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The material consists of language expressions, grammar points, and text analysis.
Language expression provide students with useful expression are used in daily
communication. In grammar points, students learn about basic English grammar such as; to
be, pronoun, questions, modals, prepositions, and basic tenses in English. Students are also
trained to analyze specific text, in terms of meaning and forms. They also will be introduced
to a TOEFL definition, types of test items in TOEFL and a strategy for TOEFL.
b. Introduction
Introducing yourself Introducing Others
Formal Expression Formal
Allow me to introduce myself. My Let me introduce my new director.
names Mr.
Let me introduce myself. Im Id like to introduce my wife, Jane.
May I introduce myself? My names
Responses Informal
Nice to meet/see you. Im This is . . . ./These are . . . .
Im/ My names.. Nice to meet you.
How do you do?
Asking about someone
Informal Expressions Whos that?
Im .. Thats . . . .
My names His/Her name is . . . .
Hi. My name is Who are they?
Nice to meet you. Theyre . . . .
Responses Their names are . . .and . . . .
Oh, my name is Wheres your friend?
Im. Hes/Shes . . . .
Hello. Im..
Nice to meet you too.
Introducing
- Saying name
Eg :
a. Hi / hello, my name is Sharon.
b. May I introduce myself my name is Sharon.
c. Good morning/ afternoon / evening my friend, let me introduce myself my
name is Sharon.
- Saying occupation
Eg:
a. I am an accountant student.
b. I am a teacher.
- Saying Hobby
Eg:
a. My hobby is reading a novel.
b. My hobbies are watching movie and reading novel.
c. Parting/Saying Goodbye
Expressions Responses
Bye. Bye
Good-bye. Good-bye.
See you later. See you soon
See you tomorrow. See you
Have a good day. Have a nice day
Good night. Night
Subject To Be Auxiliary
I am/was
You
Have / do / did
We are/were
They
She
He is/was Has / does
It
2. PRONOUNS
Pronouns are used instead of nouns.
NOUN James went into the hotel.
PRONOUN He went into the hotel.
Types of Pronouns:
1. Subject Pronouns
Subject pronouns are used before the verb. They can be singular or plural.
2. Object Pronouns
Object pronouns are used after the verb. They can be singular or plural.
Beginning Verb Object
SIngular Plural
Pronoun
Mr. Smith called me. me you
us you
I helped him. him her
them
Somebody saw us. it
3. Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns are used to show that a person owns or possesses something.
The possessive pronouns are:
With Noun my your His her it our their
Without noun mine yours his hers its ours theirs
3. Questions
Yes/No Questions Wh_Questions
1. Use To Be/Auxiliary/Modal as question 1. Use Wh-words as question words
words 2. The answer is complete answer
2. The answer is short answer yes/no 3. The intonation is falling/ go down.
3. The intonation is rising/ go up.
Examples Examples
To be What is your name? My name is
Are you an actor? Yes, I am. Where do you live? I live in
Is she a doctor? No, she is not/isnt. When were you born? I was born
Are they farmers? Yes. they are. on
Auxiliary Verb Why do you like music? Because...
Do you like English? Yes, I do. Who is your favorite singer? She
Does she live in Bandung? No, she does not. is.
Modals Which one is your sister? The girl
Can you speak English well? No, I cant. with ..
May I borrow your book? Sure, here you are. How + adjective
How many brothers do you have?
How much money do you need?
How far is your house from here?
How old is your father?
How deep is the river?
How long have you been here?
A. Words in context
Circle a letter to show the meaning of the boldface words in the sentences.
1. Many Web sites provide FAQs to provide help quickly.
a. Fast Accurate Quotes
b. Facts and Quality
c. Frequently Asked Questions
2. If you can imagine a subject, you can find out about it on the Internet.
a. international network of electronically connected computers
b. a search engine such as www.yahoo.com
c. Web pages with customized information
3. Your question may be answered on the sites message board.
a. an organizations list used for regular mailings
b. area on a Web site where users post comments and read
the comments of others
c. an educational chat room for regular users
4. Some sites respond only within a certain time frame.
a. date and time of day framed on the screen
b. information about the time an event occurred
c. period of time during which something is planned to take place
Write S or A next to each word pair to show whether the words are synonyms (words with
a similar meaning) or antonyms (words with opposite meanings).
