SECTION 3.

2 Multiplication of Matrices 199

and the matrix that describes the percent of each that is used for venture capital is
0.45
0.20
0.30
We can find the product of these matrices with Excel by using the MMULT command as
shown in Table 3.5 (see Appendix B, Section 3.2, and the Online Excel Guide for details).

| TABLE 3.5 |
MMULT(B3:D5,B7:B9)
A B C D
1 Income from Loans
2 Business Auto Home
3 Matrix A 633,000 200,240 518,200
4 483,050 158,170 637,220
5 551,100 186,210 641,050
6
7 Matrix B 0.45
8 0.20
9 0.30
10
11 Product AxB 480,358
12 440,172.50
13 477,552

Thus the available venture capital for each of the 3 years is as follows.
2014: $480,358
2015: $440,172.50
2016: $477,552

CHECKPOINT 1. c23 5
ANSWERS
7 2 4
2.
1 4 5
0 0 14 28
3. (a) AB (b) Yes. (c) No. BA
0 0 7 14

| EXERCISES | 3.2
In Problems 1 and 2, multiply the matrices. In Problems 322, use matrices A through F. In Problems
4 318, perform the indicated operations, when possible.
3 5
1. (a) [1 2 3] 5 (b) [1 2] 1 0 2 1 1 3 0
4 6
6 A 3 2 1 B 4 2 1 1
0 4 0 3 3 2 0 1
1 2
2. (a) [2 0 3] 1 (b) [3 0] 5 3 4 2
4 5 C D
3 1 2 3 5
1 0 4 1 0 1 3
E F
5 1 0 2 1 3 4

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200 CHAPTER 3 Matrices

3. CD 4. DC 5. DE 3 1 0 x 4
6. CF 7. AB 8. EC 38. 2 2 1 y 9 x 2, y 2, z 1
9. BA 10. FBT 11. EB
1 1 2 z 2
12. BE 13. EAT 14. AET
15. A2 16. A3 17. C 3 1 1 2 x 5
2
18. F 39. 4 0 1 y 5 x 1, y 2, z 1
19. Does (AAT )T ATA?
2 1 1 z 5
20. Are (CD)E and C(DE) equal?
21. Does CD DC? (See Problems 3 and 4.) 1 0 2 x 0
1 1 40. 3 1 0 y 7 x 2, y 1, z 1
22. Are A B and (AB) equal?
4 4 1 2 1 z 3
In Problems 2332, use the matrices below. Perform the
In Problems 41 and 42, use technology to find the
indicated operations.
product AB of the following matrices.
2 5 4 1 2 1
0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2
A 1 4 3 B 5 8 2
0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
1 3 2 7 11 3
41. A 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1
1 0 0 3 0 4 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
I 0 1 0 C 1 7 1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0 0 1 3 0 4
0 0 0 0 10
4 4 8 0 1 2 0 5 10 5
10
3 3
D 1 1 2 F 0 0 4 B 10 15 20 35
20
3 3
3 3 6 0 0 0 0 5 20 5
10
3 3
0 0 0 20 20
10 10 3 3 20
Z 0 0 0
3 15 9 15 6
0 0 0
23. AB 24. BA 25. CD 26. DC 3 9 3 9 6
1
27. F3 28. AZ 29. AI 30. IA 42. A 1 17 3 23 4
12
31. ZCI 32. IFZ 0 12 0 12 0
33. Is it true for matrices (as it is for real numbers) that AB 1 5 3 5 2
equals a zero matrix if and only if either A or B equals
a zero matrix? (Refer to Problems 2332.) 2 3 0 1 3
34. Is it true for matrices (as it is for real numbers) that 1 0 2 3 1
multiplication by a zero matrix gives a result of a zero B 0 1 0 2 3
matrix? 1 0 2 2 1
35. (a) Find AB and BA if 1 0 0 0 3
a b 1 d b
A and B
c d ad bc c a
APPLICATIONS
(b) For B to exist, what restriction must ad bc
satisfy? 43. Car pricing A car dealer can buy midsize cars for 12%
1 0 1 3 under the list price, and he can buy luxury cars for
36. For F : 15% under the list price. The following table gives the
2 1 3 4
list prices for two midsize and two luxury cars.
(a) Are FF T and F TF defined?
(b) What size is each product?
(c) Can FF T F TF? Explain. Midsize 36,000 42,000
Luxury 50,000 56,000
In each of Problems 3740, substitute the given values
of x, y, and z into the matrix equation and use matrix Write these data in a matrix and multiply it on the left
multiplication to see whether the values are the solution by the matrix
of the equation.
0.88 0
1 2 1 x 2
0 0.85
37. 3 4 2 y 2 x 2, y 1, z 2
2 0 1 z 2 What does each entry in this product matrix represent?

