CAD of Metamaterial Directional Coupler

Menoufia University
Faculty of Electronic Engineering

Dept. of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering
A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of M. Sc. in Engineering Science in

Communications Engineering
Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering
By
Eng. Khalid Mohammed Ibrahim Mahmood
B. Sc. in Electronic and Instrumentation,
College of Applied and Industrial Science,
University of Juba, Khartoum, 2008
Supervisors
Prof. El-Sayed M. El-Rabaie Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdel-Aziz
T. Shalaby
Emeritus Professor of Electronics Emeritus Professor of Electronics
and Communication Engineering, and Communication Engineering,
Faculty of Electronic Faculty of Electronic
Engineering, Menoufiya Engineering, Menoufiya
University University
Dr. Ahmed Saad Elkorany

Lecturer of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufiya University
2014
Acknowledgements
First of all, I would like to thank ALLAH, Next, I would like to thank my advisor,
Prof. El-Sayed M. El-Rabaie, and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdel-Aziz T. Shalaby for
suggesting the problem their great guidance, highly required encouragement and
motivation, and the time spent by them in helping me get to this point. I am very
grateful for their support and participation.
I would like to thank Dr. Ahmed Saad Elkorany who also helped me to grasp
some concepts during the computations which have carried out in this work.
I also would like to thank my colleague Eng. Siddig Gomha Abd Alseed for
providing a competitive and learning environment that has encouraged me to strive
for better and has enriched my experience.
I would like to extend my deepest appreciation to my family for their support
and encouragement throughout my research.
I
Abstract
In recent years, research studies on the subject of metamaterials (MTMs) have

increased immensely. The effect of metamaterials can therefore be tremendous if
one can manipulate the wave properties, such as the significant decreases in the size
of components. The objective of this thesis is to study the main properties of
metamaterials for improving the performance of backward directional coupler. A
compact structure of the backward directional coupler is proposed.
In this thesis we study in detail the performance of two different types of
structures of microstrip coupled line couplers, Epsilon Negative Transmission line
(ENG) coupler and coupled line coupler with tight coupling. The two structured are
simulated using two main field simulators (HFSS, CST) and one circuit simulator
(ADS).
The proposed unit cell planar type of composite right/left-handed (CRLH)
metamaterial using microstrip technology with coupled lines and stub inductors is
introduced. This structure has the main advantage of compact dimensions and
easiness for design. The proposed unit cell can be designed in several frequency
bands based on its geometrical parameters. The transition from LH to RH shows the
balanced condition without the presence of stop band. Two designs for two different
frequency bands have been carried out. The frequency band of the first design is
about 320 MHz and the band of the second design is about 1.3 GHz. This unit cell
is fabricated and its measurement results are shown. Good agreement has been
achieved between the theoretical and the experimental results.
The backward directional coupler was designed based on the CRLH unit cell,
it has a compact size (2.412 ) with high coupling value (-1.5 dB) and compared
with the conventional backward microstrip coupler. Instead of the normal conductor
(Copper) used in strip line, it is replaced with a YBCO thin film high temperature
superconductor (HTS) to achieve superior performance. A high directivity of the
coupled line was achieved by using superconductor. The CST full wave EM
simulator has been used to simulate this proposed backward directional coupler.
II
List of Publications
1. Khalid M. Ibrahim, EL-Sayed M. El-Rabaie, and Abdel Aziz T.

Shalaby, Ahmed S. Elkorany Design of Compact Composite Right-
Left-Handed Transmission Line Unit Cells", International Journal of
Electronics Communication and Computer Technology (IJECCT),
vol. 4, Issue 4, July 2014.

Shalaby, Ahmed S. Elkorany "Enhancement The performance of
Coupled line Couplers Based on Both CRLH and High-TC
Superconducting Microstrip Lines", Circuits and Systems: An
International Journal (CSIJ), vol. 1, no.3, July 2014.

Shalaby, Ahmed S. Elkorany "Performance of Microstrip Coupled
Lines Couplers Using Two Different Structures", Submitted for
publication in Journal of Circuits, Systems, and Computer.
III
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements. ....I
Abstract.. II
List of Publications . . III
Table of Contents ..... IV
List of Figures ... . .. .VII
List of Abbreviations .... .... X
List of Symbols . XI
List of tables ..XII
1. Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................14

Introduction .............................................................................................14
1.1. Introduction ......................................................................................14
1.2. Objective of the Thesis ....................................................................17
1.3. Thesis Organization .........................................................................18
2. Chapter 2: Transmission Line Theory of 1D

Metamaterials .............................................................................19
Transmission Line Theory of 1D Metamaterials ....................................20
2.1. Introduction ......................................................................................20
2.2. Left-Handed (LH) Metamaterials ....................................................21
2.3. Negative Refraction .........................................................................25
2.4. Transmission Line Implementation of LHM ...................................27
2.5. Composite Right/Left Handed (CRLH) TL. ....................................29
2.6. Dispersion Diagrams ........................................................................29
2.7. Balanced and Unbalanced Condition of CRLH TL .........................32
2.8. LC Network Implementation ...........................................................34
2.9. [ABCD] Matrix Analysis .................................................................36
IV
2.10. Conclusion......................................................................................40
3. Chapter 3: Analysis and Design of Backward

Directional Coupler.................................................................42
Analysis and Design of Backward Directional Coupler .........................42
3.1. Introduction ......................................................................................42
3.2. Directional Coupler Types ...............................................................43
3.3. Directional Couplers Applications ..................................................44
3.4. Backward Directional coupler .........................................................45
3.5. Conclusion........................................................................................54
4. Chapter 4: Performance of Microstrip Coupled Lines

Couplers Using Two Different Structures ..............56
Performance of Microstrip Coupled Lines Couplers Using Two ...........56
Different Structures .................................................................................56
4.1. Introduction ......................................................................................56
4.2. Theory of ENG Transmission Line Coupler ....................................57
4.3. Theory of Coupled-Line Coupler with Tight Coupling ...................65
4.4. Simulation and Measurement Results ..............................................71
4.5. Comparative Study between the Two Designs by Using Different

Simulation Tools .....................................................................................76
4.6. Conclusion........................................................................................77
5. Chapter 5: Proposed Backward Directional Coupler

Based on CRLH .........................................................................79
Proposed Backward Directional Coupler Based on CRLH ....................79
5.1. Introduction ......................................................................................79
5.2. Previous Work ..................................................................................79
V
5.3. Proposed Compact CRLH Transmission Line Unit Cells ...............85
5.4. Proposed Compact CRLH Backward Directional Coupler .............99
5.6 Conclusion ..................................................................................111
Chapter 6: Conclusions and Future Work ............................113

Conclusions and Future Work ...............................................................113
6.1 Conclusions .....................................................................................113
6.2 Future Work ....................................................................................114
Appendix A ...........................................................................................115
Appendix B ...........................................................................................117
References .............................................................................................118
VI
List of Figures
Fig. 1.1: Prototype of a 2-D interface LHM prototype interfaced with a parallel-plate
waveguide [2]. ................................................................................................... 14
Fig. 1.2: Forward-wave coupler [6]. .................................................................................. 16
Fig. 1.3: Backward-wave coupler.[6]. ............................................................................... 16
Fig. 2.1: Combinations of permittivity and permeability ( ) . ..................................... 21
Fig. 2.2: First negative-/positive- and positive-/negative- MTM proposed by Pendry.

