Review Article

International J ournal of Biosciences and Nanosciences

Volume 2 (7), 2015, pp.160-174

ISSN: 2349-5251
Natural Colours from Dyeing Plants for Textiles
Senthilkumar R. P.1*, V. Bhu vaneshwari 1, S . S athiyavimal 1, R. Amsaveni 1, M. Kalaiselvi 2, Malayaman V3
1
PG & Research Department of Biotechnology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamilandu, India.
2
Department of Biochemistry, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamilandu, India.
3
PG & Research Department of Botany, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchrappalli, Tamil Nadu, India.
*Corresponding author mail: sensenthilsen@gmail.com; bhuvana_bt@yahoo.co.in

Received: 07 April 2015; Revised 02 June 2015 / Accepted: 28 June 2015

Abstract
World has a rich biodiversity and harbours a wealth of useful germplas m resources and there
is no doubt that the plant kingdom and animal kingdom is a treasure -house of diverse natural products.
One such product from nature is dye. Natural dyes are derived from naturally occurring source such as
plants, insects, animals and minerals. This review is main ly focused on natural dye yielding plants for
text iles products and i have highlighted the plants which give colours to natural dyes using technical
method. As synthetic dyes develop several kinds of pollution in the environment. Likewise synthetic
dyes or colourants have been banned because they cause allerg ical sympto ms or carcinogenics. In
recent times the environmental awareness about health caused by synt hetic dyes has regained
importance of natural dyes. Natural dyes are non-allerg ic, non-to xic and eco-friendly.
Key word: Dye y ield ing plants, Mordant, Natural dyes, Colorants, Text ile.

1. Introduction ingredients (Dweck, 2002) and cosmetics

In the world today, the position of
natural dyes and colorants, natural colours
are at a crossroad. They will vanish and with
them the ancient knowledge and skill that has
advanced with their use over centuries and
across civilizations or they will evolve to
create a new form of colouration and with
this be applied to new environmental/
sustainable applications and possibility be
recognized for the health/healing aspects they
can provide (Gupta et al., 2004; Chengaiah et
al., 2010). Currently there is increasing
interest into natural dyes and colorants, as
interest grows within the Industrialized
Nations in natural (Green) products and
sustainable ways of living.
With the publics enhanced cognizance
to eco-safety and health concerns,
environmentally benignant and non-toxic
bioresource products are regaining popularity
in different spheres of our lives. Natural dyes,
obtained from plants, insects/animals and
minerals, are renewable and sustainable
bioresource products with minimum
environmental impact and known since
antiquity for their use, not only in coloration
of textiles (Kadolph, 2008) but also as food
(Frick, 2003). With the discovery of synthetic
colorant mauve by W. H. Perkin in 1856
and subsequent upsurge in research,
production and application of synthetic dyes,
use of natural colorants slumped sharply
(Holme, 2006). The cosmetic industry now
employs many natural dyes due to the fact
they will cause fewer side effects than the
employment of synthetic dyestuffs but they
can also provide extra properties such as UV
protection, skin moisturizing and anti-aging
(Kumar Samanta et al., 2011; Bhandari,
2011).
In the human civilization plants are used
not only for the basic needs of life such as
food, fiber, fuel, cloths and shelter but also as
sources of natural dyes for dying cloths,
design and painting. A spectrum of beautiful
natural colours ranging from yellow to black
exists in the above sources. These colours are
exhibited by various organic and inorganic
molecules and their mixture is due to the
absorption of light in the visible region of
400-800 nm (Chengaiah et al., 2010). India
has a rich biodiversity and it is not only one
of the worlds twelve mega diversity
countries, but also one of the eight major
centers of origin and diversification of

