Introduction to the Animals

Animals - Metazoa

Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Heterotrophs
No cell walls
Movement (nervous and muscle tissue)
34 major phyla
 Sponges - The first animals

Marine and Freshwater forms

Size range from 1cm to 2 m!
The first animals: Porifera
Sponges
No tissues
Different cell types (multicellular)
Heterotrophs with internal digestion

Ancestor
colonial flagellated protist (700 MYA)

Related to Choanoflagellates (protists)

Both sessile & forage similarly
 Cnidarians
Jellyfish, sea anemones, corals & sea pens
Cnidocytes = stinging cells
Prey capture
Jellyfish Lake
Irukandji
Coral Reef
Fig. 33-5

Mouth/anus
Polyp Tentacle Medusa
Gastrovascular
cavity
Gastrodermis
Mesoglea
Body
stalk Epidermis

Tentacle
Mouth/anus
Types of body symmetry

1.
2. Radial symmetry
At least 2 planes of symmetry
Examples: Cnidaria & Ctenophores
3. Bilateral symmetry 1 plane
distinct head & tail
Cephalization (sensory equipment anterior
end)
Efficient locomotion & food capture
 What should animals with radial
symmetry be better able to do than
those with bilateral symmetry?
A. move quickly in one direction
B. detect threats from above or below equally well
C. deal effectively with food distributed
homogeneously in 360
D. focus attention in a single direction
 What is true of modern animal
phylogenies?

A. They take no account of an animals body

plan.
B. They portray an animals place on the scale of
nature (scala naturae).
C. They rely solely on molecular (genetic) data.
D. They are hypothetical.
E. They are immune from error due to homoplasy.
Which of the following is not an animal
adaptation that will be accompanied by
a video during lecture?

A. Penis fencing during reproduction

B. Vomiting viscera to deter predators
C. Projectile eye bleeding to deter predators
D. Hibernating by being frozen solid
E. Spiders eating baby owls
 Flatworms

Members of phylum Platyhelminthes live in

marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats
They are flattened dorsoventrally and have a
gastrovascular cavity with only one opening
Gas exchange takes place across the surface
Fig. 33-10
Pharynx

Gastrovascular
cavity

Mouth

Eyespots

Ganglia Ventral nerve cords

Table 33-2
Ribeiroia ondatrae
 Annelids

Annelids have bodies composed of a series of fused rings

The phylum Annelida is divided into three classes:
Fig. 33-24
 Molluscs
Phylum Mollusca includes snails and slugs, oysters
and clams, and octopuses and squids
Most molluscs are marine, though some inhabit
fresh water and some are terrestrial
Molluscs are soft-bodied animals, but most are
protected by a hard shell
 What are considered to be the
most intelligent invertebrates?
A. Dolphins
B. Octopuses
C. Ants
D. Monarch butterflies
E. Squid
Table 33-3
 Ecdysozoa
Molting - growth in distinct
stages by shedding an
exoskeleton
Most species rich animal
group
 Nematodes - Roundworms

Important
decomposers and
nutrient cyclers
C. elegans
 Arthropods

Invertebrates with:
Exoskeletons made of chitin
Jointed appendages
A segmented body
Relative
abundances of
phyla
Table 33-5
 Crustaceans

Mantis Shrimp Video

 Insects

Insects diversified several times following the

evolution of flight, adaptation to feeding on
gymnosperms, and the expansion of angiosperms
Insect and plant diversity declined during the
Cretaceous extinction, but have been increasing in
the 65 million years since
 Key innovations in Arthropods
Four key innovations:
Flight
Escape from predators; migrate to new habitats
Exoskeleton
the hard external cover provides protection
Waterproof wax coating
Provides attachment for muscles
Multiple pairs of Appendages
allow complex and precise limb movements
Can use limbs to walk, run, burrow, swim, court, fight
Complete Metamorphosis
allow single species to take advantage of multiple niches
Four most diverse orders
Fig. 33-36

(a) Larva (caterpillar)

