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BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
LEVELS OF ORGANISATION
Here the cells performing the same function, are grouped into tissues.
Eg:-coelenterates
Here tissues are grouped together to form organs, for doing a particular function.
Different organs have associated to form organ systems, for doing a specific
function.
SYMMETRY
The arrangement of body parts around the central axis of the body .
Radial symmetry
Bilateral symmetry
1.Asymmetry
Body cannot be into two similar equivalent halves in any direction. Eg:-Sponges
2.Radial symmetry
Any plane passing through the central axis of the body divides the organism into two
identical halves, it is called radial symmetry.
3.Bilateral symmetry
The body can be divided into identical left and right halves in only one plane. Eg:-
Annelids, ,Arthropods, Vertebrates
The fundamental cell layers formed in an early embryo are called germ layers, from
which all the tissues and organs are developed.
1.DIPLOBLASTIC
The cells are arranged in two embryonic layers, an external ectoderm and an
internal endoderm,
2.TRIPLOBLASTIC
The cells are arranged in three embryonic layers, an external ectoderm middle
mesoderm and an internal endoderm,
E.g.Platyhelminthes to chordates.
COELOM
1.COELOM
The body cavity, which is lined by mesoderm is called coelom. Animals possessing
coelom are called coelomates.
2.PSEUDOCOELOM
The body cavity is not lined by mesoderm. Here the mesoderm is present as scattered
pouches in between the ectoderm and endoderm. E.g., Aschelminthes
3.ACOELOMATES
The animals in which the body cavity is absent are called acoelomates.
E.g., Platyhelminthes
1.Phylum Porifera
2.Phylum Cnidaria
3.Phylum Ctenophora
4.Phylum Platyhelminthes
5.Phylum Aschelminthes
6.Phylum Annelida
7.Phylum Arthropoda
8.Phylum Mollusca
10.Phylum Hemichordata
11.Phylum Chordata
Phylum Porifera
1.Members of this phylum are commonly known as sponges
4.Mostly marine.
6.Asymmetrical animals.
10.Digestion is intracellular.
Eg:-Spongilla, Sycon,
2.Radially symmetrical
4.. Cnidoblasts or cnidocytes present on the tentacles and the body (They contain the
stinging capsules or nematocytes). Cnidoblasts are used for anchorage, defense and
for the capture of prey.(Hence the name phylum cnidaria)
6. Exists in two basic body forms - polyp and medusa. . Some exist as either medusae
or polyps, while others exists in both(eg. OBELIA Those cnidarians which exist in both
forms exhibit alternation of generation (Metagenesis)
7.Some of the cnidarians, with a skeleton composed of calcium carbonate. Eg: Corals
Phylum Ctenophora
3. The body with eight external rows of ciliated comb plates, which help in locomotion.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
1. They have flattened leaf like body, hence are called flatworms.
2. Mostly endoparasites
Phylum Aschelminthes
1. The body is circular in cross-section, hence, the name roundworms.
9. Fertilisation internal and development direct (the young ones resemble the adult) or
indirect.
Ancylostoma (Hookworm).
Phylum Annelida
1.Aquatic (marine and fresh water) or terrestrial; free-living, or parasitic.
8. Nereis, an aquatic form, is dioecious, but earthworms & leeches are monoecious.
9. Reproduction is sexual.
Examples:
Phylum Arthropoda
1. Largest phylum. Over two thirds of all species on the earth are Arthropods
2. book gills,-(Limulus)
3.book lungs(spider)
Examples:
Economically important Apis (Honey bee), Bombyx (Silkworm), Laccifer (Lac insect)
Phylum Mollusca
1. The second largest animal phylum.
5.Body unsegmented with a distinct head, muscular foot and visceral hump.
6.The visceral hump is covered by a membrane called mantle which secrete the shell
Phylum Echinodermata
1. Marine
5. Triploblastic,Coelomates
6. Digestive system complete.Mouth on the ventral side and anus on the dorsal side.
5. The presence of water vascular system for locomotion, capture & transport of food
and respiration.