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domesticated taxa. It has approximately 4,
90,000 plant species of which about17, 500
are Angiosperms; more than 400 are
domesticated crop species and almost an
equal number their wild relatives (Kumaresan
et al., 2011; Manual, 2000).
Synthetic dyes quickly replaced the
traditional natural dyes and being used
widely in textile, food and leather dyeing.
Azo dyes are synthetic organic colorants,
characterized by chromophoricazo groups
(-N N-) prepared by generally known unit
process of Diazotization and coupling
reaction. However, whereas azo dyes are
relatively resistant to degradation under
aerobic conditions, they can be readily
reduced to form aromatic amines under
anaerobic conditions. Various health
problems associated with azo dyes are well
reported (Ahlstrm et al., 2005). Environ-
mental concerns rising on the utilization of
synthetic chemical dyes natural dyes offers
scope for eco- friendly way for food
coloration and dyeing of fibrous materials
such as textiles or leather and hence can be
also used in specialty applications where non-
toxicity is a must.
Recent resurgence in research and
development on natural dye production and
application is observed due to increasing
popularity of more natural lifestyle based on
naturally sustainable goods (Grifoni et al.,
2009). Natural flora/fauna is full of exquisite
colors fascinating and attracting human being
towards a vast portfolio of possibilities
(Dawson et al., 2009). During the last few
decades, increasing attention has been paid
by researchers to various aspects of natural
dye applications and extensive R&D in this
area is underway worldwide. This review
article is intended to collect the dispersed
information, from 1988 to 2013, Special
focus has been given to natural textile dyeing
and use of natural dyes in functional finishing
of textiles. This review article also highlights
a number of issues which should be targeted
to make natural dyes a viable co-
partner/alternative to synthetic dyes A large
number of plant and animal/insect sources
have been identified for extraction of colour
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(Guinot et al., 2006; Kumar and Sinha, 2004)
and their diversified use in textile dyeing
(Samanta and Agarwal, 2009).
1.1 History of colour: Natural color has been
an important criterion for acceptability of
products like textiles, cosmetics, food and
other items (Roy et al., 2008). Primitive men
used dye stuff to colour animal skin and their
own skin during festival times. He believed
that colour gave them magical power and
protected tem form evil spirits and got them
victory during war (Siva, 2007). While there
no precise date for the earliest human use of
colour in Europe, it was practiced during the
Bronze Age. The earliest written record of
the use of natural dyes was found in China
dated 2600 BC (Gokhale et al., 2004). Henna
was used even before 2500 BC, while saffron
is mentioned in the Bible (Gulrajani, 2001).
India is also fore runners in dyeing and dyes
were in use during Indus Valley period (2500
BC), Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa civilization
(3500 BC) and this was substantiated from
findings of coloured garments of cloth and
traces of madder dye ruins (Aberoumand,
2011). In Egypt, mummies have been found
wrapped in colored cloth. The cochineal dye
was used by the people of Aztec and Maya
culture period of Central and North America.
By the 4th century AD, dyes such as woad,
madder, weld, Brazil wood, indigo and a dark
reddish-purple were known. Brazil was
named after the woad found there. Colonists
and settlers discovered that indigenous dyers
used what was abundant including minerals,
bodily fluids of animals, plant materials
including leaves, seeds, flowers, barks, roots,
lichens, berries, soot, and soil which provided
dyes and pigments of purple, black, ochre,
red, and yellow. The well-known ancient
dyes include red dye from roots of
Rubiatinctorum L., blue indigo dye from
leaves of Indigoferatinctoria, yellow dyes
from stigmas of saffron (Crocus sativus ) and
rhizome of turmeric (Curcuma longa).
Dyeing might be an accidental happening but
the need of dyeing become very common in
human life. So the art of dyeing spread
widely as civilization advanced. Today
dyeing is a complex and specialized science.
Int.J.Biosci.Nanosci, 2(7): 2015
Natural dyeing is practiced as a unique
feature by crafts man and synthetic dyeing
only is commercially followed (Visalakshi
and Jawaharlal, 2013).
1.2 Need for natural dyes: Natural dyes went
on being used and are still used traditionally
by artists because of their different and
aesthetic colouristic value, symbolic powers
and therapeutic functions and green mined
consumers priority for organic food with
natural colours. Natural dyes are regaining its
