Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
31 May 2003
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ICS 25.160.10 |
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NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
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BS 2971 : 1991 Issue 2, February 1998
BSI 1998
Amendments issued since publication
First published April 1961
Second edition October 1977 Amd. No. Date Text affected
Third edition June 1991
9773 February Indicated by a sideline in the margin
1998
The following BSI references
relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference WEE/21
Draft for comment 90/71692 DC
Summary of pages
The following table identifies the current issue of each page. Issue 1 indicates that a page has been introduced
for the first time by amendment. Subsequent issue numbers indicate an updated page. Vertical sidelining on
replacement pages indicates the most recent changes (amendment, addition, deletion).
BSI 1998 a
Licensed Copy: Tom Magee, Howden Power, 31 May 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
b
blank
BS 2971 : 1991
Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword 3
Section 1. General
1 Scope 4
2 Information and requirements to be agreed and to be documented 4
3 Parent metal 4
4 Weld metal 5
5 Gases for shielding and purging 5
6 Equipment 5
7 Welding processes 6
8 Backing rings 6
9 Joint preparations 6
10 Proximity of welds 6
11 Fusion faces 6
12 Assembly for welding 7
Licensed Copy: Tom Magee, Howden Power, 31 May 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
13 Purging 7
14 Damage to parent metal by arc strikes 7
15 Inter-run cleaning 7
16 Cold pull 7
17 Preheating for cutting and welding 7
18 Heat treatment after welding 8
Section 2. Butt joints
19 General 9
20 All types of butt joint 9
21 Gusseted bends 9
Section 3. Branches and small bore connections
22 General 12
23 Branches 12
Section 4. Sleeve joints and socket-welding fittings
24 General 13
25 Sleeve joint details 13
26 Socket joint details 13
Section 5. Structural attachments
27 General 14
28 Welding procedure 14
Section 6. Flanges
29 General 15
30 Welding neck flanges 15
31 Welded-on flanges 15
Section 7. Inspection
32 Requirements for visual examination of completed welds 16
33 Testing of completed welds 16
34 Non-destructive testing 16
35 Flaw limitations 17
1
BS 2971 : 1991 Issue 2, February 1998
Page
Section 8. Rectification of unacceptable welds
36 Removal of flaws 18
37 Preparation for rewelding 18
38 Rewelding 18
Section 9. Welding procedures
39 General 19
| 40 Attachments to thin pipes and branch welds 19
Section 10. Welder approval
41 General 20
42 Attachments to thin pipes 20
Appendices
A Classes of operating conditions 21
B Grades of steel in British Standards and similar grades for pipe in ASTM
and DIN standards 22
C Typical joint preparations 23
Tables
Licensed Copy: Tom Magee, Howden Power, 31 May 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
2 BSI 1998
Issue 2, February 1998 BS 2971 : 1991
Foreword
This revision of this British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the
Welding Standards Policy Committee. It embodies the technical developments that
have taken place since the 1977 edition, which is superseded and withdrawn. On
common aspects the standard has generally been aligned with BS 2633.
The relevant application standard, where it exists, should specify whether class II
welding of pipework is required, but the factors to be taken into account in coming to
such a conclusion are the operating conditions of the pipework, the degree of
inspection and the acceptance requirements (see also appendix A).
It is recommended that carbon steels with a carbon content exceeding 0.25 % and all
ferritic alloy steels be welded in accordance with BS 2633 irrespective of the operating
conditions.
Purchasers ordering to this standard are advised to specify in their contracts that the
| manufacturer operates a quality system in compliance with the appropriate standard in
| the BS EN ISO 9000 series to assure themselves that pipework claimed to have been
| welded in accordance with BS 2971 consistently achieves the required level of quality.
The following are companion standards to this standard.
Licensed Copy: Tom Magee, Howden Power, 31 May 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Inspecting authority. For the purposes of this British Standard the term `inspecting
authority' refers to that competent independent body or association which verifies
compliance with this standard.
Contracting parties. For the purposes of this British Standard, the term `contracting
parties' is intended to cover the purchaser, the manufacturer and the inspecting
authority in any relevant combination according to the particular circumstances.
