceed the maximum allowable
shearing stress,

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Torsion

SOLVED PROBLEMS IN TORSION

Problem No.1
A steel shaft 3 ft long that has a diameter of 4 in. is subjected to a torque of 15 kipft. Determine
the maximum shearing stress and the angle of twist. Use G = 12 106 psi.

Problem No.2
What is the minimum diameter of a solid steel shaft that will not twist through more than 3 in a 6-
m length when subjected to a torque of 12 kNm? What maximum shearing stress is developed?
Use G = 83 GPa.

Problem No.3
A steel marine propeller shaft 14 in. in diameter and 18 ft long is used to transmit 5000 hp at 189
rpm. If G = 12 106 psi, determine the maximum shearing stress.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Torsion

Problem No.4
A solid steel shaft 5 m long is stressed at 80 MPa when twisted through 4. Using G = 83 GPa,
compute the shaft diameter. What power can be transmitted by the shaft at 20 Hz?

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Torsion

Problem No.5
A 2-in-diameter steel shaft rotates at 240 rpm. If the shearing stress is limited to 12 ksi, determine
the maximum horsepower that can be transmitted.

Problem No.6
A steel propeller shaft is to transmit 4.5 MW at 3 Hz without exceeding a shearing stress of 50
MPa or twisting through more than 1 in a length of 26 diameters. Compute the proper diameter if
G = 83 GPa.

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Problem 310

Show that the hollow circular shaft whose inner diameter is half the outer diameter has

a torsional strength equal to 15/16 of that of a solid shaft of the same outside diameter.

Solution 310

Problem 311

An aluminum shaft with a constant diameter of 50 mm is loaded by torques applied to

gears attached to it as shown in Fig. P-311. Using G = 28 GPa, determine the relative

angle of twist of gear D relative to gear A.

Solution 311

Problem 312

A flexible shaft consists of a 0.20-in-diameter steel wire encased in a stationary tube

that fits closely enough to impose a frictional torque of 0.50 lbin/in. Determine the

maximum length of the shaft if the shearing stress is not to exceed 20 ksi. What will be

the angular deformation of one end relative to the other end? G = 12 106 psi.

Solution 312
Problem 313

Determine the maximum torque that can be applied to a hollow circular steel shaft of

100-mm outside diameter and an 80-mm inside diameter without exceeding a shearing

stress of 60 MPa or a twist of 0.5 deg/m. Use G = 83 GPa.

Solution 313

Problem 314

The steel shaft shown in Fig. P-314 rotates at 4 Hz with 35 kW taken off at A, 20 kW

removed at B, and 55 kW applied at C. Using G = 83 GPa, find the maximum shearing

stress and the angle of rotation of gear A relative to gear C.

Solution 314

Problem 315

A 5-m steel shaft rotating at 2 Hz has 70 kW applied at a gear that is 2 m from the left

end where 20 kW are removed. At the right end, 30 kW are removed and another 20

kW leaves the shaft at 1.5 m from the right end. (a) Find the uniform shaft diameter so

that the shearing stress will not exceed 60 MPa. (b) If a uniform shaft diameter of 100

mm is specified, determine the angle by which one end of the shaft lags behind the

other end. Use G = 83 GPa.

Solution 315
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Lecture Notes:
Dr. Hussam A. Mohammed
Al- Mussiab Technical College

Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston, Jr., and John T. DeWolf

Pure Bending
Pure Bending: Prismatic members subjected to equal and opposite couples acting
in the same longitudinal plane
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Pure Bending

Other Loading Types

Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which does not pass through section
centroid produces internal forces equivalent to an axial force and a couple
Transverse Loading: Concentrated or distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear force and a couple
Principle of Superposition: The normal stress due to pure bending may be
combined with the normal stress due to axial loading and shear stress due to
shear loading to find the complete state of stress.

Symmetric Member in Pure Bending

Internal forces in any cross section are equivalent to a couple. The moment
of the couple is the section bending moment.
From statics, a couple M consists of two equal and opposite forces.
The sum of the components of the forces in any direction is zero.
The moment is the same about any axis perpendicular to the plane of the
couple and zero about any axis contained in the plane.
These requirements may be applied to the sums of the components and
moments of the statically indeterminate elementary internal forces.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Pure Bending

Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure bending:
member remains symmetric
bends uniformly to form a circular arc
cross-sectional plane passes through arc center and remains planar
length of top decreases and length of bottom increases
a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the upper and lower surfaces and
for which the length does not change
stresses and strains are negative (compressive) above the neutral plane and
positive (tension) below it

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Pure Bending

Strain Due to Bending

Consider a beam segment of length L. After deformation, the length of the neutral
surface remains L. At other sections,

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Pure Bending

Stress Due to Bending

For a linearly elastic material,

For static equilibrium,

First moment with respect to neutral plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral
surface must pass through the section centroid.
For static equilibrium,

Beam Section Properties

The maximum normal stress due to
bending,

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Pure Bending

A beam section with a larger section modulus will have a lower maximum
stress
Consider a rectangular beam cross section,

Between two beams with the same cross sectional area, the beam with the
greater depth will be more effective in resisting bending.
Structural steel beams are designed to have a large section modulus.

Properties of American Standard Shapes

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Pure Bending

Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section

Deformation due to bending moment M is
quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface

Although cross sectional planes remain planar

when subjected to bending moments, in-plane
deformations are nonzero,

Expansion above the neutral surface and

contraction below it cause an in-plane curvature,

Sample Problem
A cast-iron machine part is acted upon by a 3 kN-
m couple. Knowing E = 165GPa and neglecting
the effects of fillets, determine (a) the maximum
tensile and compressive stresses, (b) the radius of
curvature.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Pure Bending

SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.

Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the

maximum tensile and compressive stresses.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Pure Bending

Calculate the curvature

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