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Service
The following publishers have manuals containing diagnostic information for
electronic engine control and ignition systems. Contact the publishers for
availability and pricing, specifying the make, model and year of your vehicle.
Some manuals may be available at auto parts stores or your local public library.
n g SgnSOfS r r : rr r r ! ! r r ! r . 2'1
21 TgSti
. Troubleshooting Tips
.rrrrrrrr r I r r r r r I r rr r
2-1
. Engine Coolant Temperature.. 2-2
. Inlet Air Temperature ... 2-3
. Throttle Position (TP) 2-6
. EGR Valve Position (EVP) ..... . 2'14
.Oxygen. .2-18
. Engine Knock ... . 2-26
. Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP/BARO) . 2-28
. Mass Air Flow (MAF) 2-34
. Vane Air Flow ... . 2-40
. Crankshaft/Camshaft Position 2-46
Magnetic Reluctance Type . 2-49
Hall Effect or Optical Type ... 2-51
Used when testing gnition modules. The PULSE light will flash
the module is good.
f
PULSE Note that the PULSE light will also be on (or flash) whenever
Light frequency signals are being measured - this is normal.
These lights are active when the tester switches are set to LOW
VOLTS only.
RIGH/ . LEAN (green): ON for voltages between 0.1 and 0.59 volts.
LEAN . RIGH (red): ON for voltages above 0.6 volts.
Lights The RICH/LEAN lights work along with the TEST lights and are
helpful when testing oxygen sensors. The RICH/LEAN lights may be
ignored when testing other sensors using the LOW VOLTS range.
Two or more of these are used for the various tests and checks.
Test Yellow - The SIGNAL lead Signals probed by this lead cause
the TEST lights to react. Usually connected to a sensor or
Leads ignition module output circuit during testing.
Black - The COMMON lead. Used as a circuit ground or signal
reference point for all tests and checks. This lead is always
used.
Green - The TRIGGER lead. Used when testing ignition
modules. Sends a signal to "fire" the module. Usually connected
to the module cranksh aftlcamshaft input circuit.
Red - The 9V power lead. This lead is connected to the 9 volt
battery inside the tester whenever the RANGE switch is in the
LOW or HIGH positions. lgnition modules and some sensors
require this power for testing.
Allows test lead to probe sensor circuits when the sensor is
connected to vehicle wiring harness.
. Slide the "scooped" end of adapter next to circuit wire
Adapter entering rear of connector.
. Continue pushing adapter until it touches terminal inside
To Sensor connector (Slightly twisting adapter while pushing may
ease entry)
. Grasp open end of adapter with test lead clip. Keep
pushing on adapter to maintain circuit contact.
- -
J.-
f-
J
f
-
-
Testing Sensors
Troubleshooting Save yourself time! Always begin with a thorough
visual and "hands-on" inspection. You can often
Tips find the cause of many problems by just looking.
. Has the vehicle been serviced recently?
Sometimes things get reconnected in the wrong
place, or not at all.
. Don't take shortcuts. Inspect hoses and wiring
which may be difficult to see due to location.
. lnspect the air cleaner and ductwork for defects.
. Check sensors and actuators for damage.
. Inspect all vacuum hoses for:
ECfi
[:f
fi manual, or Vehicle Emission Control Information
roclL
ll (VECI) decal located in the engine compartment.
HIGH
SENSOR
RESISTANCE
LOW
Cold Hot
Typical Engine Coolant TEMPERATURE
Temperatu re Sensor
SENSOR
RESISTANCE
LOW
Cold Hot
Typical Ai r Temperature Sensor TEMPERATURE
Exce ptions:
. Certain Toyota, Nissan and Ford engines using vane airflow sensors have the
air temperature sensor built into the vane airflow assembly. Refer to page 2-40
for testing.
. GM 198B 2.BL Mass Airflow Sensor (5 pin only) also has a built-in air tempera-
ture sensor. Use same test procedure as for vane airflow temperature sensor.
Refer to page 2-34 for testing.
Black
6) Verify test clips make good contact and do not touch each
oth e r.
HIGH Make sure red and green test clips are not touching anything.
