Lascaux may be the most beautiful Paleolithic painted cave in the world.

It contains more
than 1500 pictures of animals, all of them are 17,000 years old.

There are many other pictures here. All of these are from the Département d'Art Pariétal. You
can also browse these sites dealing with Paleolithic painted caves:

The above two images can be found at this site:

"http://www-sor.inria.fr/SOR/projects/LaSCoW/images/" as "202.gif" and "204.gif"

The cave of Lascaux this information is at

"http://www.hunternet.com/essa/lasc/cir_lasc.htm"
Entitled:

Hunting
From "The Cave of Lascaux -- The Final Photographic Record"
The Great Black Aurochs
 Editor's Note: In ancient caves in the south of France, near Lascaux, boys in 1940 discovered
17,000 year old paintings and artifacts made by our early ancestors. "Dating back some 17,000
years, the cave was evidently a sanctuary for the performance of sacred rites and ceremonies."
The book The Cave of Lascaux- The Final Photographic Record by Mario Ruspoli extensively
examines these treasures of earliest known paintings and the art. I recommend its purchase for
anyone serious about hunting.
"Although he has been called an opportunistic omnivore," man is primarily a hunter. For over
two million years one of his principal activities has been to use his cunning and group strategy to
capture and kill the animals around him - from the smallest to the largest, the weakest to the most
ferocious. The hunting of big game began with Homo Erectus I, 600,000 years ago and
gradually replaced the hunting of smaller game which his predecessors had pursued. To attack
and vanquish a beast much larger than himself and equipped with considerable defenses (teeth,
claws, hooves, horns or antlers) he had to invent strategies or draw inspiration from other
predators, such as lions, wolves or wild dogs.
The hunting of big game provided new experiences for Homo Erectus, bringing about an
intensification of the learning process for the young and a considerable increase in the area and
distances covered by expeditions. The application of the group tactics and strategies needed to
approach and catch big game developed the powers of observation, agility, cunning, memory and
knowledge of the habits of each animal species and probably also helped in the development of
communication and language. "The habit of meat-eating led by imperceptible degrees to more
complicated hunting techniques and gradually transformed mankind. For the first time culture
and tradition became increasingly responsible for changes formerly brought about only by genetic
mutation and natural selection." (J Pfeiller).
..... "The frieze of swimming stags was drawn quickly with a manganese crayon

- or in the case of the stag on the left, with a lump of

clay. It is almost 10 feet from the ground-level,
and mobile scaffolding must have been necessary.
The artist seems to have used the dark colouring of
the rock to represent the river that the deer are
swimming across." pg. 143
As in present-day tribes, the social structure of a
group of hunters was restricted to twenty or thirty
individuals, although they might regroup on a
temporary basis to form associations with other
tribes for more important hunts.

Was Homo Erectus already setting traps, digging pits to capture elephants and rhinoceros?
There are some indications to support this hypothesis, such as the age of the animals killed
and the discovery of large spears in the deposits. We also have evidence of ambushes laid by
Homo Erectus at Olduvai, and at Torralba and Ambrona (Spain).
The forces of natural selection were intense during the last period of glaciation about 100,000
years ago, and evolution favoured the survival of groups or individuals who were endowed with a
longer and more extensive memory than average. Thus the development of hunting techniques
led to a widening of the gap between 'primitive people', with their considerably enlarged cerebral
hemispheres, and the rest of the animal world.
The process of humanization continued from the early Homo Erectus to the first Homo sapiens
who inherited his predecessor's skills and knowledge and like him lived by hunting and fishing,
but made great advances in his industries and techniques.
The Cave of Lascaux- The Final Photographic Record by Mario Ruspoli, Page 66-67. First
published in Great Britain in 1987. Copyright ©1986 Bordas,S.A. Paris. English translation
Copyright ©1987 Thames & Hudson Ltd., London.
All original material: Copyright ©1995, 1996 hunternet. All rights reserved.
Comments and questions: webmaster@hunternet.com
 Paleolithic European Constellations - star maps in Lascaux cave in France 16,500-13,000
B.C.
Copyright © 2001-2007 by Gary D. Thompson
from http://www.k-ita.de/~sl/constellations/.

The following are highlights from the above author and website mentioned and represents
Ancient Star Maps in caves in France and Spain.