Pipe and tube. For the purposes of this British Standard the word `pipe', alone or in
combination, is used to mean `pipe' or `tube' although these terms are often used for
different categories of product by different industries.
Pipework dimensions. Unless otherwise qualified, for the purposes of this British
Standard `pipe diameter' relates to the nominal value of the outside diameter and `pipe
thickness' relates to the nominal value of the wall thickness specified in the standard
to which the pipe is ordered.
It has been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard that the execution of its
provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
BSI 1998 3
BS 2971 : 1991 Section 1
Section 1. General
4
Section 1 Issue 2, February 1998 BS 2971 : 1991
3.3 While the requirements of this standard apply c) Argon/carbon dioxide mixtures, consisting of |
also to the welding of cast parts, additional argon with up to 20 % added carbon dioxide with |
precautions in inspection and welding procedure that or without up to 5 % oxygen and complying with |
may be necessary to deal with the presence of BS EN 439. |
non-metallic inclusions or porosity shall be subject d) Argon/hydrogen mixtures, consisting of argon |
to agreement between the contracting parties with up to 5 % added hydrogen and complying |
(see 2.2(b)). with BS EN 439. |
e) Carbon dioxide, complying with BS EN 439. |
4 Weld metal f) Other gases or gas mixtures, that have been
4.1 Mechanical properties and chemical proved to be satisfactory as a result of procedure
composition approval tests.
The mechanical properties of the weld metal shall be NOTE. Certain gases are heavier than air and therefore
precautions should be taken to ensure adequate ventilation and
suitable for the design requirements of the pipework extraction for all welding processes.
system.
NOTE 1. In general, the requirements for yield strength should be 5.2 Gases for back purging
at least equal to the minimum in the specification for the parent For purging the back of a weld during welding, |
metal. argon, argon/hydrogen mixtures or helium as |
The chemical composition of the weld metal, specified in 6.1 one of the following gases shall be |
including that from fusible inserts, shall be used: |
compatible with that of the parent material. The use
of hydrogen-controlled weld metal shall be as given
a) Nitrogen, complying with BS EN 439. |
|
Licensed Copy: Tom Magee, Howden Power, 31 May 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
1) Available from The Stationery Office, 49 High Holborn, London WC1 for personal callers, or by post from The Stationery Office, |
PO Box 276, London SW8 5DT. |
BSI 1998 5
BS 2971 : 1991 Section 1
6
Section 1 Issue 2, February 1998 BS 2971 : 1991
grinding or chipping to facilitate proper fusion when 17 Preheating for cutting and welding
they are incorporated in the root run. All cracked
tack welds shall be completely removed. 17.1 General
When used, clamps for aligning pipes shall not be No thermal cutting, welding or tack welding shall be
removed until at least half the root run has been carried out when the temperature of the parent
completed and is uniformly distributed round the material within 150 mm of the joint or cut is less
circumference of the joint. than 5 C.
Where welded-on bridge pieces are used, the pipe 17.2 Preheating for cutting
surfaces shall not be left in a damaged condition Preheating for thermal cutting shall be applied when
after the bridge pieces are removed. the temperature of the parent metal is less than 5 C.
1)
The greatest component thickness at the joint.
2)
Hydrogen controlled weld metal as defined in BS EN 499 contains not more than 15 ml of diffusible hydrogen per 100 g of deposited |
metal when determined by the method given in BS 6693 : Part 2.
BSI 1998 7
BS 2971 : 1991 Section 1
The procedure used shall ensure a satisfactory 18 Heat treatment after welding
temperature distribution around and through the
joint to be welded and shall not interfere with access 18.1 General
for welding. Post-weld heat treatment shall not be required for
NOTE. To check that the preheating temperature distribution pipe or weld-throat thicknesses up to and including
through the pipe is satisfactory, particularly when thick material is 35 mm, unless the purchaser states in the enquiry
involved and/or heating is from the outside only, it is and order that all welds are to be heat treated
recommended that temperature measurements be made at the
root of the joint. For details of temperature measurement, (see 2.1(d)).
see BS 2633. NOTE. It is advisable for the purchaser in all cases to inform the
manufacturer of the use to which the pipework will be put.