I lLow
lJoo*u;n 7) Set RANGE switch to HIGH.
RANGE
Off-Car test:
Dip sensor tip into boiling water, OR...
(metal sensor housing) Heat tip with flame from candle or
cigarette lighter OR...
(plastic sensor housing) Heat tip with hair dryer.
I
14\ Testing s complete.
I Set RANGE switch to POWER OFF and remove all test
leads.
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HIGH
GM FORD
Red ,f\'. Black
A t
Yerrow@ Yeilow
--f,{o) _ @
BlaCk ta v/
Red \\z
@ @
Black ed Black ,d
Black Red
Yellow Yellow
__l--l_________J*l_
,^.
fr
\-/
cf*-:-tl
E:T:------'< r
\-/ ct;;-]!
(B)
/ l-\
Red Yellow Black Yellow Black
ftl
\__7
/:\
l//A\\
Red - ll t+'l
lll l-----.-l
ilF- -1r rll
ttl
Yellow +- rrr '-ll
-TrT- llHL+J
Black
w/nl/
-TIT\
Yellow
ft::;ff Black
Nof used on some
vehicles. Perform
this test only if
vehicle mating
connector
Some sensors have has 3 wires.
cable attached here.
Testing is identical.
TEST A r Throttle Position Sensor
lmportant: lf more than one hook-up is shown, it means more than one test is
required to check all parts of the sensor. Do all tests shown for your sensor.
The letter next to the hook-up refers to the test procedure.
Sensor may be tested on or off vehicle. (Exception: On-car fesf only for most
Honda - sensor permanently attached to throttle body.)
Warning: Observe all safety precautions (see page ii) if testing sensor on
vehicle.
On-Car test: Slowly move throttle linkage back and forth from
idle to wide open position
Warning: Observe all safety precautions (see page ii) if testing sensor on
vehicle.
FORD
EGR Valve HONDA
EGR Valve
On-Car test:
- Remove vacuum control hose from EGR valve.
- Connect hand vacuum pump to EGR valve.
- Gradually apply vacuum to slowly open valve.
Off-Gar test: Slowly push sensor element back and forth
from end to end
. Good Sensor - TEST light smoothly moves up or down as
sensor is operated. (The TEST light may go off if it moves
to the bottom of the column - this is O.K.) Range of TEST
light movement varies with sensor type and vehicle
mounting
. Bad Sensor- TEST light position does not change during
test OR light movement is erratic, showing a sudden jump
or dip during smooth sensor operation.
10) Testing is complete.
Set RANGE switch to POWER OFF and remove all test
leads.
Sensor Gonnectors
Note: lf the Red and BIack fesf lead hook-ups are reversed,
the TEST light will move in the opposite direction during the
fesf. This does not affect the accuracy of the test or harm
the sensor.
Black
FORD
Yellow Red
SENSOR
VOLTAGE
LOW
' lf sensor has 1 or 2wire connector, do not do this test. Go directly to On-Car
Test (page 2-22).
Warning: Observe all safety precautions (see page i) if testing sensor on vehicle.
5) Verify test clips make good contact and do not touch each
l.l::"; oth e r.
Ue"*r^t ,
On-Gar Test
Important: Reliable testing of the oxygen sensor while on-vehicle is very
difficult because test conditions cannot be well controlled. If the sensor
responds during on-car testing, then it is probably good and no other
testing is necessary. lf the sensor does not seem to respond when tested
on-car, remove it and perform the off-car test before deciding whether or
not the sensor is bad.
Warning: This fesf involves running the engine. Observe all safety precautions
(see page ii). Work in well-ventilated area.
Off-Car Test
Warning: This test involvas use of an open flame from a propane torch.
Observe all safety precautions for torch operation. Do not use near flammable
material or gases.
4) Remove sensor.
Yellow
n ellow
Black
Black
Warning: Observe all safety precautions (see page ii) f testing sensor on vehicle.
8) Testing is complete.
Section 2
FORD
GM/CHRYSLER wexe./
MANIFOLD
VENT
TOYOTA/HONDA
HONDA TOYOTA
Ground Ground
Signal Signal Signal
5) Set switches:
. RANGE on HIGH.
