IMM1 Lectures 17-18 PDF

Introduction to Mathematics
and Modeling
lecture 1
Functions and Trigonometry
academic year : 17-18

UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE. lecture : 1
build : November 15, 2017
slides : 48
Part 2
This week intro
GELGOOG Coffee Beans Husking Machine
1 Section 1.1: functions and their graphs

2 Section 1.2: combining and transforming functions
3 Section 1.3: trigonometry
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE. Introduction to Mathematics and Modeling Lecture 1: Functions and Trigonometry 1/48
About this course 1.1
Colstructie = College + Instructie
Colstructie = College + Instructie = Lectorial.
Three midterm tests and one resit. See MyTimeTable for date and
time.
time.
Tests and exercises with MyLabsPlus.
time.
Examples with Mathematica.
time.
Examples with Mathematica.
Course schedule, slides and other materials can be found on

Blackboard page 2017-201700041-1B: Smart Environments
(2017-1B), item Course Materials, folder ItE:Introduction to
Mathematics and Modeling I.
Topics of this course 1.2
Nr Week Topic
1 1 Basics: functions, graphs and trigonometry
2 2 Basics: the inverse; exponential functions and logarithms
Midterm test 1
3 3 Differentiation: definition
4 4 Differentiation: rules and properties
5 5 Differentiation: applications
Midterm test 2
6 6 Integration: definition and applications
7 7 Integration: the fundamental theorem; method of substitution
8 8 Integration: integration by parts
Midterm test 3
Resit
Functions Section 1.3 1.3
Definition
A function f : D Y is a rule that assigns a unique element f (x) in Y
to each element x in D.
Definition
The set D is the domain of f .
Definition

The set Y is the codomain of f .
Definition

The range or image of f is the set of all function values f (x).
Definition

If f assigns y to x, then we denote this as y = f (x) or x 7 f (x).
Definition

The object f (x) is called the image of x (under f ).
Definition

Synonyms for function are map or transformation.
Definition

Synonyms for function are map or transformation.
Sometimes we use a diagram:
x f f (x)
The graph of a function 1.4
Definition
Let D and Y are subsets of R. The graph of a function f : D Y is
defined as

graph(f ) = x, f (x) x D .
y
Y
graph(f )
x
0 D
Definition
defined as

y
Y

x, f (x)
f (x) graph(f )
x
0 x D
Definition
defined as

y
Y
graph(f )
x
0 x D
Vertical Line Test

A vertical line intersects the graph of a function in at most one point.
Plotting with Mathematica 1.5
Mathematica
Defining a function:
f[x_]:=1/Sqrt[x^2+1]
Plotting a function f with domain [a, b]:

Plot[f[x],{x,a,b}]
Empty notebook (Worksheet 1.nb)
Equality of functions 1.6
Definition
Two functions f and g are equal if
1. the domain of f is equal to the domain of g, and
2. if f (x) = g(x) for all x in the domain of f .
Definition
Sometimes the equality of the codomains is also required.
Definition

The method that the function uses to calculate the function value is
irrelevant.
Definition

irrelevant.
Definition

irrelevant.
Definition

irrelevant.
Implicitly defined domains and codomains 1.7
Definition
Let the function f be definied by a formula.
If the domain of f is not defined explicitly, then the domain consists
of all numbers x for which f (x) exists.
If the codomain of f is not defined explicitly, then the codomain is
chosen as large as possible.
Implicitly defined domains and codomains 1.7
Definition
Let the function f be definied by a formula.
If the domain of f is not defined explicitly, then the domain consists
of all numbers x for which f (x) exists.
If the codomain of f is not defined explicitly, then the codomain is
chosen as large as possible.
Example:

Let f (x) = x 3.

The expression x 3 is defined for all x for which x 3 0, hence
Dom(f ) = [3, ).
The codomain is R.
Piecewise defined functions 1.8
If a domain consists of several parts D1 , D2 , . . . , Dn , a function may be

defined with different formulas per part:

F1 (x)

if x D1 ,

F2 (x)

if x D2 ,
f (x) = .. ..

. .

Fn (x) if x Dn .