importance in global society because of
growing awareness of the threats on natural
environments worldwide. In last few decades,
synthetic dyes have been severely criticized
and consumers show reluctance towards these
products, consequently they prefer to use the
natural colorants (Freund et al., 1988).
Because of health and hygiene, nutrition,
pharmaceutical activities, fashion and
environmental consciousness, indicate
relative dependency on natural products.
Besides good market value fetched by the
natural colored products and as of now,
natural colorants have become the major
alternatives to synthetic colorants (Chatto-
padhya et al., 2008).
1.3 Advantages of natural dyes: Although
synthetic dyeing methods have taken over in
the last century, dyeing materials are still
abounding in the natural world today. The
global demand for natural dyes world over is
about 10,000 tonnes, which is equivalent to
1% of the world synthetic dyes consumption.
This is expected to rapidly grow in near
future. Natural dyes can be derived from
almost anything-plants, minerals, and even
some insects. Most natural dye colors are
found in the roots, bark, leaves, flowers,
skins, and shells of plants. The advantage of
natural dyes is eco- friendly, i.e., they do not
create any environmental problems at the
stage of production or use and maintains
ecological balance. The recent ban on the use
of azo dyes by European Union has also
increased the scope for the use of natural
dyes. These natural dyes are very eco-
friendly and hence can be used for textiles,
medicens, food coloring, cosmetics (Venkata
Sivakumar et al., 2011; Alves et al., 2007).
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Avoid the synthetic dyes, which are
carcinogenic. However, the application of a
number of synthetic dyes has detrimental
effects on environment and associated
allergic, toxic, carcinogenic, harmful
responses. Amidst growing environmental
and health concerns eco-friendly non-toxic
natural dyes re-emerged as a potential viable
Green chemistry option as alternative/co-
partner to some extent to synthetic dyes
(Yusuf et al., 2011; Mirjalili et al., 2011).
1.4 Advantages of natural dyes:
High diversity of rich and complex
natural dye colour
Different colours go well together and
rarely clash
Beauty of the results when using
natural dyes
Self-sufficiency if growing your own
plants for plant dyes
Not dependent on non-renewable
materials
Allow for endless experimentation
Allow the replication of ancient
techniques
Mature with age exposed to sunlight
& normal use, developing a patina as
colours mellow.
2. How to screen natural dye yielding
plants by simple methods
Test I: Squeeze the plant part preferably
flowers and leaves between the fingers if
color is discharged, it may be a good source
of natural dye.
Test II: If the color is retained on the fingers
even after washing the hand with water, it
may be a good source of natural dye with
probably good wash fastness.
Test-III: Crush the plant part in pestlemortar
and smear the crushed plant paste on filter
paper, if the color retains on paper, it may be
a good source of natural dye
Test IV: Place this filter paper under table
lamp for 34 hours, see if the color remains
the same or fades off, if the color does not
fade, it may be a good source of natural dye
with good light fastness properties
Int.J.Biosci.Nanosci, 2(7): 2015
Test V: Take hot water and put crushed plant
part, if it releases color into the water, it may
be a source of natural dye.
3. Limitations of natural dyes
Bio colorants have several potential
benefits yet their collection extraction
procedures are tedious with low colour value.
The natural dyes are difficult to reproduce
shades because this agro product is based
with season, place species and maturity
period etc. Nearly all- natural dyes with a few
exceptions need mordants to fix them. This
takes a larger dyeing time and excess cost for
mordants and mordanting. Post-harvest
processing and handling is cumber some.
Scientific back up of the science involved in
natural dyeing has not yet been completely
explored. Also natural dyes do not perform
well with artificial fibers. These
disadvantages make hinder their popularity
(Visalakshi and Jawaharlal, 2013).
4. Mordants and Mordanting
Dyeing of fabrics with natural dyes often
leads to problems such as narrow shade
range, and lower color fastness of the dyed
textiles. Attempts to overcome these
problems have been mainly focused on the
use of mordants. In addition to creating
affinity between dye and fibre, the use of
mordants also change the hue of certain dyes.
Different mordants used with the same dye
may darken, brighten or drastically alter the
final color of the dyed fibre (Manhita et al.,
2011; Yi and Cho, 2008).
Dyes do not interact directly with the