. FUNCTION on VOLTS.
Exception:
Ford vehicles with frequency type sensor (see
diagram).
- RANGE on LOW.
- FUNCTION on FREQUENCY.
Good Sensor
TEST light moves downward during engine idle
or when vacuum applied. (The TEST light may
go off if it moves to the bottom of the column -
this is O.K.)
Range of TEST light movement varies with
sensor type and applied vacuum.
Note: if test results are O.K. but a computer
trouble code indicates a bad sensor signal, the
wire between the sensor signal pin and the
computer may be open.
Testing is complete.
Problem exists (Bad sensor or wiring)
TEST light position does not change during test.
Go to step 9 and continue testing to find cause.
Do all steps to avoid replacing a good sensor!
lEl rrcH
' YELLow test lead to sensor powER circuit.
I -l low Use backprobe adapter.
l-lwnaara ' BLACK test lead to good vehicre
RANGE
GRouND.
. RANGE on HIGH.
Illl I onrrs
vor_rs
. FUNCTTON on VOLTS.
l-l rneouENcy
FUNCTION . lgnition key ON.
Good power circuit; Top (or next to top) TEST
light ON.
Go to next step.
Bad power circuit; TEST light oFF or not in top
(or next to top) position.
Repair open or short in power circuit wiring, then
retest.
Good Sensor
TEST light moves downward during engine idle
or when vacuum applied. (The TEST light may
go off if it moves to the bottom of the column -
this is O.K.)
Range of TEST light movement varies with
sensor type and applied vacuum.
Note: if test results are O.K. but a computer
trouble code indicates a bad sensor signal, the
wire between the sensor signal pin and the
computer may be open.
Testing is complete.
Problem exists (Bad sensor or wiring)
TEST light position does not change during test.
Go to step 9 and continue testing to find cause.
Do all steps to avoid replacing a good sensor!
*_l||ilrl
vAc t--J I I
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' YELLow test lead to sensor powER circuit.
I ILoW Use backprobe adapter.
I l-
JJ @own owl
' BLACK test lead to good vehicre
RANGE
GRouND.
. RANGE on HIGH.
lEl volrs
I I ouns . FUNCTION on VOLTS.
l-l rneouENcy
FUNCTION . lgnition key ON.
Good power circuit; Top (or next to top) TEST
light ON.
Go to next step.
Bad power circuit; TEST light oFF or not in top
(or next to top) position.
Repair open or short in power circuit wiring, then
retest.
Typical
MAF
Sensor
GM
MAT SIGNAL
POWER MAT RTN
MAF SIGNAL POWER
GROUND
GROUND MAF SIGNAL
GROUND
POWER MAF RETURN
GROUND MAF SIGNAL
BURN.OFF SIGNAL
MAF SIGNAL POWER
rl MAF SIGNAL-.-
FOrq MAF RETURN RANGE on HIGH
NOTE: FUNCTION on VOLTS
GROUND
MAF RETURN iS
not connected to POWER
vehicle GROUND.
ISSAN
Ground Power
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Power Ground Signal igrrf Ground Power
Pulsar NX SE
All except 1987-88 1987-88 Pulsar NX SE only
ti{F
c
MAFI\/'MAFMAF
Signal Ground Power Ground Power Return Signal
1987 Pulsar NX
1985-86 Maxima 1987 Sentra (E16)
1985-86 3002X 1988 Pulsar NX XE
Turbo
1985-86 3002X Turbo 1988 Sentra
MAF
Power Ground Signal
1987-88 Maxima
1987-88 200SX SE 1989-90 Sentra
1987-89 3002X 1990 Pulsar NX
MAF MAF
Signal
Ground
Return
Power Power Ground
Porier y4F
Return*-
Ground MAF
= lllay not be used
Signal
*May
not be used
Warning: This test involves running the engine. Observe all safety
precautions (see page ii). Work in well-ventilated area.
@.
Nissan
*Nissan uses two sensor types. Try hook-up
lA*
\-il #1 first. lf good test.results are not obtained,
retest using hook-up #2 before judging sensor.
#1
@.
