INTRODUCTION:

ABSTRACT

Experiment 11 is titled as Starting and Speed Control of a DC Shunt Motor. This

experiment is one of the two experiments performed on November 27, 2017 at the
Electrical Machine laboratory. We are to test various speed control methods of a DC
Shunt motor. The following materials used are EMS DC Shunt Motor Module, EMS
Power Supply Module, DC Starter (as Rs), Armature Rheostart (as Ra), Field Rheostat
(as Rhm), and Measuring Devices such as voltmeter, ammeter, ohmeter. Due to limited
number of time we limited the trials in the experiment by half (i.e. originally 10 now 5).
This experiment is to be proceeded with caution since machines can spin fast indefinitely
despite the speed control if reached the maximum speed.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE EXPERIMENT

Some applications of DC machines requires specific speed. Speed control in machines

can be seen in our daily lives. For example an electric fan has 3 levels which is divided
into the rpm. A higher rpm will yield a stronger wind circulation while a lower rpm will
yield the weaker wind circulation. This gives us the flexibility to select the highest rpm if
its too hot or choose the lower rpm for maintaing the temperature. In this experiment we
are given three methods to vary the speed control usually some parameters are fixed like
the input voltage so the Terminal Voltage Method cant be used and we have two more
options which is the field flux method or the armature resistance method. Speed controls
are applications of electrical and electromagnetic principles, as students we are to apply
the theories and concepts that we have learned in our lecture class to real life
applications.

THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION

The two requisites for starting a direct current motor are:

a) The machine must develop the maximum allowable starting torque.
b) The machine must be protected from an excessive starting current in the armature.

It is desirable to have a large starting torque because it is necessary that the motor should have
reached full speed in the shortest possible time. Also, the motor may be started under load. If
the motor is ran without a starter, the starting current will be very high. The affects of a high
starting current are:
a) Damages to the motor windings.
b) Large variation in line voltage, thereby affecting the other loads connected to the same
line.
c) Excessive sparking may be produced causing to the commutator bars.
d) Large torque may develop, causing damage to the machinery, the motor connected is
connected to.

To limit the starting current, a resistance must be connected in series with armature when
starting. This resistance must be gradually cut-off as the armature comes up to speed and
develops a counter EMF.

DC motors are started manually or automatically. Manual starters or controllers are designed to
give 125 to 200% of full-load current under starting conditions.

Modern DC power systems make use of manual DC controllers and automatic starters. Some
controllers are designed not only to start the motor but also to control its speed.
Automatic starters make use of a large number of electromagnetic relays which control the
resistance connected to the motor during starting. The most common automatic starters are
the :

a. Counter-EMF Starter
b. Current-Limiting Starter
c. Time-Limiting Starter

The fundamental speed equation for a DC shunt motor is,

V t Ia R a
N = ---------------
Ko
The factors that affect the speed are the terminal voltage V t, the armature current Ia, and the field
current that produces the flux o.

ARMATURE RESISTANCE METHOD SPEED CONTROL

A variable resistance is connected in series with the motor armature while the field is connected
across the lines. The voltage drop in the added resistance decreases the counter EMF (V t - IaRa)
in the armature of the motor, thereby decreasing the motor speed. The advantage of this
method is that a wide range of speed control may be attained. But this has the disadvantage
that too much power is lost in the resistance in series with the armature.

TERMINAL VOLTAGE METHOD SPEED CONTROL

Speed control is accomplished by varying the terminal voltage. An increase in the applied
voltage will increase the speed. The control is easy to realize provided that a variable line
voltage is available. This type of control, however, is not vary effective because a variation in
line voltage varies the armature current.

FIELD FLUX METHOD SPEED CONTROL

Speed may be varied by changing the flux in the field. This is done by connecting a rheostat in
series with the field winding to control the field current. This method is very efficient and
provides a wide range of adjustable speed. Its disadvantage, however, is the accompanying
commutation difficulties.