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International Journal of Advanced in Management, Technology and Engineering Sciences ISSN NO : 2249-7455

Effect of Annealing Temperature on Mechanically Alloyed (MA) Magnetic


Abrasives
Amardeep Singh1, SehijpalSingh2 and Lakhvir Singh3
1
Research Scholar, I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, Punjab, India.
2
Prof.,and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, GNDEC, Ldh, Punjab, India
3
Prof.and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BBSBEC,Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India
_1amar_deep74@yahoo.com

Abstract

Magnetic abrasives act as a multipoint cutting tool in Magnetic Abrasives Finishing (MAF) process. The
magnetic abrasives form a Flexible Brushunder the action of the magnetic fieldand provide the finishing of the
workpiece surface. The surface quality of the workpiece greatly depends upon the quality of magnetic abrasives
besides other parameters. Different techniques of preparation of magnetic abrasives, available in theliterature, are
simply mixed, sintered, plasma based, mechanical alloying etc. Mechanical Alloying is relatively a new technique of
preparation of magnetic abrasives. This paper explores the effect of annealing temperature on magnetic properties of
Mechanically Alloyed magnetic abrasives.

Keywords : Mechanical alloying, Magnetic abrasives, MAF.

1. INTRODUCTION
Magnetic Abrasive Finishing (MAF) process is a non-traditional machining process. In this process a mixture
of abrasives and ferromagnetic particles called as magnetic abrasives act as a multipoint cutting tool. The magnetic
abrasives, placed between the magnetic poles, form a Magnetic Abrasive Flexible Brush (MAFB) due to the action of
the magnetic field. The MAFB polishes the workpiece surface and provides the finishing action. Magnetic abrasives
play an important role in developing the surface texture and MRR of the workpiece. There are different techniques of
preparation of magnetic abrasives like simply mixed, Sintered, Gel abrasives, Plasma-based, Mechanical Alloying.
Simply mixed magnetic abrasives are prepared by mechanical mixing of iron particles and abrasives [1-5]. These
magnetic abrasives were used to study the finishing characteristics of the workpiece in MAF process. It has been
found that in simply mixed magnetic abrasives, abrasive particles are not bonded to the ferromagnetic particles so
abrasives are easily flown away due to the centrifugal force in machining operation. Due to this difficulty of Simply
Mixed magnetic abrasives, the authors suggested another technique of preparation of magnetic abrasives [6-13] in
which abrasives are bonded to ferromagnetic particles by using sintering process. Liu et al [14]compared the
performance of Simply Mixed magnetic abrasives with Sintered magnetic abrasives and proved experimentally that
sintered magnetic abrasives give almost double the machining efficiency of Simply mixed magnetic abrasives.Wang et
al [15] developed another technique of preparation of magnetic abrasives in which the abrasives are mixed with
silicone gel. Silicone gel prevented the abrasives to flow away by centrifugal force during the finishing process.
Hanadaet al [16] developed a special technique to prepare spherical shaped magnetic abrasives with plasma spray for
internal finishing of capillary tubes. The magnetic abrasives with irregular shape results in non-uniform cutting depth
on the workpiece surface. Sran et al [17] presented a new technique for bonding magnetic abrasives with
ferromagnetic particles via mechanical alloying technique. Mechanical Alloying (MA) is one solid state powder
processing technique involving repeated welding, fracturing, and rewelding of powder particles in a high-energy ball
mill or attritor. These magnetic abrasives were used to finish internal surface of commercially available brass tubes
and obtained a surface finish as low as 3 nm.

Although sintered magnetic abrasives give excellent finishing properties of the workpiece the method is rather
costly and cumbersome. So, Mechanical Alloying (MA) based magnetic abrasives could be a better alternative to
sintered magnetic abrasives. This paper discusses the preparation technique and characterization of Mechanical
Alloying magnetic abrasives.

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International Journal of Advanced in Management, Technology and Engineering Sciences ISSN NO : 2249-7455

2. EXPERIMENTATION

Mechanically Alloyed (MA) magnetic abrasives are prepared as per following procedure

2.1 Selection of Materials and Alloying

Following Table1 represents the selection of materials for the preparation of Mechanically Alloyed magnetic
abrasives.

Table 1. Selection of Materials

S. No. Item Type Specification


1 Ferromagnetic Material Iron powder #300
2 Abrasives Silicon Carbide (SiC) powder #100 - #300
3 Mixing ratioof abrasives by -------------- 15%
Volume

Mechanical alloying of the abrasives and iron powder is carried out in a Ball mill (Attritor). After mechanical
alloying, the alloyed powder becomes finer and abrasive particles are entrapped in iron.
Cylindrical compacts of the powder were prepared on the universal testing machine by using a die.