Example
The absolute value is defined as

x if x 0,
|x | =

x if x < 0.
Monotony 1.9
Definition
Let f : I R be a function defined on an interval I .
1. The function f is increasing if for all x1 , x2 I with x1 < x2 we have
f (x1 ) < f (x2 ).
2. The function f is decreasing if for all x1 , x2 I with x1 < x2 we have
f (x1 ) > f (x2 ).
Monotony 1.9
Definition
Let f : I R be a function defined on an interval I .
1. The function f is increasing if for all x1 , x2 I with x1 < x2 we have
f (x1 ) < f (x2 ).
2. The function f is decreasing if for all x1 , x2 I with x1 < x2 we have
f (x1 ) > f (x2 ).
A function that is decreasing or increasing is called monotonous.
a si n g
in c r e
decre
asing
monotonous not monotonous

Symmetry 1.10
Definition
A subset D R is symmetric if for all x D also x D.
Symmetry 1.10
Definition
Example
R, [1, 1] and R\{0} are symmetric.
Symmetry 1.10
Definition
Example
[0, 1] en [1, 1) are not symmetric.
Symmetry 1.10
Definition
Example
[0, 1] en [1, 1) are not symmetric.
Definition
Let D be a symmetric subset of R.
A function f : D R is even if f (x) = f (x) for all x D.
A function f : D R is odd if f (x) = f (x) for all x D.
Symmetry 1.11
The graph of an even function is symmetric about the vertical axis.

y
f
x
0
Symmetry 1.11

y
f
f (x) = f (x)
x
x 0 x
Symmetry 1.11

y
f
f (x) = f (x)
x
x 0 x
The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the origin.

y
Symmetry 1.11

y
f
f (x) = f (x)
x
x 0 x

y
f (x) f
x
x
0 x
f (x) = f (x)
Symmetry 1.11

y
f
f (x) = f (x)
x
x 0 x

y
f (x) f
x
x
0 x
f (x) = f (x)
Exercises 1.x
Assignment: IMM1 - Tutorial 1.1
Algebraic combinations 2.1
Addition: h(x) = f (x) + g(x) f +g
Subtraction: h(x) = f (x) g(x) f g
Multiplication: h(x) = f (x)g(x) fg
f (x) f
Division: h(x) =
g(x) g
f (x) f
Division: h(x) =
g(x) g
Composition: h(x) = f (g(x)) f g
Composition 2.2
g: E D f:DC
E D C
Let f : D C and g : E D be two functions, where the domain of

f is the codomain of g.
Composition 2.2
g: E D f:DC
g(x)
x
E D C

Composition 2.2
g: E D f:DC

g(x) f g(x)
x
E D C

Composition 2.2
f g: E C
g: E D f:DC

g(x) f g(x)
x
E D C

The composition of f and g is defined as the function f g : E C
that assigns the element f g(x) to every x E.
Composition 2.2
f g: E C
g: E D f:DC

g(x) f g(x)
x
E D C

Pronounce f g as f after g.
Composition 2.2
f g: E C
g: E D f:DC

g(x) f g(x)
x
E D C

Arrow diagram:
g(x)
g

x f f g(x)
Composition 2.2
f g: E C
g: E D f:DC

g(x) f g(x)
x
E D C

Arrow diagram:
g(x)
x g f f g(x)
f g
Composition 2.3
Example Example 2

Define f (x) = x and g(x) = x + 1. Find f g and g f .
Composition 2.3
Example Example 2

x +1
x +1 x +1

(f g)(x) = f g(x) = x +1
Composition 2.3
Example Example 2

x +1
x +1 x +1

(f g)(x) = f g(x) = x +1
Composition 2.3
Example Example 2

x +1
x +1 x +1

(f g)(x) = f g(x) = x +1

x
x +1 x +1

(g f )(x) = g f (x) = x +1
Composition 2.3
Example Example 2

x +1
x +1 x +1

(f g)(x) = f g(x) = x +1

x
x +1 x +1

(g f )(x) = g f (x) = x +1
Note that f g 6= g f .
Associativity 2.4
h g f

h(x) g h(x) f g h(x)
x
F E D C
Let h : F E, g : E D and f : D C , then

(f g) h = f (g h).
Associativity 2.4
h g f

h(x) g h(x) f g h(x)
x
F E D C
Let h : F E, g : E D and f : D C , then

(f g) h = f (g h).
Usually we omit the parenthesis: f g h.
Vertical shifting 2.5
Shifting in y-direction
The graph of f (x) + c is obtained from the graph of f by shifting it
upward by c units if c > 0, or downward by |c| units if c < 0.
y
x2 + 2
5
f (x)
x f +c f (x)+c
4 x2
3 x2 1
2 Example
1
y = x2
x
y = x2 + 2
1
y = x2 1
Functions - Vertical Shift.nb
Vertical scaling 2.6
Scaling in y-direction
The graph of c f (x) is obtained from the graph of f by stretching it