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 SECTION 3.2 Multiplication of Matrices 201

44. Revenue A clothing manufacturer has factories Area Population

in Atlanta, Chicago, and New York. Sales (in thou- 57,850,000 0 Area
B
sands) during the first quarter are summarized in the 0 9,322,000,000 Population
matrixbelow. Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Atl. Chi. N.Y. 47. Population dynamics Suppose that, for a certain
Coats 40 63 18 metropolitan area and the surrounding counties,
Shirts 85 56 42 during each 5-year period an average of 20% of the
metropolitan population M moves to the surround-
Pants 6 18 8
ing counties and the rest remains. Similarly, suppose
Ties 7 10 8 that inthe same period, an average of 30% of the
During this period the selling price of a coat was $200, surrounding counties population S moves to the
of a shirt $40, of a pair of pants $50, and of a tie $30. metropolitan area and the rest remains. This popu-
Use matrix multiplication to find the total revenue lation dynamic can be represented as the following
received by each factory. matrix
45. Household energy usage Delivered energy is energy
M S
provided by a vendor, such as an electric company.
80% 20% M 0.8 0.2
For households with solar panels, windmills, wood- D
burning furnaces, or other on-site energy sources, 30% 70% S 0.3 0.7
only a portion of the total energy used would be where row 1 shows how the metropolitan population
delivered. The following table gives data and projec- M changed (80% remained in M and 20% moved to S),
tions for selected years for the number of various and row 2 shows how the population of the surround-
types of U.S. households (in millions) and the deliv- ing counties changed. Currently the population is
ered energy consumption per household (in millions evenly divided between the two areas, which can be
of BTUs). represented by the row matrix

Households 2015 2020 2025 P [% in M % in S] [50% 50%] [0.5 0.5]

Single-family 86.86 91.25 95.37 (a) Form the product PD and interpret its entries.
Multi-family 27.57 29.82 32.05 (b) Predictions of this population distribution after
Mobile home 6.36 6.45 6.60 10 years and after 15 years could be found from
Delivered energy 91.1 86.0 82.5 what matrix products?
consumption (c) Suppose that at some future time, the popula-
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration tions reach the point where 60% live in the
metropolitan area and 40% live in the surround-
Let A be the 3 3 matrix representing the households
ing counties. Find the predicted distribution
data (with single-family data in row 1). Let B be the
5years later.
3 3 diagonal matrix with diagonal entries as the
48. Nutrition Suppose the weights (in grams) and lengths
delivered energy data (with 2015 data as the 1-1 entry,
(in centimeters) of three groups of laboratory ani-
2020 data as the 2-2 entry, etc.).
mals are given by matrix A, where column 1 gives the
(a) Write A and B.
lengths and each row corresponds to one group.
(b) Calculate AB.
(c) Interpret the 1-1 entry and the 2-3 entry of AB. 12.5 250
(d) Find [1 1 1] AB and interpret each entry. A 11.8 215
46. Area and population Matrix A below gives the frac-
9.8 190
tion of the earths area and the projected fraction of its
population for five continents in 2050. Matrix B gives If the increase in both weight and length over the
the earths area (in square miles) and its projected next 2 weeks is 20% for group I, 7% for group II, and
2050 population. Find the area and population of each 0% for group III, then the increases in the measures
given continent by finding AB. during the 2 weeks can be found by computing
Fraction Fraction of GA,where
of Area Population
0.162 0.047 North America 0.20 0 0
0.119 0.086 South America G 0 0.07 0
A 0.066 0.065 Europe 0 0 0
0.298 0.582 Asia
(a) What are the increases in respective weights and
0.202 0.215 Africa
measures at the end of these 2 weeks?