#2
Red
Ford
Refer to vehicle service manual Hook up as follows: Red lead to sensor power pin.
for connectors not shown. Yellow lead to sensor signal Pin.
Black lead to sensor ground pin.
Section
TEST PREPARATION:
All Air Flow Meter Senso r Tests
IMPORTANT:
. Test all hook-ups shown for the sensor.
' The letter next to the hook-up refers to the test procedure for that hook-up.
' Each hook-up should test O.K. Exception: lf two hook-ups are marked with
an asterisk (.) only one of the two hook-ups has to test O.K. This is neces-
sary because some sensors look alike, but have different internal connec-
tions.
7) Test A is complete.
I
(
Set RANGE switch to PowER oFF and remove all test
leads. Reconnect sensor to vehicle if all testing is done.
(
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S,-*,|
3) Verify test clips make good contact and do not touch each other.
HIGH
LOW Make sure unused clips are not touching anything.
e9aE8 eED
RANGE 4) Set RANGE switch to HIGH.
l-l volrs
lfl onvs 5) Set FUNCTION switch to OHMS.
l-l rnrouENcy
FUNCTION 6) Note TEST light position on tester.
lf the sensor is good, the light will move downwards as the sensor
heats up.
Set RANGE switch to POWER OFF and remove all test leads.
Reconnect sensor to vehicle if all testing is done.
Test C r Air FIow Meter Position Switch
Warning: Observe all safety precautions (see page fi) if testing sensor on
vehicle.
7) Test C is complete.
SIGNAL
VOLTAGE
POWER
MAGNET
GROUND
SlGt,AL LOW
RO IA I ION
Where is Crankshaft
-Pick-Up,
Position, Crank Angle, Flywheel, Distributor
Camshaft Position, Cylinder, TDC and RPM. The
Ir? sensor is usually located inside the distributor (if the
engine has one). Vehicles without a distributor have the
sensor located in various places around the engine where
it can be mechanically linked to the crankshaft or camshaft.
located in transmission housing or
-nearDriveshaft: Sensor
driveshaft.
Wheel Speed, Vehicle
Speed: Sensors on individual
-wheels, drive shaft, or transmission shaft.
DO NOT test vehicle speed or driveshaft type sensors since they require
vehicle motion.
Warning: Observe all safety precautions (see page ii) when testing sensor on
veh icle.
Warning: Observe all safety precautions (see page ii) if testing sensor on
vehicle.
Ghrysler Distributor
Hall Effect
lm po rtant:
. This test checks for "dead" modules causing a no-start. This test will not
detect intermittent failures due to heat or engine vibration.
. Refer to vehicle service manual for module location, removal and installa-
tion procedures.
- Module access may require distributor removal. Follow service manual
proced u res
- Check ignition timing with a timing light when the distributor is reinstalled.
. Always check the 9 volt battery in the tester (refer to page 1-4).
6) Testing is complete.
Set RANGE switch to POWER OFF and remove all
test leads.
L
t
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Section
GTUI
4 and S pin
Black
---1
r)ll
tZ ll o
\-/ I
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tl I
Black
'--Jm
(l
v/l i
tt I
Test 1
Black
Yellow Black
Blue Jumper
Blue Jumper
Section 3
GM
8 pin Green
Test 1
Green
Test 2
Blue Jumper
Ford
Dura-Spark
Blue Jumper
Note: Dura-Spark
ignition modules
come in several
versions with different
Black connector types.
MODULE
Make connections
Yellow based on ignition
module wire colors.
Other module wires
not used for testing.
Ford
TFI
Blue ..lumper
Black
SIDE
VIEW
t_
Sectio 3
t::
:
::::
Ford
TFI.IV
Green
-J
-]
Yellow
SIDE
VIEW
Ford
TFI.IV
Test 1: Connect {eads as shown.
Green
Red
Yellow
Black
o
Yellow
-Black @il
G reen
o
Bushing
Base plate
IMPORTANT
l) Remove distributor from
engine before testing.
2) Module remains inside
distributor during test.
Black
fi
Connect BLACK test lead
to a good ground inside
distributor.