Where preheating is applied manually by gas torches,
care shall be taken to ensure an even distribution of 18.2 Heat treatment conditions
heat. Excessive local heating of the pipe surface When post-weld heat treatment is required, the
shall be avoided. soaking temperature shall be within the range 580 C
to 620 C and the time at this temperature shall be
2.5 min per millimetre of thickness with a minimum
of 30 min, for both furnace and local heat treatment.
Other relevant details of heat treatment conditions
and temperature measurement shall be in
accordance with BS 2633.
Licensed Copy: Tom Magee, Howden Power, 31 May 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
8
Section 2 BS 2971 : 1991
Table 2. Typical limits for bore difference and alignment for manual welding
Bore Maximum difference in bore (rounded to Maximum out of alignment at the bore
the nearest 0.5 mm) (rounded to the nearest 0.5 mm)
with backing ring without backing ring with backing ring without backing ring
mm mm mm mm mm
Up to and including 150 1.5 3.0 1.5 2.5
Over 150 2.5 5.0 2.5 3.0
1) In this section the term `pipe' is intended to cover pipes and fittings, e.g. welding neck flanges, forged tees, welding elbows.
9
BS 2971 : 1991 Section 2
10
Licensed Copy: Tom Magee, Howden Power, 31 May 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Section 2
11
BS 2971 : 1991
BS 2971 : 1991 Section 3
pipes not at right angles, for branch pipes sloping run, access for the manual metal-arc welding of such
away from a main, a right-angle branch and a bend an internal weld shall be considered possible where:
to give the required slope shall be used whenever a) the main is 450 mm bore or larger, irrespective
possible. of branch length; or
Where a sloping branch has to be connected directly b) the main is less than 450 mm bore, and the
to the main, the angle between the centre line of the branch length (face of branch to flank of joint)
main and that of the branch shall whenever possible does not exceed the bore of the branch.
be not less than 60. Where the angle is unavoidably NOTE. Using other welding processes it may be possible to
less than 60, details of joint design and fabrication weld in the bore of branches that have a length greater than
shall be agreed between the contracting parties that given in (b).
(see 2.2(f)).
NOTE. The difficulty of making a weld at the acute crotch
position might make special precautions necessary to ensure a
sound weld at that position.
12
Section 4 BS 2971 : 1991
Forged socket-welding fittings shall be used within All dimensions are in millimetres.
the limitations in the appropriate application
standard and shall comply with BS 3799. Figure 5. Socket joint details
NOTE 1. A socket joint is formed when the end of a pipe enters
the socket end of a socket-welding fitting and the pipe and socket
are joined by means of a fillet weld. Socket joints should not be NOTE 2. It is to be expected that the gap will have reduced after
used where corrosion resistance is important. Socket-welding welding.
fittings may be machined from bar of suitable composition and The diametral clearance between the outside
quality. diameter of the pipe and the bore of the fitting shall
not exceed 1.5 mm. The fillet weld leg lengths for
socket joints shall be at least t by 1.25t where t is
the nominal pipe thickness (see figure 5). For pipe of
nominal thickness 5 mm or less, care shall be taken
to avoid over-heating or burn-through of the pipe
(see clauses 40 and 42).
13
BS 2971 : 1991 Section 5
14
Section 6 BS 2971 : 1991
Section 6. Flanges
15
BS 2971 : 1991 Section 7
Section 7. Inspection
16
Section 7 BS 2971 : 1991
35 Flaw limitations
Taking account of the non-destructive testing method
used, any ONE of the following flaws shall be
sufficient cause for rejection.
NOTE 1. The effects of weld flaws on the service performance of
a joint are influenced by the location and disposition of the flaws;
in general, those located in the body of the weld are less serious
than those in the root, a factor that should be borne in mind by
the inspector when considering the rejection of joints that appear
to be borderline in quality as assessed by the flaw limitations
specified.