with a factor of c units if c > 1, or shrinking it by c units if 0 < c < 1.
If c < 0, then the graph is also reflected across the x-axis.
y
2 x f (x)
x f c c f (x)
4
3
x Example
2
1 y= x
1 2 x

y=2 x
x
1 2 3 4 5
y = 21 x
Functions - Vertical Scale.nb
Horizontal shifting 2.7
Shifting in x-direction
The graph of f (x + c) is obtained from the graph of f by shifting it c units
to the left if c > 0, or to the right by |c| units if c < 0.
y
x +c
(x + 2)2 x2 (x 1)2 x +c f f (x +c)
Example
y = x2
y = (x + 2)2
4 3 2 1 1 2 3
y = (x 1)2
Functions - Horizontal Shift.nb
Horizontal scaling 2.8
Scaling in x-direction
The graph of f (c x) is obtained from the graph of f by shrinking it

with a factor of c units if c > 1, or stretching it with a factor c units
if 0 < c < 1.
If c < 0, then the graph is also reflected across the y-axis.
y 1
2
(2x 1)2 (x 1)2 2x 1 cx
x c f f (c x)
1
Example
x y = (x 1)2
1 1 2
2
y = (2x 1)2
1
2
Functions - Horizontal Scale.nb y= 2x 1
Reflections 2.9
Reflecting in x and y-direction
Mirroring: The graph of f (x) is obtained from the graph of f by

reflecting it across the y-axis.
Flipping: The graph of f (x) is obtained from the graph of f by
reflecting it across the x-axis.
y
x x Example
1

y= x
x
3 2 1 1 2 3
y= x
1

x y= x
Exercises 2.x
The number 3.1
circumference
=
diameter
3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169399375105820 . . .
Radians 3.2
Theorem
L In a sector, the length of the arc is

proportional to the angle of the sec-
r tor and the radius of the circle.
Lr L = k r .
Radians 3.2
Theorem

Lr L = k r .
The constant k depends on the units for measuring angles.
Radians 3.2
Theorem

Lr L = k r .
The radian is a unit for angles such that k = 1.
Radians 3.2
Theorem

Lr L = k r .
A full circle is 2 radians.
Radians 3.2
Theorem

Lr L = k r .
A full circle is 2 radians.
If angles are measured in radians then L = r .
Pie 3.3
The Simpsons, (TM) Twentieth Century Fox
Pie 3.3
The Simpsons, (TM) Twentieth Century Fox
=
Sine, cosine and tangent for acute angles 3.4
Triangle ABC is rectangular (ABC = 2 ), angle at A is acute (0 < < 2 ).
C AB
cos = ,
AC
BC
sin = ,
AC
BC
BC sin
tan = = AC = .
AB AB cos
AC
A B
Sine, cosine and tangent for acute angles 3.4
Triangle ABC is rectangular (ABC = 2 ), angle at A is acute (0 < < 2 ).
C AB 1
cos = , sec = ,
AC cos
BC 1
sin = , csc = ,
AC sin
BC
BC sin
tan = = AC = ,
AB AB cos
AC
A B 1
cot = .
tan
Sine and cosine for arbitrary angles 3.5
For arbitrary angles, the sine, cosine are defined with the unit circle: the
circle with center (0, 0) and radius 1.
1
sin

x
1 cos 1
Trigonometry - SinCosTan.nb
Sine and cosine for arbitrary angles 3.5
For arbitrary angles, the sine, cosine are defined with the unit circle: the
circle with center (0, 0) and radius 1.
tan
1
sin

x
1 cos 1
Trigonometry - SinCosTan.nb
Graphs of sine and cosine 3.6
y
sin
1
5
0 3 2 2 3
2 2
1
x
cos
1
5
0 3 2 2 3
2 2
1
Graphs of sine and cosine 3.6
y
sin
1
5
0 3 2 2 3
2 2
1
x
sin cos
1
5
0 3 2 2 3
2 2
1
Graph of the tangent 3.7
tan

2 0 3 2
2 2
1
Sine, cosine and tangent of special angles 3.8
45 30 30

2 2 2
1
3
45 60 60
1 1 1

1
cos = 12 2 cos = 12 3 cos =
4 6 3 2

1

sin = 12 2 sin = sin = 12 3
4 6 2 3

tan =1 tan = 13 3 tan = 3
4 6 3
Congruence and periodicity 3.9
sin cos
1
5
0 3 2 2 3
2 2
1
Sine and cosine are periodic:

cos x = cos(x + 2) for all x R,
sin x = sin(x + 2) for all x R.
Congruence and periodicity 3.9
sin cos
1
5
0 3 2 2 3
2 2
1
Sine and cosine are periodic:

cos x = cos(x + 2) for all x R,
sin x = sin(x + 2) for all x R.
Sine and cosine are congruent:
cos x = sin x + 21

for all x R,
sin x = cos x 12

for all x R.
Symmetry 3.10
sin cos
1

2 0
2
3 2 5
2 2
1
Sine and cosine are symmetric:

cos(x) = cos x for all x R, in other words: cos x is even,
sin(x) = sin x for all x R, in other words: sin x is odd,
Symmetry 3.10
cos cos
1

