CHAPTER 4: Electromagnetic Field - quantum of electromagnetic radiation

By Alyssa Batas and Junelle Almocera - UNIT: Joules

- made up of two fields: electric and magnetic - FORMULA: E = Hv
- composed of energy in the form of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to one -- E = energy
another and to the line of travel -- H = plancks constant (6.63 X 10-34 Joules/Hz)
- representation of various wave energies arranged in order of their wavelength, frequency or both. - -- v = frequency
- a form of radiant energy RELEASE OF PHOTON
- travelling form of energy STAGE 1
- energy is added to an atom
STAGE 2
TYPES OF WAVES
- electron move to a higher energy electron shell
A. Transverse
- excited stage
- perpendicular to the line of travel
STAGE 3
- becomes unstable so it returns to its normal level and releases energy, which is a photon
B. Longitudinal The type of EM-Wave produced depends upon which shells are involved
- parallel to the line of travel Energy content of photon depends upon the frequency of vibration they possess
Energy being produced is being transformed into another form of energy being used as the
source of heat
Complete waves consists of a CREST and a TROUGH ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
F -------------------------------------------------- F
wave ------------------------------------------------- wave
Radiowave
Cosmic Gamma X- UV Visible Light (Short-
Infrared Microwave
Rays Rays Rays Rays (V-I-B-G-Y-O-R) Medium-
Long)

All spectrum beyond visible lights are invisible to the human eyes
CHARACTERISTICS OF WAVES
DEFINITION OF TERMS 1. Radiations Emitted from the source consists of random bursts of radiation
A. Frequency 2. Spectrum can be transmitted without any medium
- amount of wave passing through a fixed point in a given unit of time 3. Follows the law of optics in which spectrum can be: STARR
- UNIT: cycles per second / Hertz - Law of Optics
B. Wavelength
- distance form one peak/ point to another
- UNIT: meters
Nanomaters (for small quantity)
C. Velocity
- constant
- 300, 000, 000 m/s or 3X108 m/s
186, 000 miles/s a. Scattering
only if the spectrum passes through a vacuum - occur if radiation passes through non-homogenous matter
differs in different medium - occur due to reflection and refraction from small particles and short wavelengths
- FORMULA : b. Transmission
-- c = velocity - passing through the structures with or without a medium
-- = wavelength c. Absorption
-- v = frequency - depends on: wavelength
D. Transmission Nature of medium
- energy that is emitted in discrete packets of quantum or quanta Angle of incidence
E. Photon - wavelength = absoprtion
 - angle of incidence = 0 = greater absorption = half value thickness (50% of energy has - the maximum and optimum irradiation occurs if the source of radiation is at right angle
been absorbed) to the center of the area to be exposed
E. Law of Grothus-Draper
Filter - the rays absorbed by the skin is physiologically active and they are the ones only
- medium that absorbs while allowing others to pass through producing the effect
- absorption = penetration F. Weins Law
- Frequency = Wavelength = Absorption = Pentration - the wavelength of maximal emission is inversely proportional to the absolute
- F = W = A = P temperature
d. Reflection G. Beer-Lambert law
- the return of light or sound waves from a surface - the degree of absorption depends on the wavelength of the radiation and the nature of
- consists of: normal line the medium
Incident ray H. Rayleighs Law
Reflected ray - scattering is inversely proportional to the 4th power of the wavelength
Angle of incidence I. Bunsen Roscoe Law of Reciprocity
Angle of reflection - the intensity of duration and the dose of radiant energy are inversely proportion
- total ration of total refelction to the total incident radiation caries with the nature J. Quantum Theory
of the medium - energy contained in an individual quantum is greater if frequency of EM-Spectrum is
- amount of refelction will depen on the: radiation high thus it is directly proportional
angle of incidence K. Arndt-Schultz Principle
nature of surface - reaction of tissue depend on how much energy is absorbed
- same device utilize reflectors to prevent diversion of radiation wherein the source is - no change if less quantity (subthreshold) but if higher than threchold, it can stimulate
at a fixed point then the rays reflect to produce more parallel radiation tissues to normal function and if extremely high energy received, it could density tissues
(PARABOLA) CONVERSION
- LAW OF REFLECTION TERA 1012
-- states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection GIGA 109
- Critical angle of incidence MEGA 106
KILO 103
-- when a ray or radiation is not anymore reflected but lies parallel to the surface
HECTO 102
e. Refraction
DEKA 101
- occurs when EM-Waves are transmitted from one medium to another medium DECI 10-1
with an angle of incidence that is greater than 0 CENTI 10-2
- depends on the: angle of incidence MILLI 10-3
-- if 0 no refraction MICRO 10-6
-- if INC density of the next medium refraction would be lesser NANO 10-9
or more towards the normal line PICO 10-12
Density of the medium FENTO 10-15
ATTO 10-18
THEORIES, LAWS AND PRINCIPLES
A. Kirchoffs Law
- greatest amount of heat is developed in the region of greatest current density
- good radiators are good absorbers
B. Stefan-boltzmann Law
- states that the emmively of a body is proportional to the 4th power of the absolute
temperature
- emissivity
-- total energy radiated by the body
- if absorption is equal to 1, object becomes a black body
C. Law of Inverse Square
- the intensity of radiation varies inversely with the square of the distance of the source
D. Lamberts Cosine Law