,Sect,i o:,Fl '...',$i
Pick-up pins
Green
Nissan
1987 -l 989 3002X on ly
One-Goil System
(Photo pick-up)
{t tlissan
uses two types
of connector wiring.
Module is good if either Yellow Black
hook-up tests O.K.
.oR
-
*m ,-Yenow *m - Brack
m,oR
l E,,-\li
lr EtEil
m E,
lt EEll
Green--yHBlack GreenHyeltow
Nissan
Two-Goil System
(Photo pick-up)
Yellow Black
ffi
ll7 Ril
\V_____i.,
Gree -=z--{- Black Green
lr7 =il
-J-.-Yellow
G reen
Not present on
some modules.
S.'9.,6f i
Toyota Yellow
Red Green
Black
IMPORTANT
For Toyota module,s not pictured, refer to
vehicle service manual and connect as follows:
. Red lead to battery pin
. Yellow lead to coilpin
. Black lead to modte ground
. Green lead to lGf pin
Toyota
Red G reen
Con nect
BLACK test
lead to igniter
mounting hole
or good vehicle
grou nd.
Sectio,n
'''.
Toyota
Green
Yellow
!
Con nect
BLACK test
lead to igniter n
mounting hole
or good vehicle
ground.
Toyota
Gon nect
BLACK test
lead to igniter
mounting hole
or good vehicle
g rou nd.
Toyota
Black
Connect BLACK
test lead to igniter
mounting hole or
good vehicle
grou nd.
Connect BLACK
test lead to igniter
mounting hole or
good vehicle
grou nd.
Section
Toyota
G reen
Con nect
BLACK test
lead to igniter
mounting hole
or good vehicle
grou nd.
Toyota
G reen
(
Connect BLACK test lead
( to igniter mounting holes.
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More Uses for the
lqntion Modu le&
Ehglne Sensor Tester
Gircuit Voltage Ghecks
This function is useful for checking the presence (or absence) of voltages
throughout the vehicle electrical system (such as wiring, switches, relays, and
connectors). lt is safe for probing computer and sensor circuits.
Warning: Observe all safety precautions when working on vehicles (see page ii).
H::";
lJoa*u out 1) Set FUNCTION switch to VOLTS.
(
(
(
Sectio
Gontinuity Ghecks
Test wiring,ground connections, switch operation, relay contacts, or similar.
lm portant:
. Do continuity tests on unpowered circuits only.
. Always make sure all connections are good. lf necessary, scrape away
corrosion, paint, etc. at the contact points.
Warning: lf working on-car, turn ignition key OFF and observe all safety
precautions (see page ii)"
l.l::";
,LJWAEB-qED
r 1) Set RANGE switch to HIGH.
RANGE 2) Set FUNCTION switch to OHMS.
f:l::::
lll
- oHMS
3) Connect YELLOW test lead to one end of circuit (such as
l-l rneouENcy wire, switch or relay contact).
FUNcrroN 4)
Connect BLAcK test lead to other end of wire, switch or
relay.
or higher).
Sh ort Open
circuit circuit Other TEST lights ON mean circuit has
resistance between 200 ohms and 7 K
ohms.
H
Switch HT Switch
Closed HT Open
Hil
Hil
t
HT
HT
iiil
tTL
I
ry
Ground
Con nection
No
G rou nd
ilt
Connection
HI
tHI
;HI
HI
HIT
HT
q
Section 4
Diode Ghecks
Tests diodes and rectifiers for proper operation.
HrcH
m
I lLow
I l-
l-l@wnn can 1) Set RANGE switch to HIGH.
RANGE
2) Set FUNCTION switch to OHMS.
l-l volrs
I I I oxHs
l-l rnrouENCY 3) Connect TEST leads as shown in Figure 1.
FUNCTION ( YELLOW to anode BLACK to cathode)
-
4) The bottom TEST light should be ON. lf a
different TEST Iight is on or all lights are off, the
diode is defective.
5) Reverse test lead connections as shown in
Figu re 2.
( YELLOW to cathode BLACK to anode)
-
6) The top TEST light should be ON. lf a different
TEST light is on or all lights are off, the diode is
defective.
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
Wananty
(Garf hti)