9/27/2017

LECTURE 02: CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS PROPERTIES

Objectives:
Signals Characterization
Signal Transformation
Energy and Power of Signal

MFG3922 Analysis Methods for Geophysics I

Examples of Continuous-Time (CT) Signals

2

System and SIgnal

() ()
()

1
 9/27/2017

Characters of Signal

Continuous or Discrete
Periodic or Non Periodic
Even or Odd
Symmetry or Non Symmetry
Exponential / Sinusoidal
Complex signal
Unit Step function () ()
()
Impulse function
Ramp function

Continuous/Discrete-time
x(t) x[n]

t n
Continuous-time Sinusoids
() ( ) (
g t = Acos 2p t / T0 + q = Acos 2p f 0t + q = Acos w 0t + q ) ( )

Amplitude Period Phase Shift Cyclic Radian
(s) (radians) Frequency Frequency
( Hz) (radians/s)

2
 9/27/2017

Periodic Signal
If a function g(t ) is periodic, g ( t ) = g ( t + nT ) where n is any integer
and T is a period of the function. The minimum positive value of T
for which g ( t ) = g ( t + T ) is called the fundamental period T0 of the
function. The reciprocal of the fundamental period is the fundamental
frequency f0 = 1 / T0 .

x(t ) = x(t + T ) , T : period

x(t ) = x(t + mT ) , m : integer

T0 : Fundamental period : the smallest positive value of T

aperiodic : NOT periodic

Sums Of Periodic Functions

6

The period of the sum of periodic functions is the least common

multiple of the periods of the individual functions summed. If the
least common multiple is infinite, the sum function is aperiodic.

3
 9/27/2017

Even/Odd Signals

Even x(t ) = x(t ) , x[ n] = x[n]

Odd x(t ) = x(t ) , x[ n] = x[n]

Any signal can be discomposed into a sum of an

even and an odd
1 1
x1 (t ) = [ x (t ) + x (t )] , x 2 (t ) = [ x(t ) x(t )]
2 2

Signals With Symmetry: Even/Odd

8
Even: CT: x(t ) = x(t )
DT: x(n) = x( n)

Odd: CT: x(t ) = x( t )

DT: x(n) = x( n)

Even Functions Odd Functions

g ( t ) = g ( t ) g ( t ) = g ( t )

MFG3922 Analysis Methods for Geophysics I

4
 9/27/2017

Symmetry
9 A right-sided signal is zero for t < T and a left-sided signal is zero for t > T,
where T can be positive or negative.

A signal can be bounded or unbounded depending on the stability of the

system.

MFG3922 Analysis Methods for Geophysics I

Exponential/Sinusoidal Signals

Basic Building Blocks from which one can construct

many different signals and define frameworks for
analyzing many different signals efficiently

2
x ( t ) = e jw 0 t , fundamental period T0 =
|0|
2p
fundamental frequency w 0 =
T0

w 0 : rad / sec

5
 9/27/2017

Exponential/Sinusoidal Signals

12 Continuous-Time Exponentials
g ( t ) = Aet /t

Amplitude Time Constant (s)

6
 9/27/2017

REAL AND COMPLEX SIGNALS

13
For example, suppose s = + j
>0:
for a CT signal:

x(t ) = e st = e ( + jw ) t = et cos( jwt )

<0:

>0:

For example, suppose z = e( + j) for

<0:
a DT signal:

x(t ) = z n = z ( + jw ) n = e n cos(wn)

MFG3922 Analysis Methods for Geophysics I

The Unit Step Function

14

1 , t > 0

u ( t ) = 1 / 2 , t = 0
0 , t < 0

The product signal g ( t ) u ( t ) can be thought of as the signal g ( t )

turned on at time t = 0.

7
 9/27/2017

The Unit Ramp Function

15

t , t > 0 t
ramp ( t ) = = u(l ) dl = t u (t )
0 , t 0

The impulse function

16

1 / a , t < a / 2
Define a function D ( t ) =
0 , t >a/2

Let another function g ( t ) be finite and continuous at t = 0.

0 for t 0
(t ) =
for t = 0
0+

(t )dt = 1
0

8
 9/27/2017

The Unit Step And Unit Impulse

17

As a approaches zero, g ( t ) approaches a unit

step and g ( t ) approaches a unit impulse.

The unit step is the integral of the unit impulse and

the unit impulse is the generalized derivative of the
unit step.