(a) Thin-wire (TW). (b) Split-ring resonator (SRR) . ....................................... 22
Fig. 2.3: Electric fieldmagnetic fieldwave vector triad ( , , ) and Poynting vector
() [8]. (a) Conventional, right-handed (RH) medium, where , > 0. ............ 24
Fig. 2.4: (a) Refraction at a RHM-RHM interface; (b) Refraction at a RHM-LHM interface;
Arrows shown here indicate the power flow direction . ................................... 26
Fig. 2.5: Experimental verification for LH media. (a) Two dimensional (2D) LH structure.
(b) Diagram of experimental setup [10]. ........................................................... 26
Fig. 2.6: The equivalent circuit TL; (a) A general transmission line; ............................... 27
Fig. 2.7: Composite Right/Left handed (CRLH) TL. ........................................................ 29
Fig. 2.8: Dispersion diagrams for the TLs. (a) Homogeneous RH TL. ............................. 31
Fig. 2.9: The balanced CRLH TL. (a) Simplified equivalent circuit model. ..................... 32
Fig. 2.10: LC-based CRLH TL. (a) Unit cell. (b) LC periodic network equivalent to a
homogeneous CRLH TL of length d for = 0. .................................... 34
Fig. 2.11: 24 unit-cell microstrip CRLH TL based on Figure 2.7. .................................... 35
Fig. 2.12: The ABCD matrix for a two port network. ....................................................... 36
Fig. 2.13: Cascade connection of N- port networks by the [A B C D] matrix. ................. 37
Fig. 2.14: Cascade connection of N- port networks by the [A B C D] matrix .................. 37
Fig. 2.15: The symmetric unit cell CRLH TL. .................................................................. 38
Fig. 3.1: Coupled transmission lines: (a) coaxial lines, (b) striplines, (c) microstrip lines,
and (d) broadside striplines. .............................................................................. 43
Fig. 3.2: Coupler types, (a) Backward directional coupler, (b) Branch-line coupler, (c) Ring
coupler. .............................................................................................................. 44
Fig. 3.3: Four ports backward directional coupler. ........................................................... 46

VII
Fig. 3.4: The operations of a directional coupler. ............................................................. 46
Fig. 3.5: Coupled microstrip. ............................................................................................ 48
Fig. 3.6: A three-wire coupled transmission line and its equivalent capacitance network.
........................................................................................................................... 48
Fig. 3.7: Even- and odd-mode excitations for a coupled line, and the resulting equivalent
capacitance networks. (a) Even-mode excitation. ............................................. 49
Fig. 3.8 : A single section coupled line coupler. (a) Geometry and port designations. (b)
The schematic circuit. ....................................................................................... 50
Fig. 3.9: The coupled line coupler circuit of Fig 3.8, into even- and odd-mode excitations.
(a) Even mode. (b) Odd mode [5]. .................................................................... 52
Fig. 3.10: Coupled and through port voltage. ................................................................... 54
Fig. 4.1: (a) Backward coupler using ENG transmission lines (b) Backward coupler using
tight coupling..................................................................................................... 57
Fig. 4.2: (a) Equivalent circuit model of: (a) even and (b) odd mode for the unit cell [29].
........................................................................................................................... 59
Fig. 4.3: Microstrip implementation of the ENG coupler unit cell................................... 61
Fig. 4.4: Layout of a five-unit-cell ENG parallel coupled line coupler. ........................... 63
Fig. 4.5: Schematic diagram of the coupled-line coupler with tight coupling.................. 65
Fig. 4.6: Layout of a coupled line with tight coupling. .................................................... 69
Fig. 4.7: Comparison between the full wave simulation (HFSS, CST), ........................... 72
Fig. 4.10: Comparison between the full wave simulation (HFSS, CST), ......................... 75
Fig. 5.1: Nine-cell quasi-0-dB backward coupled-line directional CRLH coupler prototype
. .......................................................................................................................... 80
Fig. 5.2: Equivalent circuit model for the CRLH coupler and corresponding even/odd-mode
TL models [37]. ................................................................................................. 81
Fig. 5.3: Circuit simulated even/odd characteristic impedances (real/imaginary parts), (a)
Even mode. (b) Odd mode [37]. ........................................................................ 82
Fig. 5.4: Circuit simulated even/odd characteristic impedances (magnitude). Left-hand

axis: magnitudes of the impedances. Right-hand axis: ..................................... 82
Fig. 5.5: S-parameter of coupler, (a) Measured and circuit simulated 11 and 12. (b)
Measured and circuit simulated 13 and 14 [37]. ......................................... 83
VIII
Fig. 5.6: Photograph of the fabricated five-cell DC printed on the lower substrate [39]. . 84
Fig. 5.7: S-parameter of coupler, (a) Measured and circuit simulated 11 and 41. (b)
Measured and circuit simulated 31 and 21 [39]. .......................................... 85
Fig. 5.8: Proposed microstrip CRLH unit cell: (a) Top layer unit cell (b) Bottom layer
ground defects. .................................................................................................. 88
Fig. 5.9: Equivalent circuit of the proposed CRLH unit cell. ........................................... 89
Fig. 5.10: Equivalent circuit of the series impedance and the shunt admittance. ............. 89
Fig. 5.11: Dispersion relation for the balanced CRLH unit cell narrow band. .................. 91
Fig. 5.12: Dispersion relation for the unbalanced CRLH unit cell with three different lengths
of the slot lines. ................................................................................................. 92
Fig. 5.13: Dispersion relation for the balanced CRLH unit cell wide band. .................... 95
Fig. 5.14: Bloch impedance diagram of the unit-cell CRLH. ........................................... 96
Fig. 5.15: Photograph of the fabricated three unit cells of the microstrip CRLH. (a) Top
layer (b) Bottom layer. ...................................................................................... 97
Fig. 5.16: Measured and simulated scattering parameters of the three units-cells CRLH: (a)
S (1, 1) and (b) S (1, 2). ..................................................................................... 98
Fig. 5.17: Four-port backward parallel coupled line coupler. ........................................ 101
Fig. 5.18: Proposed Coupled line microstrip: (a) Top layer Coupled line (b) Bottom layer
ground defects. ................................................................................................ 102
Fig. 5. 19: S-parameters for the CRLH coupler obtained by full-wave simulation. ....... 104
Fig. 5.20: 31 & 41 S-parameters for the CRLH coupler normal case comparison with
superconductor. ............................................................................................... 106
Fig. 5.21: 11 & 21 S-parameters for the CRLH coupler normal case comparison with
superconductor. ............................................................................................... 107
Fig. 5.22: 31 & 41 S-parameters for the CRLH coupler superconductor case comparison
with conventional coupled line normal case. .................................................. 108
Fig. 5.23: 11 & 21 S-parameters for the CRLH coupler superconductor case comparison
with conventional coupled line normal case. .................................................. 109
IX
List of Abbreviations
ADS Agilent Design Software.