2 0
2
3 2 5
2 2
1

Sine and cosine are half-periodic:
cos(x ) = cos(x + ) = cos x for all x R,
Symmetry 3.10
1 sin sin

2 0
2
3 2 5
2 2
1

Sine and cosine are half-periodic:
cos(x ) = cos(x + ) = cos x for all x R,
sin(x ) = sin(x + ) = sin x for all x R.
Exercises 3.x
Pythagoras theorem 4.1
b a

A c B
2 2
c a c2 a2
cos2 + sin2 = + = + 2
b b b2 b
c2 + a2
=
b2 Pythagoras theorem
b 2
= 2 = 1.
b
The law of sines 4.2
Theorem
C

b a

A c B
For any arbitrary triangle with angles , , and edge lengths a, b, c as
defined above, the following equations hold:
sin sin sin
= = .
a b c
The law of sines 4.2
Theorem
C

b h a

A c B
For any arbitrary triangle with angles , , and edge lengths a, b, c as
defined above, the following equations hold:
sin sin sin
= = .
a b c
sin h/b h h/a sin

Proof: = = = = .
a a ab b b
Sum rule for sine 4.3
Theorem
For arbitrary , R we have
sin( + ) = sin cos + cos sin .
Sum rule for sine 4.3
Theorem
sin( + ) = sin cos + cos sin .
From the law of sines follows

sin( + ) sin C
= ,
c a
hence
c sin b a
sin( + ) = h
a
c h/b (c1 + c2 ) h A c1 c2 B
= =
a ab
c1 h h c2 c = AB = c1 + c2
= +
b a b a
= sin cos + cos sin .
Sum rule for cosine 4.4
Theorem
cos( + ) = cos cos sin sin .
Sum rule for cosine 4.4
Theorem
cos( + ) = cos cos sin sin .

cos( + ) = sin + + 2 = sin + + 2

+ 2

= sin cos + 2 + cos sin
= sin sin( + ) + cos cos
= cos cos sin sin .
Difference formulas 4.5
Theorem
sin( ) = sin cos cos sin ,
and
cos( ) = cos cos + sin sin .
We prove the first equation:

sin( ) = sin + ()
= sin cos() + cos sin()
= sin cos cos sin .
Example

Find an exact value for cos 12 .
Example

1 1 1
Write = .
12 3 4
Example

1 1 1
Write = .
12 3 4

cos = cos
12 3 4
Example

1 1 1
Write = .
12 3 4

cos = cos
12 3 4

= cos cos + sin sin
3 4 3 4
Example

1 1 1
Write = .
12 3 4

cos = cos
12 3 4

= cos cos + sin sin
3 4 3 4
1 1 1 1
= 2+ 3 2
2 2 2 2

2+ 6
=
4
Doubling angles 4.7
Theorem
For arbitrary R we have
sin(2) = 2 sin cos ,
and
cos(2) = cos2 sin2 .

sin(2) = sin( + )
= sin cos + cos sin
= 2 sin cos .
Doubling angles 4.8
Theorem
and

sin(2) = sin( + )
= sin cos + cos sin
= 2 sin cos .
Doubling angles 4.9
Theorem
and

sin(2) = sin( + )
= sin cos + cos sin
= 2 sin cos .
Cutting angles in half 4.10
Theorem
1 cos
sin2 21 =

,
2
and
1 + cos
cos2 12 =

.
2
We prove the first equation. Let = 21 , then

1 cos2 sin2

1 cos 1 cos(2)
= =
2 2 2
2
1 cos sin 2 sin2 sin2
= + = +
2 2 2 2
= sin2 = sin2 1

2 .
Example

Example

Use the half-formula for cosine:

2

2
1 1 + cos 6 1 + 21 3 1 1

cos = cos = = = 2 + 4 3.
12 2 6 2 2
Example


2

2
1 1 + cos 6 1 + 21 3 1 1

cos = cos = = = 2 + 4 3.
12 2 6 2 2

q
1 1

Hence cos 12 = 2 + 4 3.
Example


2

2
1 1 + cos 6 1 + 21 3 1 1

cos = cos = = = 2 + 4 3.
12 2 6 2 2

q
1 1

Hence cos 12 = 2 + 4 3.