Unit Impulse and Unit Step Functions

Continuous-time
(t) , u(t)
First Derivative
du ( t )
(t ) =
dt
Running Integral
t
u (t ) =
(t ) d t
Sampling property

x(t) (t t0 ) = x(t0) (t t0 )

9
 9/27/2017

Transformation of A Signal
Time Shift
x(t ) x(t t 0 ) , x[n] x[n n0 ]
Time Reversal
x (t ) x (t ) , x[n] x[n]
Time Scaling
x (t ) x (at ) , x[n] ?
Combination
x (t ) x (at + b) , x[n] ?
Integration

Deferensiation

10
 9/27/2017

Time Shifting
21

Time shifting, t t t 0

Time Scaling
22

Time scaling, t t /a

11
 9/27/2017

Amplitudo Scaling
Amplitude Scaling, g(t ) Ag(t )
23

Time Scaling

x[
x(t) n]

?
x(at),
a<1 ?
x(at),
a>1

12
 9/27/2017

Multiple transformation
25

t t0
Multiple transformations g ( t ) Ag
a
A multiple transformation can be done in steps
amplitude
t t t0
g ( t ) scaling,
A
Ag ( t ) tt
/a
Ag tt
t0
Ag
a a
The sequence of the steps is significant
amplitude
t t t0
g ( t ) scaling,
A
Ag ( t ) tt
t 0
Ag ( t t 0 ) tt
/a
Ag t 0 Ag
a a

Simultaneous Time Shifting And Scaling

26

t t0
Simultaneous scaling and shifting g ( t ) Ag
a

13
 9/27/2017

Simultaneous Time Shifting And Scaling

27

Simultaneous scaling
and shifting, Ag ( bt t0 )

Shifting and Scaling Functions

28

()
Height +5 2 A = 0.4 , g1 t 0.4 g1 t ()
()
Width +6 +2 w = 1/ 3 0.4 g1 t 0.4 g1 3t ( )
Shift left by 5/3 t0 = 5 / 3 0.4 g ( 3t ) 0.4 g ( 3( t + 5 / 3))
1 1

14
 9/27/2017

Combinations (Superposition) of Signal

29

Products Of Even And Odd Functions

30

Two Even Functions

15
 9/27/2017

31
Product of a sine wave and a ramp function.

Product of a sine wave and a ramp function.

M. J. Roberts - All Rights Reserved. Edited by Dr. Robert Akl

Products Of Even And Odd Functions

32

An Even Function and an Odd Function

16
 9/27/2017

Products Of Even And Odd Functions

33

An Even Function and an Odd Function

Products Of Even And Odd Functions

34

Two Odd Functions

17
 9/27/2017

35
Integration

Differentiation
36

18
 9/27/2017

Integrals of Even and Odd Functions

37

a a a

g ( t ) dt = 2 g ( t ) dt
a 0
g ( t ) dt = 0
a

38 Integrals of Even and Odd Functions

19
 9/27/2017

Signal Energy and Power

39

A signal with finite signal energy is

called an signal energy.
A signal with infinite signal energy and
finite average signal power is called a
Signal power.

Signal Energy
40

The signal energy of a signal x ( t ) is

x (t )
2
Ex = dt

20
 9/27/2017

Signal Energy
41
t + 1
Find the signal energy of x ( t ) = 2 rect ( t / 2 ) 4 rect u (t + 2)
4
2
t + 1
x ( t ) dt = 2 rect ( t / 2 ) 4 rect 4 u ( t + 2 ) dt
2
Ex =

2
t + 1
Ex = 2 2 rect ( t / 2 ) 4 rect 4 dt

t + 1 t + 1
Ex = 4 rect ( t / 2 ) + 16 rect 16 rect ( t / 2 ) rect
2 2
dt
2
4 4

t + 1 t + 1
Ex = 4 rect ( t / 2 ) dt + 16 rect dt 16 rect ( t / 2 ) rect dt
2 2
4 2
4
1 1 1

Ex = 4 dt + 16 dt 16 dt = 8 + 48 32 = 24
1 2 1

Signal Power
42

Some signals have infinite signal energy. In that case

It is more convenient to deal with average signal power.
The average signal power of a signal x ( t ) is
T /2
1
x ( t ) dt
2
Px = lim
T T
T /2

For a periodic signal x ( t ) the average signal power is

1
x ( t ) dt
2
Px =
T T

where T is any period of the signal.

21
 9/27/2017

43
Signal Power
Find the average signal power of a signal x ( t ) with fundamental
period 12, one period of which is described by
x ( t ) = ramp ( t / 5 ) , 4 < t < 8
8 0
1 1 1
x (t ) ramp ( t / 5 ) dt = ( t / 5 )2 dt
2 2
Px = dt =
T T 12 4 12 4
0 ( 64 / 3) 16
0
1 t2 1 0
Px =
12 4 25
dt =
300
t 3 / 3 =
4 300
=
225
@ 0.0711

22