AL2 O3 Sapphire or Aluminum Oxide.
BLC Branch Line Coupler.
CAD Computer Aided Design.
CRLH Composite Right-Left Hand.
CST Computer System Technology.
DNG Double Negative Materials.
HFSS High-Frequency Structure
HTS High-Temperature Superconductors.
IL Insertion Loss.
LHM Left Handed Material.
PLH Pure Left Hand.
PRH Pure Right Hand.
RF Radio Frequency.
RH Right Handed.
RL Return Loss.
TL Transmission Line.
YBCO Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (YBa2 Cu3 O7 ).
X
List of Symbols
Permittivity
Permeability
n Refractive index
Phase propagation constant
Complex propagation constant
Attenuation constant
E Electric field
H Magnetic field
Refracted angle
R Resistance
C Capacitance
L Inductance
Reflection coefficient of the even mode
Reflection coefficient of the odd mode
T The transmission coefficient of the even mode
T The transmission coefficient of the odd mode
Phase velocity
Group velocity
P Unit cell size
0 Transition frequency
Series resonance frequency
Shunt resonance frequency
Surface impedance
Surface reactance
London penetration depth
() Normal conductivity at T
0 Effective Curie temperature
XI
List of Tables
Table 2.1: Characterization of the RH and LH media. ...................................................... 25
Table 3.1: Summarize the main features of the coupler types ........................................... 43
Table 4.1: Characterization of the ENG parallel coupled line coupler. ............................. 64
Table 4.2: Initial and final values of the ENG coupler dimensions. .................................. 64
Table 4.3: Electrical parameter of the designed coupled line with tight coupling coupler.
........................................................................................................................... 70
Table 4.4: Initial and final values of physical parameter of the designed coupled line with
tight coupling coupler........................................................................................ 70
Table 4.5: The comparison between the simulations programs (HFSS, CST and ADS). . 71
Table 4.6: Shows comparison of simulated results, using CST, HFSS and ADS that were
used for designing ENG transmission line coupler. .......................................... 73
Table 4.7: Shows comparison of the simulated results, using CST, HFSS and the measured
results that were used for designing of the designed coupled line with ............ 75
Table 4.8: The comparison between the ENG transmission line and the coupled line with
tight coupling..................................................................................................... 77
Table. 5.1: Design specification of unit cell narrow band. ................................................ 94
Table. 5.2: Design specification of unit cell wide band..................................................... 95
Table. 5.3: Design specifications of the coupled line using unit cell in priveus section (5.3).
......................................................................................................................... 103
Table. 5.4: A comparative Study of the different coupled line coupler structures. ......... 110
Table. 5.5: A comparative Study of the different coupled line coupler structures. ......... 110
XII
Chapter 1: Introduction.
Chapter 1
Introduction
13
1. Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1. Introduction
In the last few years, an increased interest in the scientific community for the
study of metamaterial, the applications of metamaterials become an extensive
research area at microwave and optical frequencies.
Metamaterials are artificially fabricated materials having electromagnetic
properties not available in nature, for example, simultaneous negative permittivity
and permeability, consequently, they can possess a negative refractive index (NRI)
[1]. Fig. 1.1 Shows a photograph of a 2-D metamaterial reproduced from [2], the
size of a single unit cell in the effectively homogeneous structures is much smaller
than the guided wavelength . The left-handed material (LHM) is the materials with
effective negative permittivity and permeability.
Fig. 1.1: Prototype of a 2-D interface LHM prototype interfaced with a parallel-
plate waveguide [2].
14
The electromagnetic metamaterials (MTMs) suggested in 1967 by the Russian
physicist Viktor Veselago, who investigated the possibility of existence of LHMs,
that would allow the propagation of electromagnetic waves with the electric field,
and magnetic field, with left hand system role [3].
In microwave circuits, the transmission lines are generally used in two ways:
(1) to carry information from one point to another; and (2) as circuit elements for
passive circuits like, filters, couplers and resonators. Passive elements employ
transmission line sections and waveguides in different configurations, subsequently
achieving the desired functionality and meeting performance specifications. This
functionality is largely achieved by the use of coupled transmission lines [4].
The waveguide couplers were invented and characterized at the MIT Radiation
Laboratory in the 1940s. The coupler may be a three- port component, or may be a
four-port component [5].
A transmission line is the material medium that forms all or part of a path from
one place to another for directing the transmission of electromagnetic waves. When
two transmission lines are placed in close proximity to each other, the power
transmits from the main line to the secondary line. The lines can be symmetrical (i.e.,
both conductors have the same dimensions) or asymmetrical. Generally, in the
design of planar directional couplers stripline and microstrip line forms are used.
Microstrip lines are used widely in microwave integrated circuits. The microstrip
transmission lines are support quasi-TEM, usually they are assumed to operate in
TEM mode. Coupled lines can be of any form, depending on the application.
When the separation between the transmission lines is large and the even and
odd - mode characteristic impedances of coupled lines are nearly equal, the energy
couples from port 1 (input port) to port 3 (coupled port) and port 4 is an isolated port
as shown in Fig. 1.2. These types of couplers are known as forward directional
couplers.
15
Fig. 1.2: Forward-wave coupler [6].
When coupled lines placed close proximity to each other the electromagnetic
fields can interact, the coupling takes place in the reverse direction on the coupled
line, the energy couples from port 1 (input port) to port 4 (coupled port) and port 3
is an isolated port as shown in Fig. 1.3. These types of couplers are known as a
backward directional coupler. The electrical length of a coupler varies with
frequency. Each coupled line is a quarter-wavelength at the center frequency and has
different even and odd-mode impedances.
Fig. 1.3: Backward-wave coupler.[6].
16
1.2. Objective of the Thesis
This thesis focuses mainly on three problems on the backward directional
couplers:-
1- The Poor directivity of the coupler.
2- The Low Coupling factor of the coupler.
3- Miniaturization of the coupler size.
For solving the above mentioned problems the following steps has been followed:-
1. Studying the directivity of the backward directional coupler and its coupling
factor.
2. Studying the miniaturization of the backward directional coupler which
shows when we use some techniques to improve the performance of the
coupler, the size of the coupler becomes so large.
3. Studying in detail the performance of two different types of structures of
microstrip coupled line couplers, has been carried out. The two couplers are:
(a) Epsilon Negative Transmission line (ENG) coupler, improves the
directivity.
(b) Coupled line coupler with tight coupling, improves the coupled factor.
4. Due to the marvelous properties of metamaterials, the proposed structure of
composite right-left-handed CRLH transmission line unit cell is presented.
5. The application of the unit cell, is used to design backward directional coupler
to achieve both a high coupling factor and a compact size for the coupler.
6. Instead of the normal conductor (Copper) used in strip line, a YBCO thin
film high temperature superconductor (HTS) is replaced to achieve superior
performance. The effect of HTS materials are studied and compared with the
conventional backward directional coupler using normal conductor.
17
1.3. Thesis Organization
The thesis is organized as follows:
Chapter 1: is the introductory chapter outlining the thesis objectives.
Chapter 2: presents the Transmission Line Theory of 1D Metamaterials, includes the
fundamental properties of MTM such as a left-handed material (LHM),
Negative Refractive Index (NRI) and how to implement the
transmission line has the characteristics of CRLH.
Chapter 3: presents the theory and design of the backward directional couplers and
Simple analytical expressions for the design of single-section couplers
exist, then by properly choosing the even- and odd mode impedances of
the backward coupler. Also, the types of couplers and applications.
Chapter 4: presents a comparative study between performance of microstrip coupled
line coupler using two different structures, the ENG transmission line
coupler and the coupled line coupler with tight coupling.
Chapter 5: presents a proposed unit cell planar type of composite right/left-handed
(CRLH) metamaterial using microstrip technology with coupled lines
and stub inductors. A new type parallel coupled line coupler based on
CRLH. The use of high temperature superconductor (HTS) material
instead of normal conductors has reduced conductor losses and
consequently improved the performance of the coupled line.
Chapter 6: presents the concluding remarks and a suggestions for the future work.
18
Chapter 2: Transmission Line Theory of 1D Metamaterials.
Chapter 2
Transmission Line
Theory of 1D
Metamaterials
19
2. Chapter 2
Transmission Line Theory of 1D
Metamaterials
2.1. Introduction
In recent years, an increased interest appeared in the scientific community for
the study of metamaterial. Artificial effectively homogeneous electromagnetic
structures with unusual properties not present among natural ones. These types of
materials are known as electromagnetic metamaterials (MTMs). Metamaterials are
a class of artificially fabricated material, based on periodic structures, the materials
with simultaneously negative permittivity and permeability, thus referred to double
negative material (DNM), illustrated in Fig. 2.1. Materials that reside in quadrants I,
II and IV are isotropic dielectrics, plasmas and ferromagnetic materials, respectively.
They are all well known in conventional materials, the materials III simultaneously
negative permittivity and permeability have not yet been found in nature. They
correspond to the new class of left-handed (LH) materials. DNM has been by far
the most popular of the matermaterials [7]. The parameters are the permittivity and
the permeability , which are related to the refractive index n by
= , (2.1)
Where and are the relative permittivity and permeability related to the free
space permittivity and permeability by = = 85.8 1012 , and =
= 4 107 , respectively. In Eq. 2.1, sign for the double-valued square root
function has been a priori admitted for generality.
20
Veselago discussed the unique phenomena occurring for an electromagnetic
wave in a double negative material:
1- Electric field, magnetic field and wave vector form a left-handed (LH) triad.
2- Negative refractive index leads to reversal of Snells law, Doppler effect and
Vavilov-Cerenkov radiation.
3- Frequency Dispersion of the constitutive parameters.
4- Negative refraction at the interface between a RH medium and a LH medium.
Fig. 2.1: Combinations of permittivity and permeability ( ) [7].
2.2. Left-Handed (LH) Metamaterials