Examples: Asterias (Star fish), Echinus (Sea urchin), Antedon (Sea lily),
Cucumaria (Sea cucumber) Ophiura (Brittle star).
Phylum Hemichordata
1. Worm-like marine animals.
Phylum Chordata
Phylum Chordata are fundamentally characterised by the
1. Presence of a notochord,
4. Bilaterally symmetrical,Triploblastic,
Chordates Nonchordates
Central nervous system dorsal, hollow, & single Central nervous system ventral, solid & double
1.Urochordata or Tunicata,
HSSLIVE.IN RAJINI A.P, H.S.S.T ZOOLOGY GOVT.A.P.H.S.S ELAPPULLY PALAKKAD
In Urochordata, notochord is present only in larval tail
2. Cephalochordata :
3. Vertebrata.
2.Vertebrates have a ventral muscular heart with two, three or four chambers,
2. Elongated body
6.Cartilaginous endoskeleton
8.They migrate for spawning from sea to fresh water. After spawning, within a few
days, they die. Their larvae, after metamorphosis, return to the ocean.
Examples:
Petromyzon (Lamprey),
Myxine (Hagfish).
1. Marine
2.Streamlined body
3. endoskeleton
8. Predacious
9. Due to the absence of air bladder they have to swim constantly to avoid sinking
11. Some of them have electric organs (e.g., Torpedo) and some possess poison sting
(e.g., Trygon).
12. They are cold-blooded (poikilothermous) animals, i.e., they lack the capacity to
regulate their body temperature. Sexes are separate.
13. Sexes are separate,In male pelvic fins bears claspers (copulatory organ).
Scoliodon (Dog fish), Pristis (Saw fish), Carcharodon (Great white shark),
Trygon (Sting ray).
2.Bony endoskeleton
3.Streamlined body
7.Heart is two-chambered.
8.Cold-blooded animals.
Examples:
Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes
Cartelagenous endoskeleton Bony enoskeleton
Mouth ventral Mouth terminal
Operculam absent Operculam present
Skin with placoid scale Ctenoid or cycloid scales
Air bladder absent Air bladder present
HSSLIVE.IN RAJINI A.P, H.S.S.T ZOOLOGY GOVT.A.P.H.S.S ELAPPULLY PALAKKAD
External Fertilization
Oviparous
Fertilisation internal
Viviparous
3. Body is divisible into head and trunk. Tail may be present in some
8. Alimentary canal, urinary and reproductive tracts open into a common chamber
called cloaca which opens to the exterior.
12.Fertilisation is external.
Examples:
Class Reptilia
2. Mostly terrestrial
6. Poikilotherms
9.Fertilization is internal
Examples:
Class Aves
1. Presence of feathers
5. The hind limb with scales &modified for walking, swimming or clasping the tree
branches.
6.Skin is dry without glands except the oil gland at the base of the tail.
8. The digestive tract with additional chambers the crop & gizzard.
10. Warm blooded (homoiothermous) i.e. they are able to maintain a constant body
temperature
Neophron (Vulture).
Class Mammalia
1. Presence of milk producing glands (mammary glands)
6. Heart is four-chambered.
6. Homoiothermous.
7. Respiration by lungs.
Examples:
Oviparous-Ornithorhynchus (Platypus);
Model Questions
1. a) Annelida : Parapodia : : ..: Comb plates
b) .: Water vascular system:: Coelenterata : cnidoblast (1 mark)
2. a) All vertebrates are chordates but all chordata are not vertebrates. Justify the
HSSLIVE.IN RAJINI A.P, H.S.S.T ZOOLOGY GOVT.A.P.H.S.S ELAPPULLY PALAKKAD
statement. (2 marks)
3.During a field trip Raju has collected some organisms with the following characters.
Help him to identify the phyla of those organisms.
(a) Metamerically segmented body.
(b) Body covered with calcareous shell.
Dorsaventrally flattened leaf like body.
(d) Body divided into head, thorax and abdomen. (2 marks)
6.Identify the following diagram and list out the peculiar characters that helps
in Identifying it. (2)