1. _____ submit / receive 5. _____ frequently / rarely
2. _____ perhaps / maybe 6. _____ require / need
3. _____ respond / answer 7. _____ expert / amateur
4. _____ chosen / rejected 8. _____ previous / earlier
C. Homonyms
Homonyms are words that sound alike but have different meanings and sometimes different
spellings. Clue words are homonyms of words from the reading. Use words from the reading
to complete the crossword puzzle.
ACROSS DOWN
3. sights 1. knot
4. to 2. weak
6. no 3. sum
7. sea 4. ewe
Asking and telling about time, date and day, Thanking and Apologizing
A. Date and Numbers
1. How to say date in English
Month
January March May July September November
February April June August October December
Date
1 = 1st / First 11 = 11th / eleventh
2 = 2nd / second 20 = 20th / twentieth
3 = 3rd / third 24 = 24th / twenty fourth
4 = 4th / fourth 30 = 30th / thirtieth
5 = 5th / fifth 31 = 31st / thirty first
6 = 6th / sixth
7 = 7th / seventh
8 = 8th / eighth
9 = 9th / ninth
10 = 10th / tenth
Comments
When leaving someone who has just treated or entertained us we usually say Thank you very
much for a wonderful time. The formal answer is It was my pleasure.
Examples
A: This is a little gift I bought to you.
B: Thank you very much. Oh, its just what I wanted.
Practice
Work in pairs.
1. A, thank your partner for
A lovely present
Helpful advice
A useful souvenir
A timely warning
C. Apologising
A Obvious Fault
Expressions Responses
Im really Thats okay
very sorry (to) All right
extremely Dont worry about that.
Not at all. [denying fault]
So you should be. [unforgiving]
Fault to be explained
Expressions Responses
Im afraid I Thats okay
Im very sorry but I All right
Dont worry about that.
Not at all. [denying fault]
So you should be. [unforgiving]
Comments
An offer of amends is often needed.
e.g. let me pay for the damage.
Excuses may be offered.
e.g. I couldnt help it because
Practice
1. Work in pairs.
A, apologise to your partner for
keeping him/her waiting
losing his/her book
being rude
leaving without saying goodbye
B, respond to your partners apologies. Change roles.
Practice
Explain, apologise and offer amends as appropriate in the following situations.
Your child has broken your neighbours window.
You failed to keep an appointment with a friend and are telephoning to apologise.
TENSE
Tenses are used to show whether the timing of an action is on-going, partly completed, fully
completed, not started yet or not particularly fixed.
Fully completed : past tense, past perfect
Partly completed : present perfect
On-going : present, past and future continuous (or progressive)
Not fixed : present tense
Not started : future time
1. PRESENT TENSE
No particular time
The present tense is used for:
Things that never change He works in tokyo.
How people feel I am angry.
Actions that happen from time to time They play football every week.
What people look like She is tall and thin.
2. PAST TENSE
Fully completed past actions
The past tense is used for an action that happened in the past. The action is completed. You
usually add ed to the verb.
Example: walked, shouted, washed.
These are called regular verbs.
However, you cannot add ed to some verbs. You have to change their spelling.
These are called irregular verbs.
Example: buy bought eat ate give gave
3. PAST PERFECT
Partly completed actions
The past perfect is used for completed actions that happened before a certain other action in
the past.
Example: He felt cold. He had forgotten to bring his coat.
4. FUTURE TIME
Actions not yet started
We use different ways to indicate an action that will happen in the future, e.g. tomorrow, next
week.
1. WILL or SHALL (making a prediction/ expressing willingness)
Example: He will win.
Ill help you.