Left- Handed-Materials (LHM) are the material with simultaneously negative
dielectric permittivity and negative magnetic permeability in some frequency ranges.
The concept of LHM was discussed by Russian physicist Viktor Veselago [3],
LH MTMs was definitely discovered by reason of how difficult to realize a practical
LH structure. For 30 years, Pendry introduced the plasmonic-type negative-
/positive- and positive-/negative- structures, shown in Fig 2.2. Both of the
21
structures are effectively homogeneous structures and have an average cell size
much smaller than the guided wavelength ( ) [8], [9].
Fig. 2.2: First negative-/positive- and positive-/negative- MTM proposed

by Pendry. (a) Thin-wire (TW). (b) Split-ring resonator (SRR) [3].
The wave propagation in left-handed media, Maxwells equations are taken

into account, the general forms of Maxwell's equations are the following [1]

= , (Faradays law) (2.2a)

= + , (Amperes law) (2.2b)

= , (Electric Gauss law) (2.2c)
B = m , (Magnetic Gauss law) (2.2d)
The quantities are real function of spatial coordinates x, y, z, represent time- varying
vector fields and the time variable .
Where
E is the electric field intensity, in V/m.
H is the magnetic field intensity, in A/m.
22
D is the electric flux density, in C/2 .

B is the magnetic flux density, in W/2 .
M is the (fictitious) magnetic current density, in V/2 .
J is the electric current density, in A/2 .
is the electric charge density, in C/3 .
m is the (fictitious) magnetic charge density, in C/3 .
The Maxwells equation for the case of a RH medium , > 0, given by,
= +
, (2.3a)

= , (2.3b)
,
This equations indicates that ( , ) builds the familiar right-handed triad
shown in Fig 2.3 (a). The Maxwells equation in the case of a LH medium , < 0,
given by,
=
, (2.4a)

= + , (2.4b)
,
This equations indicates that ( , ) builds the unusual left-handed triad
shown in Fig .2.3 (b).
23
,
Fig. 2.3: Electric fieldmagnetic fieldwave vector triad ( , ) and Poynting
vector () [8]. (a) Conventional, right-handed (RH) medium, where , > 0.
(b) Left-handed (LH) medium, where , < 0 [1].
Eq. 2.5 and eq. 2.6, represent the situation in an LHM which show that LHMs
support antiparallel group and phase velocities with electromagnetic waves.
Consequently, while the wavefronts travel backward toward the source and energy
still travels away from the source.
: > 0 > 0
= { (2.5)
: < 0 < 0
1 : , > 0 > 0
= ( ) = { (2.6)
: , < 0 > 0
Table 2.1, shows the summarize of the aforementioned equations, in LH

media, it is realized that the wave-fronts and energy travel in opposite directions.
24
Table 2.1: Characterization of the RH and LH media.
Medium Wave Propagation Power Flow
Phase velocity Group velocity