materials they are intended to colour. Natural
dyes are substantive and require a mordant to
fix to the fabric, and prevent the colour from
either fading with exposure to light or
washing out. These compounds bind the
natural dyes to the fabrics. A mordant is an
element which aids the chemical reaction that
takes place between the dye is absorbed.
Containers used for dying must be non-
reactive (enamel, stainless steel). Brass,
copper or iron pots will do their own
mordanting. Not all dyes need nomordants to
help them adhere to fabric (Siva, 2007). Most
commonly used mordants in natural dyeing
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are aluminium potassium sulfate, potassium
dichromate, stannous chloride, ferrous
sulphate and copper sulfate (Samanta and
Agarwal, 2009). The content of metal ions in
textile products and effluent discharged from
textile industries is strictly prohibited beyond
a certain specified limit. Alum and ferrous
sulphate are considered safest among metallic
salt mordants and tin can be used up to
certain limits while use of chrome and copper
is almost banished considering their toxic
nature (Savvidis et al., 2013). While dyeing
with natural dyes, a substantial proportion of
mordant remains unexhausted in the residual
dye bath and thus may pose serious effluent
problems, hence, it is important to pay special
attention to the limit values of metal ions in
textiles and effluents prescribed by
Environmental Protection Regulations.
5. There are three types of mordant
I. Metallic mordants: Metal salts of
aluminium, chromium, iron, copper and tin
are used.
II. Tannins: Myrobalan and sumach are
commonly used in the textile industry.
III. Oil mordants: These are mainly used in
dyeing turkey red colour from madder (Siva,
2007).
6. Natural dyes from plant
Many natural dyestuffs and stains were
obtained mainly from plants and dominated
as sources of natural dyes with the help of
Mordants, producing different colours like
red, yellow, blue, black, brown and a
combination of these (Table 1). Almost all
parts of the plants like root, bark, leaf, fruit,
wood, seed, flower, etc. Produce dyes.
Amazingly plant produce nearly 2000
pigments out of which some 150 pigments
have been exploited. Nearly 450 taxa are
known to yield dyes in India (Chendramouli,
1995).
7. Natural dyes for finishing of textiles
The role of the textile finisher has
become increasingly demanding, and now
requires a careful balance between
compatibility of different finishing products
and treatments and the application processes
used to provide textiles with desirable
Int.J.Biosci.Nanosci, 2(7): 2015
properties. Consumers worldwide are looking
for clothing and other textile products which
provide greater comfort and remain fresh,
hygienic and odor free in use. Investigation
for innovative methods, for development of
hygienic textile products, in textile finishing
processes and existing applications and
problems in this area is the need of the hour.
A number of reports are now available on
natural colorants for imparting
multifunctional properties to textiles such as
antimicrobial (Singh et al., 2005), insect
repellent (Kato et al., 2004), deodorizing Fig.2: Pl ants parts used to preparing dye
(Hwang et al., 2008; Lee et al., 2008) and
UV protective (Sarkar, 2004) properties.
8. Technic of producing natural dye
Identification of dyes used in historic
textiles through chromatographic and
spectrophotometric methods, Thin layer
chromatography (TLC) was used by many
workers to identify various colouring
elements in natural dyes which could be
applied to textiles (Kharbade and Agarwal,
1985).Technology of production of Natural
dyes could differ from simple way to
complicated solvent system to fluid Fig. 3: Varity of Colours from Natural Pl ants
extraction method depending on the product
and the purity required. Purification may 9. CONCLUSION
entail filteration or reverse osmosis or It is well known that Natural dyes for
preparotary HPLC. textiles have been extracted from plants from
the Ancient period but when years passed
industries brought synthetic dyes and it gives
many problems in biodiversity. Natural dyes
are generally supposed to be affordable,
nontoxic, renewable and sustainable resource
with minimal environmental impact, have
attracted the attention of the scientific
community to use them in a variety of
traditional and newly discovered application
disciplines and mainly in textiles. My review
is totally based on 100 dye yielding plant,
their species and their parts which gives
colours. On whole, systematic approach with
scientific approaches with proper output will
help in conserving important plant resources
for Natural dying. Biotechnological and other
Fig. 1: Habit of Dye Yelding Plants Modern precise are required to improve the
quality and quantity of dye yielding plants.