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202 CHAPTER 3 Matrices

(b) Find the matrix that gives the new weights and 52. Production A manufacturer of small kitchen
measures at the end of this period by computing appliances has the following unit costs for labor and
materials for three of its products: a blender, a mixer,
(I G)A
and a food processor.
where I is the 3 3 identity matrix.
Blender Mixer Food Proc.
Encoding messages Multiplication by a matrix can Labor $8.50 $5.50 $12.00
be used to encode messages. (Well discuss decoding Materials $6.00 $4.00 $15.00
in the next section.) Given thecode
Furthermore, the quarterly demand for each appliance
a b c d e f g h i j is summarized as follows.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
k l m n o p q r s t 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Blender 1200 1500 1500 2000
u v w x y z blank
Mixer 1200 1000 1000 1500
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Food Proc. 500 500 400 1000
and the code matrix
(a) Identify matrices and use their product to find
5 9 the quarterly costs for labor and materials for
A
6 11 these appliances. What are the first quarters
complete Problems 49 and 50. laborcosts?
49. Use matrix A to encode the message Waste not, (b) From part (a), let C be the 2 3 cost matrix and
wantnot. let D be the 3 4 demand matrix. Let T be a
50. Use matrix A to encode the message To be or not 4 1 matrix in which each entry is a 1. Find the
tobe. product CDT and tell what it represents.
51. Oil refineries When gasoline is refined from crude 53. Accounting The annual budget of the Magnum
oil, each gallon of regular, mid-grade, and premium Company has the following expenses, in thousands
uses a different blend of two different grades of crude ofdollars, for selected departments.
oil according to the following matrix.
Mfg. Office Sales Shp. Act. Mgt.
Gasoline Blends Supplies 0.7 8.5 10.2 1.1 5.6 3.6
Phone 0.5 0.2 6.1 1.3 0.2 1.0
Reg. Mid. Prem.
Transp. 2.2 0.4 8.8 1.2 1.2 4.8
Crude Grade Black 3 2 1
4 5 4 Salaries 251.8 63.4 81.6 35.2 54.3 144.2
Gold 1 3 3 Utilities 30.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
4 5 4
Materials 788.9 0 0 0 0 0
In addition, the demand (in thousands of gallons) from Mfg. Manufacturing; Shp. Shipping;
a Houston refinery is 22 regular, 12 mid-grade, and Act. Accounting; Mgt. Management
8premium, and the demand from a Gulfport refinery
is 30 regular, 20 mid-grade, and 11 premium. (a) Write a matrix B for these budget amounts.
(a) Make a 2 3 matrix B that contains the blend- (b) Write a matrix A so that BA would contain new
ing information and a 3 2 matrix D for the budget figures that reflect an 11% increase in
demands at each refinery. Then use a matrix manufacturing, sales, and shipping, and a 5%
product to find each refinerys need for each type decrease in the other departments.
of crude oil. 54. Accounting Consider the original budget matrix
(b) If the cost of black crude is $3.17 per gallon and in Problem 53. Assume there is a 20% increase in
for gold crude is $3.32 per gallon, then the matrix manufacturing, a 3% increase in office, a 5% increase
in sales, a 20% increase in shipping, a 5% increase
P [3.17 3.32]
in accounting, and a 3% decrease in management.
represents these crude prices. Write a matrix Find the new budget matrix by developing a matrix
product involving B, D, and P that could be used A to represent these departmental increases and
to find the total cost for crude oil at each refinery. then multiplying it from the left by the matrix B in
Then find those total costs. Problem 53.

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