E, H and S

Right-handed
RH medium >0 >0
triplet
Right-handed
LH medium <0 >0
triplet
2.3. Negative Refraction

Negative refraction is one of the most important properties of LH media.
Refractive index is an electromagnetic phenomenon which occurs at the surface (or
interface) between two materials. For a LH medium from, = , it is not
obvious that simultaneously negative and leads to negative refraction index, both
positive and negative index of refraction solutions satisfy Maxwell's equations and
boundary conditions for refraction of the incident wave [7]. Fig. 2.4 (a) and (b), using
Snells law,
1 sin 1 = 2 sin 2 (2.7)
The refractions of an electromagnetic wave at the RHM-RHM interface and

RHM-LHM interface are shown in Fig. 2.4.
25
Fig. 2.4: (a) Refraction at a RHM-RHM interface; (b) Refraction at a RHM-

LHM interface; Arrows shown here indicate the power flow direction [7].
When the wave indices of refraction 1 >0 and 2 <0 the wave in LHM is a
backward wave where the poynting vector (), points in the direction of energy flow,
but the wave vector propagates in the direction antiparallel to arrow. In 2001, R. A.
Shelby et al. proposed the two dimensional LH MTMs and experimentally verified
negative refraction [10], [11]. To determine the refractive index, as depicted in Fig.
2.5, the deflection of a beam of microwave radiation was measured as the beam
passed through the prism-shaped square lattice. This structure was irradiated by a
microwave beam and a microwave detector scanned around the exit point in the
plane of incidence beam. To measure the exit angle, and recorded the transmitted
power spectrum over the entire X-band range at each step, using network analyzer.
Fig. 2.5: Experimental verification for LH media. (a) Two dimensional (2D)
LH structure. (b) Diagram of experimental setup [10].
26
2.4. Transmission Line Implementation of LHM
In the previous section pointed out the LH MTMs can be realized by combining
thin metal wires (TW) and split-ring resonators (SRR) [12], this LH for resonant
structures with a high loss and narrow bandwidth, for that a structure made of
resonating elements does not appropriate for transmission the signal. There is a need
for developing a transmission line (TL) approach of LH MTMs.
The group research at the University of Toronto in 2002 was the first
introduced to implement the transmission line LHM [13][17]. The approach is
based on the mapping of electric field and magnetic field in the medium to the
currents and voltages of the equivalent distributed L-C network. The permittivity
and permeability can be modeled using distributed L-C networks. The conventional
TL (right-handed), exhibiting series inductance (H/m) and shunt capacitance
(F/m), the equivalent circuit mode of RH TL is shown in Fig. 2.6. The LH TL with
series capacitance (F/m) and shunt inductance (H/m), the equivalent circuit
mode is shown in Fig. 2.6 (c).
Fig. 2.6: The equivalent circuit TL: (a) A general transmission line,
(b) A conventional RH TL, (c) LH.
27
According to material parameters relate the series impedances and shunt admittances
in the following:

= = (2.8a)

= = (2.8b)

According to complex propagation constant of the wave can be derived from the
series impedances and shunt admittances:
= + = (2.9)
The transmission characteristics of the TL in Fig. 2.6, are easily obtained from the
Telegrapher equations:
1
= = = (2.10a)

1
= <0 (2.10b)

= = + >0 (2.10c)

= = 2 < 0 (2.10d)

1
= ( ) = +2 > 0 (2.10e)

Where is the complex propagation constant, is the phase constant, is

the characteristic impedance, the phase velocity , and the group velocity of an
infinitesimal section z.
28
The characteristics of the LH TL from the above equations that the
characteristic impedance is positive, the phase constant is negative, and the
phase velocity ( ), and then the group velocity ( ) are anti-parallel. For the phase
velocity ( ), associated with the direction of phase propagation, it is negative,
whereas the group velocity ( ), associated with the direction of the power flow
(Poynting vector S), is positive.
2.5. Composite Right/Left Handed (CRLH) TL.

The purely LH structure does not exist, the wave propagate in the LH TL, the
parasitical RH effect cannot be avert and a real LH structure necessarily includes
( , ). Therefore, a CRLH structure represents the most general form of a structure
with LH attributes. The general CRLH TL model shown in Fig. 2.7, consists of an
inductance in series with a capacitance and a shunt capacitance in parallel
with an inductance , while is the unit cell length.
Fig. 2.7: Composite Right/Left handed (CRLH) TL.
2.6. Dispersion Diagrams

The complex propagation constant of the TL is given by = + =
where and are the per-unit length impedance and per-unit length admittance,
respectively. In the case of the CRLH TL, and are defined as [18]
29
1
= ( ) (2.11a)

1
= ( ) (2.11b)

Introduce some variables
1
= (2.12a)

1
= (2.12b)

The series and shunt resonance frequencies
1
= (2.13a)

1
= (2.13a)

By inserting Eq. (2.11) into Eq. (2.9) and taking the sign change of the phase
velocity for LHM into consideration, the following explicit expression is obtained
for the phase constant ():
1 LR CR
() = s()2 LR CR + ( ) (2.14)
2 LL CL LL CL
Where
1 if < se = min(se , sh )
S() = { (2.15)
+1 if < sh = max(se , sh )
30
Fig. 2.8 (a), (b), and (c) shows the dispersion diagram of a PRH TL, PLH
TL, and CRLH TL, respectively [18]. The group velocity ( = /) and phase
velocity ( = /) of these TLs can be deduced from the dispersion diagram. These
diagrams show that and for a PRH TL are parallel ( > 0), while and
for a PLH TL are antiparallel ( < 0). In addition, the CRLH TLs dispersion
diagram shows that it has an LH ( < 0) and RH ( > 0) region.
Fig. 2.8 (c) also shows the stop band that occurs when is purely real for a
CRLH TL. At low frequencies, the impedance of LR is much small than that of CL ,
and the admittance of CR is much small than that of LL . At high frequencies CRLH
TL becomes equivalent to a pure RH TL with the linear dispersion diagram, the gap
in the dispersion diagram, corresponding to a stop band, is due to the different series
and shunt resonance frequencies and . When it occurs, the CRLH TL is said
to be unbalanced.
Fig. 2.8: Dispersion diagrams for the TLs: (a) Homogeneous RH TL.
(b) Homogeneous LH TL. (c) Homogeneous CRLH TL (unbalanced).
31
2.7. Balanced and Unbalanced Condition of CRLH TL
The balanced condition when the and are equal, in this case the
stop band disappears and an infinite wavelength ( < /4). Fig. 2.9. Shows the
balanced case and the equivalent circuit model.
= LR CL = LL CR (2.16)
The frequency of maximum attenuation 0 can be derived as the root of the