NOTE 2. Multiple-type flaws contained within the same weld,
either superimposed or interposed, which are individually
acceptable as isolated flaws should be considered collectively by
the inspector when assessing the weld quality.
d) Lack of penetration Total length
Licensed Copy: Tom Magee, Howden Power, 31 May 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Lack of inter-run
fusion thickness.
Slag inclusions
Circumferential
wormholes
e) Porosity.
17
BS 2971 : 1991 Section 8
compensate for any loss of length that may occur. been approved by the inspecting authority or the
purchaser if it differs significantly from the original
37 Preparation for rewelding welding procedure.
A repaired weld shall be subjected to at least the
37.1 General same testing and inspection requirements as the
Any repair to a weld shall be reported to the original weld.
inspecting authority or purchaser. If the repair is
made as a consequence of non-destructive testing,
the records relating to the original flaws shall be
made available.
37.2 Partial removal of weld
The cut-out portion shall be sufficiently deep and
long to remove the flaw. At the ends and sides of the
cut there shall be a gradual taper from the base of
the cut to the surface of the weld metal. The width
and profile of cut shall be such as will give adequate
access for rewelding.
NOTE. When the root of the weld is accessible from the bore of
the pipe, a repair may be made from that position (see 23.4.2).
18
Section 9 Issue 2, February 1998 BS 2971 : 1991
BS 3059 : Part 2 360 NOTE. It is recommended that welding procedure tests carried
out in accordance with the requirements of this clause and
BS 3601 320 and 360 witnessed by an examiner or test body be accepted by other |
BS 3602 : Part 1 360
examiners or test bodies provided that all the provisions have |
been fulfilled.
BS 3606 320
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BSI 1998 19
BS 2971 : 1991 Issue 2, February 1998 Section 10
20 BSI 1998
Appendix A BS 2971 : 1991
Appendices
21
BS 2971 : 1991 Issue 2, February 1998 Appendix B
Table 5. Grades in ASTM and DIN standards of similar weldability to British Standard grades of
pipe
British Standard Grades and types of steel ASTM standard DIN standard
BS 1387 A106 Gr A
BS 3059 : Part 1 320 A106 Gr B (if carbon is
restricted to 0.25 % max.)
BS 3059 : Part 2 360 and 440 DIN 17175 St 35.8
BS 3601 320, 360 and 430 DIN 17177 St 37.8
| BS 3602 : Part 1 360, 430 and 500 Nb DIN 17175 St 45.8
| BS 3602 : Part 2 430 DIN 17177 St 42.8
BS 3606 320 and 440 DIN 17175 17 Mn 4
DIN 17175 19 Mn 5
| BS 3603 430 LT A333 Gr 1 and Gr 6 (if carbon DIN 17173
is restricted to 0.20 % max.) DIN 17174 TT St 35N
22 BSI 1998
Appendix C BS 2971 : 1991
(a) Single-V for use with backing ring (b) Double angle-V for use with backing ring
(pipes up to and including 12.5 thick) (pipes over 12.5 thick)
(c) Normal single-V preparation for use with (d) Permissible alternative preparation to (c)
backing ring (pipes over 12.5 thick) for vertical or nearly vertical pipe
All dimensions are in millimetres.
Figure 7. Typical butt joint preparations for use with backing rings
23
BS 2971 : 1991 Appendix C
(c) Single-V without root face for use with special (d) Double angle-V for pipes over 12.5 thick
welding technique
All dimensions are in millimetres.
Figure 8. Typical butt joint preparations for use without backing rings
24
Appendix C BS 2971 : 1991
Licensed Copy: Tom Magee, Howden Power, 31 May 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
NOTE. For design pressures over 10 bar1) an internal seal weld is necessary (see 23.4.2).
1) 1 bar = 105 N/m2 = 100 kPa.
25
Licensed Copy: Tom Magee, Howden Power, 31 May 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
26
BS 2971 : 1991
Appendix C
All dimensions are in millimetres
Figure 10. Typical preparation and assembly of set-on branches without backing
Appendix C BS 2971 : 1991
Licensed Copy: Tom Magee, Howden Power, 31 May 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
27
BS 2971 : 1991 Appendix C
Licensed Copy: Tom Magee, Howden Power, 31 May 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
NOTE. For pressures over 10 bar an internal seal weld is necessary (see 23.4.2).