2. PRESENT TENSE (for fixed times and dates)
Example: My train leaves at 6 a.m.
Exercise 2
Rewrite the underlined words correctly.
1. She sell vegetables at the market every morning. ( ______________________ )
2. The staff attend a meeting every fortnight. ( ____________________ )
3. My driver drive me to school every day. ( _____________________ )
4. The postman delivering letters every day. ( ____________________ )
5. John's brother like to switch on the radio loudly. ( ________________ _____ )
6. Allan and his sister went for swimming les sons every Friday. (_____________)
7. The pupils cleans the classroom every day before going back. (
_____________ )
8. My brothers loved to watch football. ( ____________________ )
9. Bats lives in the caves. ( ______________________ )
10. Our teachers taught us Mathematics every day. (______________).
Fill in the blanks with the SIMPLE PAST TENSE with the given word in the bracket.
1. She ________________ (post) the letter just now.
2. Joan _______________ (buy) a lot of things at the sale.
3. They _______________ (switch) on the fan as it was very warm.
4. The Lim family ________ (go) to Denmark last December.
5. The horse ___________ (jump)over the fence and ____________. (escape)
6. Jasni _______________ (teach) us how to make a kite.
7. We ________________ (meet) our former teacher at the mall.
8. Her friends __________ (sing) the birthday song at the party.
9. The girl _____________ (stand) up and (give) her seat to the blind man.
10. My uncle ___________ (bring) us to Cameron Highlands last week
B. Find out the synonyms of the following words in the text above in italic fonts and make a
sentence for each!
1. Access : 6. Essential :
2. Bad : 7. Renew :
3. Searching : 8. Decrease :
4. Sort out : 9. Imperil :
5. Save : 10.good :
Examples:
A: Can I borrow your dictionary?
B: Sure. Here you are.
Comment
The negative nuance of Do/Would you mind? is often ignored.
e.g. Do you mind if I smoke? Yes, of course. Go ahead.
Expressions Responses
Excuse me [speaking to strangers] Yes?
Can Yes
Could you tell me? (Im) sorry but I dont know.
Do you (happen to) know? No, Im afraid not.
Have you any idea?
Examples Comment
A: Excuse me, can you tell me the time? No special expressions are necessary
B: Yes, its quarter to ten. when speaking to friends. e.g. Whats the
time? Do you know if the post office is
A: Do you happen to know if the post office is open?
open?
No, Im afraid not.
Expressions Responses
Can youplease? Yes. All right.
Will Of course.
Could youplease? Okay.i
Would Sure.i
Do you minding, please? Sorry but (impossible)
Would Id rather nit. (unwilling)
I wonder if you could By all means.
Would mind ing p Its be a pleasure. F
Would be kind enough to... Im very sorry but
Actually. Id rather not, if you dont
mind.
Examples Comment
A: Can you help me with these suitcases, We tend to use will/would when we dont
please? know if a person is willing to help. We tend
B: Yes, all right. to use can/could when we dont know if a
person is able to help.
O: Could you open the window, please? The degree of politeness depends on:
P: Id rather not. Im cold. a. The relationship between the two people
b. The degree of inconvenience of the
Y: I wonder if you could do me a favour. requested action
Z: By all means.
Practice
Work in pairs. A and B.
1. A, talk about your family, your hobbies and your last holiday. Speak very softly, cover
your mouth with your hand or make noises with your chair, books, etc.
B, keep asking your partner to repeat what he or she says.
2. B, talk about your hometown, a good book or film and your ambitions. A, each time
your partner speaks, cough and then ask him/her to repeat what he/she said.
3. Work with a partner. Make up a telephone conversation between a hotel booking clerk
and a guest booking a room. The telephone line is bad and the booking clerk has to keep
asking for things to be repeated. Act out your conversation to the class.
Example
Y: What do you think about pollution?
Z: In my opinion, its a very serious problem.
Comments
What do you think. . .? is used when referring to specific people, places, things etc.