derivative of the complex propagation constant [1]:
2

2 3
= ()
(2.17)
2 2
( ) +() 2

Yielding,
1
0 = = 4
(2.18)
LR CL LL CR
Fig. 2.9: The balanced CRLH TL. (a) Simplified equivalent circuit model.
(b) Dispersion diagram.
As a result, unlike the unbalanced cases, the stop-band vanishes in the balanced
cases because is always purely imaginary.
32
Even if is zero at 0 , which corresponds to an infinite guided wavelength
(g = 2/||), wave propagation still occurs due to the fact that g is nonzero at 0 .
Moreover, the phase shift for a CRLH TL of length is zero at 0 , while Phase
advance ( > 0) occurs in the LH frequency range ( < 0 ), and phase delay ( <
0) occurs in the RH frequency range ( > 0 ).
According to above state, the characteristic impedance of a TL is given by
0 = / the characteristic impedance of the CRLH TL then becomes [19]:
2 1
( ) = (2.19)
2 1
The balanced condition

( ) = (2.20)

The constitutive parameters of a CRLH material, As noted above, the

propagation constant of a TL is = = / , and the propagation constant of
a material is = , the following relation can be set up [18]:
2 = (2.21)
The TLs characteristic impedance 0 = / can be related to the

materials the following relation:

= (2.22)

Consequently, the equivalent permittivity and permeability of a CRLH

MTMs are given by:
1
= = (2.23a)

33
1
= = (2.23b)

2.8. LC Network Implementation

The effectively homogeneous CRLH TL that operating in a limited frequency
range can be realized by using the form of a ladder network structure, it can be
constructed by cascading the LC unit cell. The periodicity is preferred for
computational and fabrication appropriate of the CRLH TL. Fig. 2.10. Shows the
LC network-based CRLH TL, when comparing the circuit models in Fig. 2.10, with
the circuit models in Fig. 2.7, it is noted that the incremental circuit model of Fig.
2.10, has an infinitesimal physical length of z (m), the LC unit cell has the phase
constant can be described in terms of its electrical length, = (rad). A practical
implementation of the inductors and capacitors are used and associated with a
physical length , under the condition that = z0.
Fig. 2.10 (b). Shows the ideal homogeneous CRLH TL of the length l by using
cascading the LC unit cell with the homogeneity condition ( 0).
(a) (b)
Fig. 2.10: LC-based CRLH TL. (a) Unit cell. (b) LC periodic network
equivalent to a homogeneous CRLH TL
of length d for = 0.
34
The physical components capacitances (R and L ) and inductances (R and
L ), are used to realized the LC network. Distributed components can be
implemented through, stripline, microstrip, coplanar waveguide, or another
technology. One of the distributed component based 1-D CRLH TL on microstrip
with interdigital capacitors and stub inductors connected to the ground plane as
shown in the Fig. 2.11. The equivalent circuit model of the unit cell of the structure
shown in Fig. 2.7, the LH as represented by interdigital capacitors and stub inductors,
the RH capacities R is attributed to the capacitance between the trace and the ground
plane and the magnetic flux generated by the current flow in the digits of the
interdigital capacitor is represented the RH inductance R .
Fig. 2.11: 24 unit-cells microstrip CRLH TL based on Figure 2.7.

(a) Photograph of prototype. (b) Unit cell used for parameter extraction [18].
35
2.9. [ABCD] Matrix Analysis
The Y, Z and S parameter can be used to characterize a microwave network
with the numbers of ports. The [ABCD] matrix used for analysis of the periodic LC
network of CRLH TL cascade connection of two or more two- port network, One of
the important feature of [ABCD] parameters in microwave circuit analysis is its
simplicity in cascaded circuits. The transmission [ABCD] matrix for the two-port
network represented in Fig. 2.12. It relates the input current and voltage to the output
current and voltage in the following:

[ ]=[ ][ ] (2.24)

Fig. 2.12: The ABCD matrix for a two port network.
The cascade connection of N two-port networks shown in Fig. 2.13, and the [N
N N N ] matrix as:

N
[ N ] = [ ] (2.25)
N N
=1
If all the two-port networks are identical, [k k k k ] = [ABCD], then (2.25) can
be modified as:
36
N N
[ ]= [ ] (2.26)
N N
1 1 2 2 k k
Port 1 + [ ] [ ] [ ] +
Port N
1 1 2 2 k k
Fig. 2.13: Cascade connection of N- port networks by the [A B C D] matrix.
The unit cell CRLH TL introduce mismatch at the connection with external
ports. In order to avoid this problem, can be used the symmetric CRLH TL as shown
in Fig. 2.14 (b). The input impedance and the output impedances of the symmetric
configuration are the same. Asymmetric structure the input impedance and the
output impedance are not the same as shown in Fig. 2.14 (a) [19].
Fig. 2.14: Cascade connection of N- port networks by the [A B C D] matrix

(a) Asymmetric CRLH TL networks. (b) Symmetric CRLH TL networks.
37
The ABCD parameters of the unit cell as shown in Fig. 2.15, is given as follows:

1 0 1
[ ] = [1 2] [ ][ 2]
1
0 1 0 1

1+ (1 + )
2 4
=[ ] (2.27)
1+
2
Fig. 2.15: The symmetric unit cell CRLH TL.
The ideal homogeneous CRLH TL can be formed by cascading the LC unit cell
with the homogeneity condition p0, the LC-based CRLH TL is the effectively
homogeneous when the unit cell is smaller than the guided wavelength < /4,
then the electrical length of the unit cell is smaller than /2.
To determine the dispersion relation of a periodic LC network CRLH TL, the
periodic boundary conditions (PBCs) are applied to the unit cell represented by its
[ABCD] matrix, the propagation term p , where = + j is the complex
propagation constant of the wave traveling along the line [19]:
38
p
[ ]=[ ][ ]= [ ][ ] (2.28)
p
We rewrite the Equation. (2.28) in the form of the following homogeneous linear
system:
p 0
[ p ] [ ] = [ ] (2.29)
0
For a nontrivial solution, the determinant of the above matrix must vanish
+ 2p ( + ) p = 0 (2.30)
Since AD - BC = 1, equation (2.23) becomes
1 + 2p ( + ) p = 0 (2.31a)
p p = + (2.31b)
+
cosh() = (2.32)
2
Consequently, by applying periodic boundary conditions (PBCs) related to