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Table 1: Sources of different col oured dyes and mordants (Siva, 2007; PDR for Herbal Medicin, 1999)

Colour Botanical name Parts used Mordants

Red dye
Adenanthera Adenanther apavonina L. Wood -
Bloodroot Sanguinaria Canadensis L. Root Alum & Tin
Hollyhock Althaea rosea Cav. Flower Acidic&Alkalimetry
Safflower Carthamus tinctorius L. Flower -
Caesalpinia Caesalpinias appan L. Wood Alum
Madder Rubia tinctorium L. Wood Alum
Log wood Haematoxylonam pechiamum L. Wood -
Khatpalak Rumex dentatus L. Wood Alum
Indian mulberry Morinda tinctoria L. Wood Alum
Kamala Mallotus philippinensis Muell. Flower Alum
Lac Coccus lacca Kerr. Insect Stannic chloride
Yellow dye
Apple Malus domestica Borkh. Bark Alum
Arabic Gum Acacia nilotica L. Bark Alum
Golden rod Solidago grandis DC. Flower Alum
Teak Tectona grandis L.f. Leaf Alum
Marigold Tagetes Sp. Flower Chrome
Saffron Crocus sativus L. Flower Alum
Flam of the forest Butea monosperma (Lam) Taubert. Flower Alum
Adhatoda Adhatoda vasica Ness. Leaves Alum

Blue dye
Woad Isatis tinctoria L. Whole plant Lime
Indigo Indigofera tinctoria L. Leaf Alum
Woad Isatis tinctoria L. Leaf -
Sunt berry Acacia nilotica (L) Del. Seed pod -
Pivet Ligustrum vulgare L. Fruit Alum and iron
Water lily Nymphaea alba L. Rhizome Iron and acid

Orange dye
Annota Bixa orellena L. Seed Alum
Dhalia Dhalia Sp. Flower Alum
Rose Madder Rubiatin ctorum L. Whole plant Alum&Tin
Lily Convallaria majalis L. Leaf Ferrous sulphate
Neules Urtica diocica L. Leaf Alum
Black dye
Alder Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. Seed Alum
Rofblamala Loranthus pentapetalus Roxb. Flower Alum
Custard apple Anona reticulate L. Leaf Ferrous sulphate
Harda Terminalia chebula Retz. Leaf Alum

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 Table2: Natural dye yielding plants and their production of colours are mentioned (Borthakur and Kar, 2008; Fursule et al., 2004)

Dye yielding plant Colour Kind of

Plant Botanical Name Family Habit
parts produced Garments
Acacia catechu Wild. Mimosaceae Tree Bark Blackish brown Cotton
Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. Mimosaceae Tree Bark, Leaves Red Cotton
Acacia nilotica L. (Willd) ex Del. Mimosaceae Tree Leaf Black Cotton
Adina Cordifolia (Willd. ex Roxb.)
Rubiaceae Tree Heart wood Yellow Cotton, Silk
Benth & Hook. f. ex Brandis
Aegle marmelos (L). Correa . Rutaceae Tree Fruit Yellow Cotton
Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth. Mimosaceae Tree Stem and Bark Brick red Cotton
Artocarpus lakoocha Wall. Ex Roxb. Moraceae Tree Heart wood Yellow Cotton

Artemisia japonica Thunb. Asteraceae Herb Leaf and bark Brown Cotton
Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Brem. Acanthaceae Tree Leaves and stem Dark indigo Cotton, silk
Basella alba L. Basellaceae Climber Fruit Maroon Silk, cotton
Bauhinia purpurea L. Benth. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Bark Yellow Cotton, silk
Cotton, Silk,
Stem
Berberis aristata DC. Berberidaceae Shrub Stem Yellow
Woolen
Bixa orellana L. Bixaceae Tree Dry Seed Orange Silk, Cotton
Bougainvillea glabra Choisy. Nyctaginaceae Tree Fresh flowers Yellow Cotton
Silk,
Butea monosperma (Lam) Kuntze. Fabaceae Tree Dry Flower Yellow
Cotton,Woolen
Butea superb Roxb. Fabaceae Shrub Root Red Cotton