What do you think about. . .? is used when referring to controversial matters and
problems.
What are you views on. . .? is used when discussing topics of a wider nature e.g.
marriage, education, etc.
When asking opinions of strangers for surveys, the more polite forms tend to be used.
e.g.
Could you tell me your opinion of?
May I ask your opinion of? etc.
Practice
1. Work in pairs.
Take it turns to ask for and give opinions on
Smoking
Atomic weapons
Gambling
Pollution
Your government
Drug addiction
2. Work in pairs.
Take it in turns to ask for and give opinions of
a certain T.V. personality or sportsman/woman
a certain T.V. programme
a certain city
a certain current controversial matter
7. Offering to do things
Expressions Accepting Refusing
Can I? Yes, please (if you dont No, thanks.
Shall? mind). Thanks anyway/all the same,
Would you like me Thats very kind of you. but....
to? Thanks. Its kind of you to offer butp
Let me
Example
A: Shall I help you?
B: Yes, please, if you dont mind.
Practice
Work in pairs A and B. A, read the following sentences. B, make an appropriate offer. A,
accept or refuse each offer. Then change roles.
e.g.
A: This rooms very dark.
B: Shall I switch the light on?
A: Yes, please.
B: Ive forgotten my textbook. etc
This rooms very dark.
Ive forgotten my textbook.
I havent got time to post this letter.
I cant carry all these all these bags by myself.
Ive left my pen at home.
Im short of money.
Ive got a problem.
Ive lost my passport.
I cant understand this sentence.
Example
C: Would you like a cup of tea?
D: Yes please.
C: How about cookie?
D: Thanks anyway but Ive just eaten lunch.
Practice
Work in pairs.
Offer the following things to each other. Accept or refuse each thing.
1) Can
Use Examples
ability to do sth. in the present (substitute
I can speak English.
form: to be able to)
permission to do sth. in the present
Can I go to the cinema?
(substitute form: to be allowed to)
Request Can you wait a moment, please?
Offer I can lend you my car till tomorrow.
Suggestion Can we visit Grandma at the weekend?
Possibility It can get very hot in Arizona.
2) could
Use Examples
ability to do sth. in the past (substitute
I could speak English.
form: to be able to)
permission to do sth. in the past (substitute
I could go to the cinema.
form: to be allowed to)
polite question * Could I go to the cinema, please?
polite request * Could you wait a moment, please?
polite offer * I could lend you my car till tomorrow.
polite suggestion * Could we visit Grandma at the weekend?
possibility * It could get very hot in Montana.
3) may
Use Examples
Possibility It may rain today.
permission to do sth. in the present
May I go to the cinema?
(substitute form: to be allowed to)
polite suggestion May I help you?
4) might
Use Examples
possibility (less possible than may) * It might rain today.
hesitant offer * Might I help you?
7) need not
Use Examples
I needn't go to the supermarket, we're going to the
not necessary
restaurant tonight.
8) ought to
Use Examples
Advice You ought to drive carefully in bad weather.
You ought to switch off the light when you leave the
Obligation
room.
9) shall
10) should
Use Examples
Advice You should drive carefully in bad weather.
You should switch off the light when you leave the
Obligation
room.
11) will
Use Examples
wish, request, demand, order (less
Will you please shut the door?
polite than would)
prediction, assumption I think it will rain on Friday.
Promise I will stop smoking.
spontaneous decision Can somebody drive me to the station? - I will.
Habits She's strange, she'll sit for hours without talking.
PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions tell us:
WHERE something or someone is.
WHERE something or someone is going.
WHEN something happens.
There are three kinds of Preposition
1. PREPOSITION OF PLACE
We use preposition of place to show WHERE something or someone is.
They are words like:
In On At Near Behind Under between opposite next to
[ AT ] [ IN } [ ON ]
Use at with public places and Use in when the place is an Use on when you talk about
buildings. area or district, region, town, the surface or top of a place.