28
Appendix C BS 2971 : 1991
Licensed Copy: Tom Magee, Howden Power, 31 May 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
29
BS 2971 : 1991 Appendix C
Licensed Copy: Tom Magee, Howden Power, 31 May 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
A dia. C
50 10
75 12
30
Appendix C BS 2971 : 1991
Figure 16. Where the pressure is more than 10 bar or C.4 Typical forms of welded-on flanges are shown in
where the fluid is either a refrigerant or a corrosive figures 17 and 18.
substance, the small bore connections should be of the
type shown in figure 16(a), or (b).
The type of connection shown in figure 16(a) is made
from forged or rolled bar welded on with a pilot hole
in the bore. It is then bored to finished or tapping size
after welding.
The type of connection shown in figure 16(b) is made
from screwed sockets, couplings or tube shaped to suit
the bore of the main pipe.
31
BS 2971 : 1991 Issue 2, February 1998
Publications referred to
BS 2910 Methods for radiographic examination of fusion welded circumferential butt joints in steel pipes
BS 3059 Steel boiler and superheater tubes
Part 1 Specification for low tensile carbon steel tubes without specified elevated temperature
properties
Part 2 Specification for carbon, alloy and austenitic stainless steel tubes with specified elevated
temperature properties
BS 3601 Specification for carbon steel pipes and tubes with specified room temperature properties for
pressure purposes
BS 3602 Specification for steel pipes and tubes for pressure purposes: carbon and carbon manganese steel
with specified elevated temperature properties
Part 1 Specification for seamless and electric resistance welded including induction welded tubes
BS 3603 Specification for steel pipes and tubes for pressure purposes: carbon and alloy steel with specified
low temperature properties
BS 3606 Specification for steel tubes for heat exchangers
BS 3799 Specification for steel pipe fittings, screwed and socket-welding for the petroleum industry
BS 3923 Methods for ultrasonic examination of welds
Part 1 Methods for manual examination of fusion welds in ferritic steels
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BS 42041) Specification for flash welding of steel tubes for pressure applications
BS 4504 Specification for flanges and bolting for pipes, valves and fittings. Metric series
BS 46771) Specification for arc welding of austenitic stainless steel pipework for carrying fluids
BS 4870 Specification for approval testing of welding procedures
| Part 1 Fusion welding of steel (withdrawn)
BS 4871 Specification for approval testing of welders working to approved welding procedures
| Part 1 Fusion welding of steel (withdrawn)
32 BSI 1998
Issue 2, February 1998 BS 2971 : 1991
BS 4872 Specification for approval testing of welders when welding procedure approval is not required
Part 1 Fusion welding of steel
BS 5289 Code of practice. Visual inspection of fusion welded joints
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BS 6084 Method of test for comparison of prefabrication primers by porosity rating in arc welding
BS 6693 Diffusible hydrogen
Part 2 Method for determination of hydrogen in manual metal-arc weld metal
BS 7084 Specification for carbon and carbon-manganese steel tubular cored welding electrodes
| BS EN 287-1 Approval testing of welders for fusion welding Steels
| BS EN 288-1 Specification and approval of welding procedures for metallic materials
| Part 1 General rules for fusion welding
| BS EN 288-2 Specification and approval of welding procedures for metallic materials
| Part 2 Welding procedures specification for arc welding
| BS EN 288-3 Specification and approval of welding procedures for metallic meterials
| Part 3 Welding procedure tests for the arc welding of steels
| BS EN 439 Welding consumables Shielding gases for arc welding and cutting
| BS EN 499 Welding consumables Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of non alloy and fine
| grain steels Classification
| BS EN 756 Welding consumables Wire electrodes and wire-flux combinations for submerged arc welding of
| non alloy and fine grain steels Classification
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Licensed Copy: Tom Magee, Howden Power, 31 May 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
BSI 1998
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