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 Stem, Bark & Heart
Casealpinia sappan L. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Red black Silk, cotton
wood
Carthamus tinctorius L. Asteraceae Herb Flowers Red Silk, Dyeing wool
Cassia fistula L. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Bark and sapwood Red Cotton
Cassia tora L. Caesalpiniaceae Herb Seed Blue Cotton
Casuarina equisetifolia L. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Bark Light Reddish Cotton

Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C. B. Robins Rhizophoraceae Tree Bark Brown Cotton, Silk
Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A. Juss Euphorbiaceae Herb Leaves Green Cotton,silk,wool
Croton joufra Roxb. Euphorbiaceae Tree Fresh leaf Blue Cotton , Silk
Flower &
Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss. Meliaceae Tree Red Cotton
Leaves
Clitoria ternatea L. Fabaceae Climber Flower Blue Cotton
Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. Zingiberaceae Herb Rhizome Yellow Cotton, Silk

Curcuma rostrat Salisb. Zingiberaceae Herb Rhizome Yellow Cotton

Cotton
Curcuma longa L. Zingiberaceae Herb Rhizome Yellow

Cynometra ramiflora L. Caesalphinaceae Tree Heart Wood Black Cotton

Delonix regia (Boi.ex Hook.) Raf. Caesalphinaceae Tree Bark Yellow Cotton

Desmodium multiflorum DC. Fabaceae Herb Seed Purpul Cotton

Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn. Dipterocarpaceae Tree Bark Yellow, Brown Cotton, silk

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 Diospyros embryopteris Pers. Ebenaceae Tree Fruit Brown Silk , cotton

Cotton
Eclipta rostrate L. Asteraceae Herb Whole plant Black

Ervatamia divaricata L. Apocynaceae Shrub Seed Yellow Silk

Elaeodendron glaucum Rottb. Ktze Celasteraceae Tree Bark Red Cotton

Euphorbia pulcherrima Graham. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Leaves Red Silk

Euphorbia tirucalli L. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Fruit Red Cotton, Silk

Flemingia macrophylla Willd.

Fabaceae Shrub Bark Black Cotton
Merr.

Flemingia congesta Roxb. Fabaceae Shrub Seed Pods Red Cotton, Silk

Garcinia Morella (Gaerth.) Desr. Clusiaceae Tree Fruit Yellow Silk

Garcinia xanthochymus Hk. f. Clusiaceae Tree Bark Yellow Silk

Galium aparine L. Rubiaceae Herb Root Purple Cotton

Galium verum L. Rubiaceae Herb Root Yellow Cotton

Geranium wallichianum Oliv. Geraniaceae Herb Root Yellow Cotton

Gossypium herbaceum L. Malvaceae Shrub Flowers Yellow Silk,Cotton

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Grewia optiva Drumm. Ex Burr. Tilaceae Tree Fruits Orange Cotton

Hedychium spicatum Buch.-Ham.Ex Sm. Zingiberaceae Herb Rhizome Yellow Cotton

Hypericum oblongifolium Choisy. Hypericaceae Shrub Flowers Yellow Cotton

Heliotropium strigosum willd. Boraginaceae Herb Leaf Black Cotton, Silk

Impatiens balsamina L. Balsaminaceae Herb Stem ,Flowers Red, Orange Silk, Wool, Cotton

Indigofera tinctoria L. Fabaceae Shrub Leaves ,Seed Bluish Black,Indigo Cotton, Silk

Indigofera cassioides Rottl. ex. DC. Fabaceae Shrub Leaves, Flower Blue Cotton

Deep black, Dark

Isatis tinctoria L. Brassicaceae Herb Leaves Cotton, Silk
blue.