Example: city. Example:
Hes at the station. Example: The cat is sitting on the wall.
Shes at home. Hes in New York. Your keys are on the table.
I enjoyed my holiday in
France.
2. PREPOSITION OF MOTION
We use preposition of motion to show WHERE something or someone is going to or coming
from. They are words like: around, along, across, towards, to, from, out of, into.
Example: They cycled along the path.
He walked across the road.
along
across
His family and friends thought him mad, but while recuperating from a hunting
accident, diligently and independently set out to create a form of communication from his
own people as well as for other Indians. In 1821, after twelve years of work, he had
successfully developed a written language that would enable thousand of Indians to read and
write.
Sequoyahs desire to preserve words and events for later generations has caused him
to remembered among the important inventors. The giant redwood trees of California, called
sequoias in his honor, will further imprint his name in history.
A. Read the text above and find out the closest meaning of the bold typing words!
B. After reading the text, then answer the following questions correctly!
1. What is the most important reason that Sequoyah will be remembered?
a. California redwoods were named in his honor.
b. He was illiterate.
c. He created a unique alphabet.
d. He recovered from his madness and help humankind.
2. The word squaw in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to
a. Woman b. teacher c. cook d. trader
3. How did Sequoyahs family react to his idea of developing his own talking leaf?
a. They arranged for his hunting accident.
b. They thought he was crazy.
c. They decided to help him.
d. They asked him to teach them to read and write.
4. What prompted Sequoyah to develop his alphabet?
a. People were writing things about him that he couldnt read.
b. He wanted to become famous.
c. After his hunting accident, he needed something to keep him busy.
d. He wanted the history of his people preserved for future generations.
5. It is implied that Sequoyah called the written records the talking leaf because
a. They played music.
b. When he observed white people reading, they seemed to understand what was written.
c. He was going mad, and he thought the leaves were talking to him.
d. It was the only way that the Great Spirit had of communicating with them.
Opening Presentation
Opening presentation
1. Greeting
2. Thanking the audience
3. Introducing yourself
4. Starting your purpose
5. Sign posting
greeting
name and position
the title/ subject
the objective
the main points
mention visual aids you will use
time you will take
when you would like questions
refer to your audience
link to first section
1. VERBS
Verbs are words that tell us what a person is DOING or feeling or who a person is.
FEELINGS ACTION WORDS ACTION or THING?
Use verbs like be, feel, and seem Our actions are what An action is a verb. But
to show how you feel and who we do. sometimes it looks like a
you are. Example: NOUN in a sentence. It is
Example: I hit him. a gerund. Example:
I feel hot. I cried. Smoking is bad for you.
I am angry. Jogging is good for you.
My name is John.
a. Subject + Verb
When the present tense is used, the subject he, she and it change the spelling of the verb.
Example: I wash, you wash,
he/ she/ it washes,
we wash, you wash, they wash
b. Passive
The verb is passive if you do not want to use the subject. Here, the action is more
important than the doer.
Example: The floor was swept.
Who swept the floor?
We do not know.
When you can put an object after the verb, the verb is called transitive verb.
d. Time Words
Verbs are also time words. They tell us when an action takes place, e.g. past, present, future,
or no particular time.
2. ADVERBS
Adverbs tell us more about the verb. They tell us:
HOW to do something.
WHERE we do something.
WHEN something happens.
HOW OFTEN we do something.
2. Adverbs of time
Adverbs of time are used to show WHEN we do something. They are words like: soon,
now, still, yet, then, when. Sometimes, they are phrases like: everyday, in the afternoon, on
Saturdays.
Example: Now what are we going to do?
Hell be here soon.
3. Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of frequency are used to show HOW MANY TIMES we do something. They are
words like: always, usually, seldom, sometimes, often, never.
4. Adverbs of place
Adverbs of place are used to show WHERE we can find people or things. They are words
like: nearby, upstairs, everywhere, somewhere, anywhere, here. Sometimes, they are
phrases like: on the left, over there, in the library.