2.2 Annealing of Compacts

Annealing is required to relieve the compacts of oxidation which occurs during the compaction process. The annealing
process is carried under controlled conditions as mentioned in Table 2.

Table 2. Annealing Conditions

S. No. Item Specifications


1 Annealing Temperature 750C, 850C, 950C and 1050C
2 Time per sample 3 hrs
3 Annealing environment Hydrogen gas
4 Cooling Cooled gradually in the atmospheric air

In this way, four samples are prepared based on their annealing temperature.

2.3 Crushing of Compacts and Sieving

Annealed compacts are crushed to transform into powder form which is called as Magnetic Abrasives and used as a
multipoint cutting tool in MAF process. This powder is passed through sieves to obtain the required particle size. In
the present study powder with average mesh size #175, for each sample with annealing temperature 750C, 850C,
950C and 1050C, is selected for study purpose.

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International Journal of Advanced in Management, Technology and Engineering Sciences ISSN NO : 2249-7455

2.4 Results and Discussions

2.4.1 Microscopy: Four specimens are prepared, one for each sample, by mounting on resin media with the help of a
mounting machine. These specimens are polished and observed under optical microscope.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Fig 1: Microscopic images of Magnetic Abrasive Particles annealed at a) 750C, b) 850C c) 950C and d) 1050C

Microscopic images for different specimens are shown in Fig 1. Analysis of the images shows that abrasive particles
are uniformly distributed in the iron particles for each specimen. This property of the magnetic abrasives is significant
from the point of view that uniformly distributed abrasives help to form a uniform surface texture of the workpiece.

2.4.2 Magnetic properties:The magnetic abrasives are used as multipoint cutting tool in MAF process. In this process
cutting forces, developed during the finishing process, depends upon the magnitude of magnetic flux density in
the magnetic abrasives. Magnetic flux density is the property of the material. Different materials may develop a
different level of magnetic flux density at same input conditions. So, in order to analyze the magnetic behavior of
magnetic abrasives an experimental setup is prepared as shown in Figure 2. Electromagnet has been used to
magnetize the magnetic abrasives and the Magnetic flux density is controlled by the current supplied to the
electromagnet. A brass tube is held between the electromagnetic poles.

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of experimental setup 1) Electromagnetic poles 2) Magnetic abrasives 3) Brass tube 4)
Probe of Gauss meter 5) Magnetic field lines

Volume 7, Issue 11, 2017 248 http://ijamtes.org/


International Journal of Advanced in Management, Technology and Engineering Sciences ISSN NO : 2249-7455

Mechanically Alloyed magnetic abrasives, measuring 20 gm, is put inside the tube. A Gauss Meter is used to measure
the magnetic flux density in the magnetic abrasives.

Magnetic flux density is measured at 4A and 5A current supplied to the electromagnets for each of the four samples of
Mechanically Alloyed magnetic abrasives and the results are represented in Figure 3 and Figure 4.

Annealing Temperature Vs Magnetic Flux Density


395
Magnetic Flux Density, B10 (Gauss)

390

385

380 Current =4A

375

370
650 750 850 950 1050 1150
Annealing Temperature (C)

Figure 3. Magnetic properties of Mechanically Alloyed magnetic abrasives.

Magnetic Flux Desity vs Current


420

410

400

390
B10 at I= 4A
380
B10 at I=5A
370

360

350
750C 850C 950C 1050C

Figure 4. Bar graph between B and Annealing temperature at different 'I' values.

It has been found that Magnetic flux density increases with increase in annealing temperature and it becomes
maximum at an annealing temperature of 950C and thereafter it starts decreasing. The trend of variation of magnetic
flux remains the same at 4A and 5A current but the magnitude of magnetic flux is more at 5A current at each level of
annealing temperature.

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International Journal of Advanced in Management, Technology and Engineering Sciences ISSN NO : 2249-7455

3. Conclusions
In the Mechanically Alloyed Magnetic Abrasives, the abrasive particles distribute uniformly in the
ferromagnetic media. Annealing temperature effects the magnetic properties of the magnetic abrasives. At 950C
annealing temperature, it gives maximum value of magnetic flux. At any value of annealing temperature magnetic flux
is more at more value of current.

4. References
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Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, Vol.24, pp237244.
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on the performance of magnetic abrasive finishing process, Wear, Vol. 250, pp384390.
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using unbounded magnetic abrasives, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, Vol. 42, pp 575
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abrasive particles, Int J AdvManufTechnol, original article.
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Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, Vol. 49, pp10631069.
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internal finishing of capillary tubes, Diamond & Related Materials, Vol 17, pp14341437.
17. Sran L., Khangura S. S. and Singh A.(2012), Nano finishing of brass tubes by using mechanically alloyed
magnetic abrasives, Proceedings of the ASME 2012 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering
Conference MSEC2012, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.

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