Lawsonia inermis L. Lythraceae Tree Leaves Red Silk, Cotton

Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. Lythraceae Shrub Bark Black Cotton

Lannea coromandelica Houtt. Anacardiaceae Tree Bark and Resin Yellow , Brown Silk ,Cotton

Ligustrum vulgare L. Oleaceae Shrub Fruits Blue Cotton

Malus domestica Borkh. Rosaceae Tree Bark Yellow Cotton and Silk

Mallotus philippensis (Lamk.) M uell - Arg. Euphorbiaceae Tree Fruits Orange Cotton,Silk

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 Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Tree Bark Black Silk, Cotton

Mimusops elengi L. Sapotaceae Tree Bark Brown Cotton, silk

Morinda angustifolia Roxb. Rubiaceae Tree Stem,Root Red Cotton, Silk

Mussaenda frondosa L. Rubiaceae Shrub Leaves Yellow Cotton, Silk

Mirabilis jalapa L. Nyctadinaceae Herb Flower Red Cotton

Myrica esculenta Buch-Ham. Myricaceae Tree Stem bark Yellow Cotton,Silk

Naregamia alata Wight & Arn. Meliaceae Herb leaves Red Cotton

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Nyctanthaceae Tree Flower Orange Silk ,Cotton

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. Kurz Bignoniaceae Tree Bark, Fruits Black Cotton

Peristrophe tinctoria Nees. acanthaceae Herb Whole plant Red Cotton

Phyllanthus emblica L. Euphorbiaceae Tree Leaf Black Cotton, Silk

Piper betle L. Piperaceae Climber Leaves ,Root Blue Silk

Pinus wallichiana A. B. Jackson. Pinaceae Tree Bark Black Cotton

Prunus Persia Batsch. Rosaceae Tree Leaves, Root bark Green and Red Cotton

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Pterospermum lancifolium Roxb. Sterculiaceae Tree Bark Orange Silk

Quercus infectoria Oliver. Fagaceae Shrub Gall nuts Dark gray Cotton silk

Rauvolfiate traphylla L. Apocynaceae Shrub Fruit Black Cotton ,Silk

Rhododendron arboreum Sm. Ericaceae Tree Flowers Red Cotton

Rubia Cordifolia L. Rubiaceae Climber Root Red Silk,Cotton,Woolen

Rumex hastatus D. Don. Polygonaceae Shrub Roots Yellow green Cotton

Sarcochlamys pulcherrima Gaud. Urticaceae Shrub Leaves, Bark Dark brown Cotton ,Silk

Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae Herb Fruit Black Cotton

Symplocos cochichinensis (Lour.)Moore. Symplocaceae Tree Leaves,Bark Yellow Cotton

Symplocoso xyphylla Wall. Symplocaceae Tree Bark Yellow Silk

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. Myrtaceae Tree Bark Red Cotton

Tagetes erecta L. Asteraceae Herb Flowers Yellow Cotton

Tectona grandis L.f. Verbenaceae Tree Stem bark Yellow Cotton ,Silk

Terminalia catappa L. Combretaceae Tree Fruit Black Silk,Cotton

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 Terminalia chebula Retz. Combretaceae Tree Fruit Yellow Cotton

Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. Rutaceae Tree Root Yellow Cotton

Toona serrata (Royle) M. Roem. Meliaceae Tree Flower , Seeds Yellow-brown Silk,cotton

Trema orientalis Blume. Cannabaceae Tree Stem bark Brown Cotton,Silk

Trifolium pretense L. Fabaceae Herb Flowers Pink Silk,Cotton

Urtica dioica L. Urticaceae Shrub Roots Brown-black Cotton

Ventilago madraspatana Gaerth. Rhanaeae Tree Root and bark Red Cotton, Silk

Wedelia chinenisis Merril. Asteraceae Herb Roots Black Cotton

Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz. Lythraceae Shrub Flowers Reddish yellow Silk

Wrightia tinctoria R. Br. Apocynaceae Tree Leaves and Seed Blue Silk

Zizipus jujube Mill. Rhamnaceae Tree Fruit Red Cotton

www.ijbsans.com 172 Int.J.Biosci.Nanosci, 2(7): 2015

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