Bloch-Floquet theorem, the dispersion relation of the periodic LC network CRLH
TL can be given by:
1
= 1 (1 + ) (2.33)
2
Then, (2.33) can be divided into the following two equations
1
= 1 (1 + ) (2.34a)
2
1
= 1 (1 + ) (2.34b)
2
39
If the electrical length of the LC unit cell is small, e.g. || = | | =<< 1,
by applying the Taylor approximationcos( ) 1 ( )2 /2 , (2.34b) becomes:
[()]2
1 1+ (2.35)
2 2
By inserting (2.11) into (2.35), with CRLH TL parameters ( , , and

) is given by:
1 LR CR
() = s()2 LR CR + ( ) (2.36)
2 LL CL LL CL
2.10. Conclusion
In this chapter, the fundamental properties of MTM were discussed, such as
a left-handed material (LHM) (with simultaneously negative dielectric permittivity
and negative magnetic permeability), Negative Refractive Index (NRI), and
discussed how to implement the transmission line which has the characteristics of
CRLH. Some of the concepts were discussed, such as dispersion diagrams, balanced
and unbalanced condition, and last the periodic structure of the LC network were
presented.
40
Chapter 3: Analysis and Design of Backward Directional Coupler.
Chapter 3
Analysis and Design of Backward
Directional Coupler
41
3. Chapter 3
Analysis and Design of Backward
Directional Coupler
3.1. Introduction
The planar passive components was developed in the 1950s, when Barret and
Barnes invented a symmetrical stripline, After that, Wheeler and others introduced
the directional couplers [20]. The directional couplers are circuits that are
fundamental in most optical communications systems and microwave bands. A
directional couples is a device qualified for extracting a part of a signal that travels
over a transmission line.
The coupled line is two unshielded transmission lines are placed in close
proximity to each other, a part of the power present on the main line is coupled to
the secondary line. Coupled lines have several forms, depending on the application
and consist of two transmission lines, but may be contain more than two lines. When
coupled lines placed close proximity to each other the electromagnetic fields can
interact, the separation between the lines are used to achieve the strong
electromagnetic interactions. When one port excited with a known signal a part of
this signal appears at other ports, this phenomenon is called coupling, it is used to
realizing several important microwave circuit functions, such as directional couplers,
filters, the coupled line length usually being approximately a quarter-wave long
(/4) [4].
Fig. 3.1, is shown the several types of coupled transmission lines are classified
according to transmission line used.
42
Fig. 3.1: Coupled transmission lines: (a) coaxial lines, (b) striplines, (c)
microstrip lines, and (d) broadside striplines.
3.2. Directional Coupler Types

There are classified as two main types, (1) backward and (2) forward
directional couplers. Each type has marvelous features and appropriate in specific
applications. Table 3.1 shows a comparison between the parameters of the most
common types of a coupler, Fig. 3.2, shows the schematic diagram of the popular
coupler types.
Table 3. 1: Summarize the main features of the coupler types
Features Branch-line coupler Coupled line coupler
Coupling High (-3dB) Low (<-10dB)
Directivity High (>25dB) Poor (<10dB)
Fabrication easy easy
BW Narrow band (15%) Wide band (>25%)
Size big big
43
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 3.2: Coupler types, (a) Backward directional coupler, (b) Branch-line
coupler, (c) Ring coupler.
3.3. Directional Couplers Applications [21]
1) Directional couplers are used to accurately sample the directional power flow
in a transmission line. In conjunction with a calibrated detector or a power
bridge, an accurate, continuous measurement of power flow can be obtained.
In this function directional couplers can be an essential part of system BITE
(built in test equipment).
2) Frequency measurement can be made on a continuous basis when the coupled

sample is fed to a suitable frequency counter or equivalent.
44
3) Continuous power reflection measurements such as might result from antenna

misalignments can be made using couplers as reflectometers. The power source
is fed to the main line output port and the coupler main line input port is
connected to the load (antenna). Reflected power will thus be coupled to the
forward coupled output where it can be monitored.
4) Power leveling can be performed when the coupled output of a directional

coupler is used in conjunction with a modulator or a PIN attenuator as a part of
a leveling loop.
5) Signal injection can be obtained by feeding the injectable signal into the
mainline via the coupled port. The direction of the inserted signal power flow
depends on the coupler polarity in the transmission line.
6) Frequency stabilization can be obtained when the coupler output is used as the
input to an AFC (automatic frequency control) loop.
3.4. Backward Directional coupler

When the coupling takes place in the backward direction on the coupled line is
called backward directional coupler as shown in Fig. 3.3, if power is incident at port
1, coupled to port 3. The maximum coupling between ports 1 and 3 ( 1 and 3 )
takes place at a frequency where the coupler is a quarter-wavelength. The electrical
length of a coupler varies with frequency. Each coupled line is a quarter-wavelength
at the center frequency and has different even and odd-mode impedances. The two
main important factors that characterize a backward directional coupler are its
coupling and directivity.
45
Fig. 3.3: Four ports backward directional coupler.
3.4.1. Directional Couplers Characterization

The directional coupler has four ports, defined as 1 input port the signal
injected through it, 2 through which the output signal appears, 3 coupled port is
obtain a sample of the input signal and 4 is the isolated port, the load impedance
must be about a 50 ohm. Fig. 3.4, is shown the basic operation of a directional
coupler [22].
Fig. 3.4: The operations of a directional coupler.
46
The performance of directional couplers is characterized by the three values,
the coupling, the directivity and isolation.
3.3.1.1 The Coupling
Coupling is defined as the ratio between the power coming through input
port 1 and coupling port 3 .

Coupling (dB) = 10 log( 1 ) = 20 log |S13 | (3.1)
3
A directional coupler can be manufactured with the use of suitable

technology, depending on the application, the operating frequency, size or power to
be transmit. However, all technologies are based on the same concept for transferring
power from the input to the coupled port. Therefore, the value of coupling is
depending on the frequency.
3.3.1.2 The Directivity

Directivity is a measure of the preferential coupling of the energy from the
mainline to the coupled port in the forward direction compared to that in the reverse
with all ports terminated in matched loads. Also it is the ratio of the power out of the
coupling port P3 to the power out of the isolation port P4.

