Biology 1010 Specific Chapter Objectives:

Chapter 1: The Study of Life

Each student should understand:
The characteristics that describe living organisms (life).
The hierarchy of biological organization.
The value and use science as a process of obtaining knowledge based upon observable evidence.
The method and practice of scientific inquiry.
The diversity and general classification of living organisms
The three-domain classification system.
That evolution explains why organisms are characterized by diversity and unity.
That human beings are living organisms dependent for survival and quality of life on the biological and
physical natural world.

Chapter 2: The Chemical Foundation of Life

Each student should understand:
That all matter is composed of chemical elements.
The elements that make up living organisms.
The structure and chemical properties of atoms.
That atoms react with one another to form molecules though chemical bonds and attractions.
The structure and unique properties of water.
The dissociation of water, the pH scale, and buffers and the harmful effects of acid deposition.
The chemical properties of carbon atoms.

Chapter 3: Biological Macromolecules

Each student should understand:
The diversity of organic molecules makes life diverse (e,g, functional groups, monomers)
The synthesis and breakdown of biological polymers.
The basic structure and function of the four types of biological macromolecules.

Chapter 4: Cell Structure

Each student should understand:
That cells are the basic units of life.
The different sizes and types of cells and how cells are studied.
The basic structures found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
That the synthesis of macromolecules is a major function of cells

Chapter 5: Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes

Each student should understand:
The structure and function of the plasma membrane.
The different types of transport across membranes.
The functions of vesicles and vacuoles, the cytoskeleton and cellular junctions.
Chapter 6: Metabolism
Each student should understand:
That cells carry-out energy transformations.
Energy and the laws that govern energy transformations.
The basics of cellular metabolism (endergonic/exergonic).
The structure and cycle of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
The basic concepts of enzyme function.

Chapter 7: Cellular Respiration

Each student should understand:
That ATP is universal.
That cellular respiration (aerobic) is a redox reaction that requires oxygen.
That cellular respiration has four phases. Three phases occur in the mitochondria.
The electron transport chain captures much energy.
That carbon dioxide and water are produced during glucose breakdown.
The types of anaerobic respiration (Fermentation).
That other organic molecules can be broken down and synthesized as needed.

Chapter 8: Photosynthesis
Each student should understand:
That autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere.
That photosynthesis is a redox reaction that produces food and releases oxygen.
That photosynthesis involves two sets of reactions: The light reactions and the Calvin cycle reactions.
The light reaction absorbs solar energy and converts it into chemical energy.
The Calvin cycle (dark reaction) produces a carbohydrate using CO2
That C4 and CAM plants also produce a carbohydrate but under different conditions.
That photosynthesis helps moderate global climate change.

Chapter 10: Cell Reproduction

Each student should understand:
That cell division ensures the transmission of genetic information.
That cell division is involved in both asexual and sexual reproduction.
That prokaryotes reproduce asexually.
That somatic cells have a cell cycle and undergo mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis maintains the
chromosome number.
That cancer is uncontrolled cell division.
That chromosomes are the carriers of genes.

Chapter 11: Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction

Each student should understand:
That meiosis produces cells that become the gametes in animals and spores in other organisms.
That meiosis halves the number of chromosomes because homologous chromosomes separate during
meiosis. Synapsis and crossing-over also occur during meiosis.
 That meiosis and the importance of genetic variation.
The types and causes of chromosomal mutations.

Chapter 12: Mendel's Experiments and Heredity

Each student should understand:
That Gregor Mendel deduced the Laws of Inheritance.
The units of heritance are alleles of genes.
That Mendels law of segregation describes how gametes pass on traits.
That Mendels law of independent assortment describes inheritance of multiple traits.
That monohybrid and dihybrid crosses are used to show Mendels laws of inheritance.
The more complex patterns of non-Mendelian genetics (incomplete, complete, polygenic, pleiotropy
etc).
The use of pedigree analysis in human genetics and genetic disorders.

Chapter 14: DNA Structure and Function

Each student should understand:
That DNA is the genetic material.
The Structure of the DNA double helix.
The Mechanism of DNA replication and repair.

Chapter 15: Genes and Proteins

Each student should understand:
That genes specify the makeup of proteins.
The making of a protein requires transcription and translation.
The genetic code for amino acids is a triplet code that is virtually universal.
That gene mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA bases that affect genetic information and
expression.

Chapter 17: Biotechnology and Genomics (Optional)

Chapter 18: Evolution and the Origin of Species

Each student should understand:
The development of evolutionary theory.
That Charles Darwin formulated natural selection as a mechanism for evolution.
The evidences for the principle/theory of evolution.
That species have been defined in more than one way.
The basic concept of macroevolution and speciation and that the origin of new species usually requires
geographic separation (e.g. allopatric speciation).
The other mechanisms of speciation (e.g. sympatric speciation).
The fossil record shows both gradual and rapid speciation.
The fossil record reveals the history of life on earth
That continental drift and mass extinctions have affected the history of life.
 That organisms are classified into categories and that the Linnaean classification system reflects
phylogeny.

Chapter 19: The Evolution of Populations

Each student should understand:
That population genetics tells us when microevolution occurs.
The various ways genetic variation arises in populations.
The process of natural selection and that it can be stabilizing, directional, or disruptive.
That reproductive barriers maintain genetic differences between species.