5. Adverbs of degree
Adverbs of degree usually tell us more about adjectives.
Example: If someone is good, an adverb of degree tells us how good.
He can be very good or quite good or fairly good.
They are words like:
Very quite rather Fairly So almost nearly Slightly
just Too Extremely entirely
3. ADJECTIVES
An adjective is a word that tells us more about a noun. An adjective tells us about the quality
of person or thing.
Example: beautiful, clever, nice, pleasant, friendly
An adjective tells us about physical states such as:
SIZE e.g. big, small, tall, thin, fat
SHAPE e.g. round, square, oval
AGE e.g. old, young, middle-aged
COLOUR e.g. red, green, blue
No, it isnt!
Its my ball!
Its our ball!
my, your, his, her, its + NOUN our, your, their + NOUN
B. Demonstrative Adjectives
We use demonstrative adjective to point to things or persons. Use this (singular) and these
(plural) for things that are near. Use that (singular) or those (plural) if they are far away.
Participles
The present participle (verb + ing) and past participle (verb + ed or en) can be used as
adjectives.
With ing With ed or -en
Interesting Frightening excited broken
2. Uncountable nouns
Uncountable nouns are things which cannot be counted. This is because they are hard to
see as separate units.
Example: salt, flour, pepper, tea, water, milk, cream, bread, cheese.
Uncountable nouns are usually singular only (no plural forms).
Example: Sugar is sweet.
The milk is sour.
3, Collective Nouns
Collective nouns refer to a group or collection of people or things.
Example: a team A team is ONE group of MANY people.
It can be singular or plural.
Example: singular plural
The team is very good. The team are very good
Example: class, crowd, police, club, staff, government, audience.
5. Abstract Nouns
Abstract nouns are ideas or concepts that we have in our minds. We can think about them
but we cannot see or touch them. They are words like love, hope, beauty, happiness,
enjoyment, loneliness.
6. Possessive Nouns
Possessive nouns show that a person owns or possesses something.
Example: Jasons car.
This means that Jason owns a car.
Using the apostrophe
The apostrophe is
1. When the noun (the owner) is singular, put the apostrophe before the s.
Example: Jasons car.
My brothers house.
2. When the noun is plural, put the apostrophe after the s.
Example: The teachers staffroom.
The students books.
B. After reading the information from the boxes above, make a summary of your
understanding for each box.
Box 1 :
..
Box 2 :
..
Box 3 :
..
Box 4 :
..
C. Write a simple background of yourself.
Introduction to TOEFL
The Test of English as a Foreign Language
The format of the test can be PBT (paper-based test) or IBT (internet-based test). The
TOEFL PBT test has three sections:
Sections Time Limit Number of Questions
Listening Comprehension 30-40 minutes 50
Structure and Written Expression 25 minutes 40
Reading Comprehension 55 minutes 50
Examples of Test
A. Structure and Written Expression
Directions : Question 1-15 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see for
words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C) and (D). You are to choose one word or phrase that
best complete the sentence.
The sentence should be read "The swimming instructor came to see if the apartment was still
available." Therefore, you should choose A.
2. The manager won't be able to attend the shareholders' meeting tomorrow because....
A. he must to give a lecture
B. he will be giving a lecture
C. of he will give lecture
D. he will have giving a lecture
6. East Kalimantan relies heavily on income from oil and natural gas, and....
A. Aceh province also.
B. Aceh province too.
C. Aceh province is as well.
D. so does Aceh province.
10. The adder is a venomous snake ... bite may prove fatal to humans.
A. its
B. whom its
C. that
D. whose
11. .... a bee colony gets, the more the queen's egglaying capability diminishers.
A. It is more overcrowded.
B. The more overcrowded.
C. More overcrowded than.
D. More than overcrowded.
13. Unlike the earth, which rotates once every twenty-four hours ... once every ten hours.
A. the rotation of Jupiter
B. Jupiter rotates
C. Jupiter rotation
D. Jupiter rotate