As reported on http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/871930.stm - Wednesday, 9 August

2000, 01:00 GMT 02:00 UK "Ice Age star map discovered" by BBC News Online science editor
Dr. David Whitehouse a prehistoric map of the night sky has been discovered on the walls of the
famous painted caves at Lascaux in central France, known as the Shaft of the Dead Man.
The map, which is thought to date back 16,500 years, shows three bright stars known today as
the Summer Triangle.
Also claimed is that a map of the Pleiades star cluster has also been found among the
Lascaux frescoes and also another pattern of stars, drawn 14,000 years ago, has been
identified in a cave in Spain.
This is all according to German researcher Dr. Michael Rappenglueck, of the University of
Munich; who claims the maps and drawings show that our ancestors were more sophisticated
than many believe, and the star map gives insight into our distant ancestors' minds, by showing
their artistic talents and scientific knowledge as well.
The Lascaux caves discovered in 1940 A.D., with their spectacular drawings of bulls, horses
and antelope, were painted 16,500 years ago and this article suggests it is a prehistoric
planetarium in which humanity first charted the stars, and painted on to the wall of the shaft is a
bull, a strange bird-man and a mysterious bird on a stick.

Summer triangle
According to Dr. Rappenglueck, these outlines form a map of the sky with the eyes of the
bull, birdman and bird representing the three prominent stars Vega, Deneb and Altair,
popularly known as the Summer Triangle, and seen during the middle months of the northern
summer. Around 17,000 years ago, this region of sky would never have set below the horizon
and would have been especially prominent at the start of spring. "It is a map of the prehistoric
cosmos," Dr. Rappenglueck told BBC News Online. "It was their sky, full of animals and spirit
guides."