(b) Pupa
(c) Later-stage
pupa (d) Emerging
adult

(e) Adult
 More fun with parasites

Botflies
Mosquitos
 Bees, Wasps & Ants
115,000
species
Some ants
herd and farm
and keep
slaves
 What is the most dominant
predator at the La Jolla Shores tide
pools?
A. Purple sea stars
B. Otters
C. Mussels
D. Great white sharks
E. Dexter
 Echinoderms

Sea stars and most other echinoderms are slow-

moving or sessile marine animals
A thin epidermis covers an endoskeleton of hard
calcareous plates
Echinoderms have a unique water vascular
system, a network of hydraulic canals branching
into tube feet that function in locomotion,
feeding, and gas exchange
 Chordata
Dorsal,
Muscle hollow
segments nerve cord
Notochord

Mouth
Anus Pharyngeal
Muscular, slits or clefts
post-anal tail
 Jawless Fishes

Hagfish
Scavengers that feed
on sick or dead fish
Slime deters predators
 Sharks, Rays, and Their Relatives
A skeleton composed primarily of cartilage
The cartilaginous skeleton evolved secondarily
from an ancestral mineralized skeleton
No swim bladder; sink when not swimming
 Ray-Finned Bony Fishes

Bony skeletons
Swim bladder for buoyancy
The fins, supported mainly by long, flexible rays,
are modified for maneuvering, defense, and other
functions
What feature in tetrapods evolved
from a swim bladder?
A. Urinary bladder
B. Stomach
C. Lungs
D. Water wings
 Derived Characters of Tetrapods

Tetrapods have some specific adaptations:

Four limbs, and feet with digits
Neck allows the head to rotate further
Ears for detecting airborne sounds
 Amphibians
Amphibian means both ways of life, referring to
the metamorphosis of an aquatic larva into a
terrestrial adult
Most amphibians have moist skin that
complements the lungs in gas exchange
Fertilization is external in most species, and the
eggs require a moist environment
 Derived Characters of Birds
Many characters of birds are adaptations that
facilitate flight
The major adaptation is wings with keratin
feathers
Other adaptations include lack of a urinary
bladder, females with only one ovary, small
gonads, and loss of teeth
 Mammals

Traits:

1. Hair
2. Lactation
3. Red blood cells lack nucleus
 Which animal is least common in
the Arctic Circle?
A. Birds
B. Mammals
C. Reptiles
 Orders of mammals
Monotremata Echidna and
platypus (lay eggs, sweat milk,
venomous, can sense electric fields)
Didelphimorpha Marsupials
(abdominal pouch)
Fig. 34-33a

(a) A young brushtail possum

 Eutherians (Placental Mammals)

Compared with marsupials, eutherians have a

longer period of pregnancy
 Derived Characters of Primates
Nails and not claws
Most primates have hands and feet adapted for
grasping
A large brain and short jaws
Forward-looking eyes close together on the face,
providing depth perception
Complex social behavior and parental care
A fully opposable thumb (in monkeys and apes)
Fig. 34-38

(a) New World monkey (b) Old World monkey

 What adaptation was not as
important to early human hunting
success?
A. Sweating
B. Heightened sense of smell and hearing
C. Hairlessness
D. Bipedalism
E. Big brains
 Derived Characters of Humans
A number of characters distinguish humans from
other apes:
Upright posture and bipedal locomotion
Larger brains
Language capabilities and symbolic thought
The manufacture and use of complex tools
Shortened jaw
Shorter digestive tract
Hairlessness
Cryptic estrus
Persistance Hunting and Running
 Modern Human Evolution

What traits have we evolved in the past

20,000 years?
How will we evolve in the future?
 Which of these correctly describes phylogenetic
relationships among birds, mammals, and reptiles?

A. Birds share the closest common ancestor with

dinosaurs.
B. Reptiles and birds, but not mammals, are amniotes.
C. Mammals evolved from therapsid reptiles after the fall
of the dinosaurs.
D. Birds and mammals are more closely related to each
other than either group is to crocodilian reptiles.
E. Among living species in the group we call reptiles,
turtles and snakes are most closely related to each
other.