Since 12 is an acute angle, the cosine of 12 must be positive, so

q
1 1

cos 12 = 2 + 4 3
Wait a minute... 4.12

q
1 1

On previous slide : cos 12 = 2 + 4 3,

2+ 6
on slide 40 : cos 12 = ,
4
Wait a minute... 4.12

q
1 1

On previous slide : cos 12 = 2 + 4 3,

2+ 6
on slide 40 : cos 12 = ,
4
Square both results:

q
1 1
2 1 1

2 + 4 3 = 2 + 4 3,
!2
2+ 6 2+6+2 2 6 8+4 3 1 1

= = = 2 + 4 3.
4 16 16
Overview 4.13
Periodicity sin( + 2) = sin and sin( + ) = sin

cos( + 2) = cos and cos( + ) = cos
Symmetry sin() = sin
cos() = cos
sin + 2 = cos and sin 2 = cos

Congruence
cos + 2 = sin and cos 2 = sin
Sum formulas sin( + ) = sin cos + cos sin
cos( + ) = cos cos sin sin
Difference sin( ) = sin cos cos sin
formulas cos( ) = cos cos + sin sin
sin2 1

Doubling sin(2) = 2 sin cos 2 = 12 12 cos
cos(2) = cos2 sin2 cos2 1

formulas 2 = 12 + 12 cos
Pythagoras thm cos2 + sin2 = 1
Exercises 4.x

IMM1 Lectures 17-18 PDF

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Introduction to Mathematics

academic year : 17-18

GELGOOG Coffee Beans Husking Machine

1 Section 1.1: functions and their graphs

Colstructie = College + Instructie

Colstructie = College + Instructie = Lectorial.

Colstructie = College + Instructie = Lectorial.

Colstructie = College + Instructie = Lectorial.

Tests and exercises with MyLabsPlus.

Colstructie = College + Instructie = Lectorial.

Tests and exercises with MyLabsPlus.

Examples with Mathematica.

Colstructie = College + Instructie = Lectorial.

Tests and exercises with MyLabsPlus.

Examples with Mathematica.

Course schedule, slides and other materials can be found on

The set D is the domain of f .

The set D is the domain of f .

The set D is the domain of f .

The set D is the domain of f .

The set D is the domain of f .

The set D is the domain of f .

The set D is the domain of f .

Vertical Line Test

Plotting a function f with domain [a, b]:

Empty notebook (Worksheet 1.nb)

Sometimes the equality of the codomains is also required.

Sometimes the equality of the codomains is also required.

Sometimes the equality of the codomains is also required.

Sometimes the equality of the codomains is also required.

Sometimes the equality of the codomains is also required.

If a domain consists of several parts D1 , D2 , . . . , Dn , a function may be

A function that is decreasing or increasing is called monotonous.

monotonous not monotonous

The graph of an even function is symmetric about the vertical axis.

The graph of an even function is symmetric about the vertical axis.

The graph of an even function is symmetric about the vertical axis.

The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the origin.

The graph of an even function is symmetric about the vertical axis.

The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the origin.

The graph of an even function is symmetric about the vertical axis.

The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the origin.

Assignment: IMM1 - Tutorial 1.1

Addition: h(x) = f (x) + g(x) f +g

Addition: h(x) = f (x) + g(x) f +g

Subtraction: h(x) = f (x) g(x) f g

Addition: h(x) = f (x) + g(x) f +g

Subtraction: h(x) = f (x) g(x) f g

Multiplication: h(x) = f (x)g(x) fg

Addition: h(x) = f (x) + g(x) f +g

Subtraction: h(x) = f (x) g(x) f g

Multiplication: h(x) = f (x)g(x) fg

Addition: h(x) = f (x) + g(x) f +g

Subtraction: h(x) = f (x) g(x) f g

Multiplication: h(x) = f (x)g(x) fg

Composition: h(x) = f (g(x)) f g

Let f : D C and g : E D be two functions, where the domain of

Let f : D C and g : E D be two functions, where the domain of

Let f : D C and g : E D be two functions, where the domain of

Let f : D C and g : E D be two functions, where the domain of

Let f : D C and g : E D be two functions, where the domain of

Let f : D C and g : E D be two functions, where the domain of

Let f : D C and g : E D be two functions, where the domain of