Seven sisters
This sky map is not the only evidence that prehistoric man took a keen interest in the night
sky. Nearer to the entrance of the Lascaux cave complex is a magnificent painting of a bull.
Hanging over its shoulder is what appears to be a map of the Pleiades, the cluster of stars
sometimes called the Seven Sisters. Inside the bull painting, there are also indications of spots
that may be a representation of other stars found in that region of sky. Today, this region forms
part of the constellation of Taurus the bull, showing that mankind's identification of this part of
the sky stretches back thousands of years.
Northern Crown
Dr. Rappenglueck has also identified a star map painted on the walls
of a cave in Spain 14,000 years ago at Cueva di El Castillo cave, in the
mountains of Pico del Castillo, and contains a region called the Frieze of
Hands.
At the end of this remarkable section can be found a curved pattern of
dots.
"Nobody paid much attention to it," said Dr. Rappenglueck. "But, it is
obviously a drawing of the constellation we call the Northern Crown. It
is remarkable."
The archaeologists who have looked at Dr. Rappengleuck's
conclusions have so far agreed that they are reasonable and that he may
have uncovered the earliest evidence of humanity's interest in the stars.
Continued from Gary D. Thompson website at
http://members.optusnet.com.au/~gtosiris/page11-1.html.
A Great Bull painted image (#18 (fourth bull), main hall, right wall) in the "Hall of Bulls" in the
Lascaux cave in France. Upper Paleolithic cave art was first discovered in 1856 in the cave of
Niaux in France. Paleolithic cave art remained largely ignored, even suspected by some as a
hoax because of its sophistication, until the first decade of the 20th-century. The discovery of the
Altimara cave in northern Spain (discovered in 1879 and only fully explored in the 1950s)
initiated 15 years of controversy before the acceptance of the cave paintings as Paleolithic art.
Other Paleolithic cave art locations are Chauvet (near Marseilles discovered in 1994), and the
(now) underwater cave Cosquer (also near Marseilles discovered in 1991).
The Lascaux cave contains some 600 paintings and 1500 engravings dating from the
Paleolithic Period. The very few symbols are limited to isolated or grouped dots (mostly black)
and to variously coloured dashes. The animals depicted on the cave wall are horses, bulls,
and deer. The "Hall of Bulls" mural is dated circa 15,000 B.C. The radiocarbon dating of
charcoal recovered from the cave floor indicates occupancy circa 15,000 B.C. to 14,000 B.C.
Lascaux's Hall of Bulls is approximately 18.5 metres long, 7 metres wide, and 6.5 metres
high. The largest painted bulls are approximately 6 metres long. Several researchers have
offered an astronomical interpretation of Great Bull #18. The bulls are actually aurochs, a large
species of wild cattle.
There are 2 sets of painted dots closely associated with this bull. One set of dots is placed
above the shoulder of the bull and the other set of V-shaped dots are located on the bull's
face. Also, there is a row of 4 painted dots to the left of this bull.
The Spanish researcher Luz Antequera Congregado in her doctoral thesis "Arte y
astronomia: evolución de los dibujos de las constelaciones" (1992) first set out the astronomical
interpretation that the dots above the shoulder of the bull depict the Pleiades open star cluster
and the dots on the bull's face depict the Hyades open star cluster. In her later paper
"Altamira: Astronomía y religión en el Paleolitico" (1994) she interpreted the row of 4 dots to the
left of Great Bull #18 as the stars of the belt of the constellation Orion. Luz Antequera
Congregado has also investigated Paleolithic art in other European caves from an astronomical
perspective. See her essay: "Practicas Astronomicas en la Prehistoria de la Peninsula Iberica y
los Archichipielagos Balear y Canario" (1994).
Wheston Price also made the identification of 10 painted dots on a Neanderthal cave
painting with the Pleiades.
 Some people believe that the #18 Lascaux auroch with the two associated sets of dots
represents the constellation Taurus. This idea was firmly set out by the American astronomer
Frank Edge in his 35-page booklet "Aurochs in the Sky" (1995) and later article "Taurus in
Lascaux" (1997) from studies in this area in 1991. Frank Edge holds that at least one of the
Great Bull images (#18) in the "Hall of Bulls" in the Lascaux cave can be identified as celestial by
the simple comparison of the associated dot markings with two particular star groupings as they
were viewed on the horizon circa 15,000 B.C. Specifically that a group of 6 dots painted
above the shoulder of auroch #18 represents the Pleiades open star cluster, and that another
group of V-shaped dots painted on the auroch's face represents the Hyades open star cluster.
The German scholar Michael Rappenglüeck, University of Munich, believes the art of the
Lascaux cave not only involves the depiction of constellations but is also a cosmographic
depiction by Paleolithic shamans. His idea that the Pleiades were depicted in the Lascaux cave
were first presented at an astronomy conference in 1996 and later published in his essay "The
Pleiades in the 'Salle des Taureaux' Grotte des Lascaux" (1997). He has worked on the subject
of "Paleoscience" since 1984. His ideas that the Lascaux cave paintings depict shamanistic
cosmography were first set out in his doctoral thesis "Eine Himmelskarte aus der Eiszeit?"
(1998). Michael Rappenglüeck has also investigated Paleolithic art in other European caves
from an astronomical perspective i.e., the Cueva di El Castillo in Spain. The art in this cave is
dated circa 12,000 B.C.
Interestingly, during the first decades of the 20th-century the French prehistorians Marcel
Baudouin and Henri Breuil speculated about the possibility of constellations being represented
in prehistoric art. During the last decades of the 20th-century they were followed by the Swiss
engineer Amandus Weiss, the astronomer Heino Eelsalu, and the German art historian Marie
König who considered the possibility of constellation representation in the Lascaux cave art.
However, the main proponents remain Luz Antequera Congregado, Frank Edge, and Michael
Rappenglüeck. All were involved in independent and lengthy research prior to their first
publications. Luz Antequera Congregado largely bases her ideas on the application of the art-
historical approach and does not employ archaeological or astronomical analysis. Frank Edge
also utilizes art-historical and psychological approaches as well as simple constellation
projections onto particular paintings. Michael Rappenglück applies a wider interdisciplinary
methodology.
To date none of the arguments attempting to show the existence of some sort of Paleolithic
astronomy can be considered convincing.
Many researchers have believed that the animals painted by the Ice-age hunter-gatherers at
Lascaux (the Magdalenian culture) were simply those that they hunted. Certainly the animals
they depicted comprise the most dangerous in the world of the Ice-age hunters and were both
prey and food. The painted dots are thought by some persons to be perhaps no more than a
tally of hunting kills. However, the concepts of hunting magic and hunting tallies would seem to
be wrong. The hunted animal remains on the cave floor were largely reindeer yet reindeer are
entirely unrepresented in the cave art. Some recent investigations suggest that beliefs involving
connection to the spirit-world, through trance and hallucination, are perhaps the key to
understanding the cave paintings (including the dot patterns). See especially the remarkable
book The Mind in the Cave by David Lewis-Williams (2002).) Professor R. Dale Guthrie,
Emeritus Professor in the Institute of Arctic Biology at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks; and
author of The Nature of Paleolithic Art, proposed in 2006 that the art was largely produced by
adolescent males and is somewhat akin to modern teen graffiti.
I added this information about the word Auroch:

• Sumerian alim: wild ram; bison; aurochs; powerful.

• Sumerian sún: aurochs cow; beerwort.
• Sumerian áma, am: wild ox or cow (aurochs).
• Arabic rim is a two-horned animal.
• Aurochs, also urus and wisent, are obsolete German, variant of German Auerochs,
from Middle High German urohse, from Old High German urohso: uro, aurochs + ohso,
ox.
o Urus is an extinct wild ox (Bos primigenius) of Europe, northern Africa, and
western Asia, believed to be the ancestor of domestic cattle [Latin urus, of
Germanic origin].
o Wisent is the European bison (Bison bonasus) having a smaller and higher
head than the North American bison [German, from Middle High German, from
Old High German wisunt].