Directivity (dB) = 10 log( 3 ) = 10 log( 1 ) 10 log( 1 ) (3.2)
4 3 4
Directivity (dB) = Isolation (dB) - Coupling (dB).
3.3.1.2 Isolation
Isolation is the ratio of the input power P1 to the power out of the isolated port
P4, can be expressed as:

Coupling (dB) = 10 log( 1 ) = 20 log |14 | (3.3)
4
3.4.2. Coupled Line Theory

Coupled transmission lines appear as a result of two unshielded transmission
lines that are close together, due to the power can be coupled between the lines occur
47
the interaction of the electromagnetic fields of each line. In our study, we focus on
the study of microstrip as shown in Fig. 3.5.
Fig. 3.5: Coupled microstrip.
The coupled transmission lines are operating in the TEM mode, the electrical
characteristics of the coupled lines can be determined from the velocity of
propagation on the line and the effective capacitances between the lines. As shown
in the Fig. 3.6, 12 represents the capacitance between the two strip conductors, as
the same time as 11 and 22 are represents the capacitance between one strip
conductor and the ground conductor. Supposing that the two strips are equal in
dimension and location, in relation to the ground one we can further say that 11 =
22 . We are considering the ground conductor to be the third one for this conductors
often assumed role in many applications as the ground plane of a stripline or a
microstrip circuit [5].
Fig. 3.6: A three-wire coupled transmission line and its equivalent

capacitance network.
According to special two types of excitations for the coupled line the electric
field is distributed on it, this types known as the even - odd mode, the electric field
lines for these two modes are sketched in Fig 3.7. The even mode, where the currents
48
in the strip conductors are the same direction and equal in amplitude, and the odd
mode, where the currents in the strip conductors are opposite directions and equal in
amplitude.
Fig. 3.7: Even- and odd-mode excitations for a coupled line, and the resulting
equivalent capacitance networks. (a) Even-mode excitation.
(b) Odd-mode excitation.
For the even mode, no current flows between the two strip conductors and, the
electric field has even symmetry about the center line, the effectively open-circuited
is 12 . The even mode resulting capacitance of either line to ground is e = 11 =
22 , and the following characteristic impedance
1
0 = = = (3.4)

Where is the phase velocity of propagation on the line, and 0 is the

characteristic impedance of the even mode.
49
For the odd mode, the electric field lines have an odd symmetry about the
center line, and a voltage null exists between the two strip conductors. The effective
capacitance between a strip conductor and the ground one as it follows
o = 11 + 212 = 22 + 212 (3.5)
The characteristic impedance for the odd mode 0 is
1
0 = (3.6)

3.4.3. Design of Backward Directional Coupler

For design of backward directional coupler can be apply an even-odd mode
analysis to a length of coupled line to infer the design equations. Fig. 3.8, shows a
single section coupled line coupler and the schematic diagram of the circuit.
Fig. 3.8 : A single section coupled line coupler. (a) Geometry and port
designations. (b) The schematic circuit.
When excited the coupled line directional coupler at port 1 and terminated with
0 at all ports, for this problem apply the even- odd mode analysis technique with
the input impedance of the line, Instead of the reflection and transmission
50
coefficients of the line. So by superposition, the excitation at port 1 in Fig 3.8, the
sum of the even- odd-mode excitations shown in Fig 3.9. By symmetry [5]:
3 = 1 , 4 = 2 (3.7a)
3 = 1 , 4 = 2 (3.7b)
For the odd
3 = 1 , 4 = 2 (3.8a)
3 = 1 , 4 = 2 (3.8b)
By definition
1 1 +1
= = (3.9)
1 1 +1

If we let be the input impedance at port 1 for the even mode, and be the
input impedance for the odd mode, then we have:
0 +0 tan
= 0 (3.10a)
0 0 tan
0 +0 tan
= 0 (3.10b)
0 0 tan
Then by voltage division

1 = 0 (3.11a)
+0

1 = 0 + (3.11b)
0
0
1 = + (3.11c)
0
0
1 = (3.11d)
+0
Using these results in (3.9) yields
51

( +0 )+ ( +0 ) 2( 02 )
= + +2 = 0 + + +2 (3.12)
0 0
If we let
0 = 0 0 (3.13)
Leads to
= 0 (3.14)
That is, with (3.13) then port 1 is matched and given the symmetry of
structure, all ports will then be matched.
Fig. 3.9: The coupled line coupler circuit of Fig 3.8, into even- and odd-
mode excitations. (a) Even mode. (b) Odd mode [5].
Now if (3.13) is satisfied we will get
1 = (3.15a)
1 2
2 = 2 + 2 = 0 1 2 (3.15b)
+
52

3 = 0 1 2 (3.15c)
+
4 = 4 + 4 = 4 4 = 0 (3.15d)
Fig. 3.10, shown the plot of the coupled and through port voltages versus
frequency, at very low frequencies ( <</2), virtually all power is transmitted
through port 2, with none being coupled to port 3, at high frequencies ( = /2), the
coupling to port 3 maximum value, for = /2, the coupler is /4:
3
= (3.16)

2
= 1 2 (3.17)

When the coupling factor C and the characteristic impedance 0 are specified,
then the even-and odd mode characteristic impedances is:
1+
0 = 0 (3.18a)
1
1
0 = 0 (3.18b)
1+
53
Fig. 3.10: Coupled and through port voltage.
Assumed that the even and odd modes of the coupled line structure have equal
velocities of propagation for the above analysis, and the line has the same electrical
length for both modes. When microstrip is used in backward couplers, however, the
directivity is generally poor because the even- and odd-mode phase velocities of
coupled microstrip lines are unequal.
3.5. Conclusion
In this chapter the theory and design parallel coupled directional couplers were
discussed. Simple analytical expressions for the design of single-section couplers
were presented. The four-port directional coupler can be obtained by properly
choosing of the even- odd mode impedance of the coupled lines, and last the
important characteristic and some applications of the directional coupler were
presented.
54
Chapter 4: Performance of Microstrip Coupled Line Couplers Using Two Different
Structures.
Chapter 4
Performance of Microstrip Coupled
Line Couplers Using Two Different
Structures
55
Structures.
4. Chapter 4
Performance of Microstrip Coupled
Lines Couplers Using Two
Different Structures
4.1. Introduction
Directional couplers with microstrip coupled transmission line are widely used
in microwave and RF applications, such as measurement systems, mixers, antennas
[23]. The directivity of the coupled line coupler is poor, because since it has an
inhomogeneous medium (air and dielectric substrate), this leads to odd and even
phase velocity are not equal [24]. Several methods have been used to enhance the
directivity of coupled line coupler such as, multilayer microstrip configuration [25],
lumped element compensation [24][26], an Inductor loaded microstrip directional
[27], metamaterial [28], epsilon negative transmission line (ENG) [29], coupled line
coupler with tight coupling [23] etc.
This chapter is a comparative study for two types of backward directional
coupler deals with enhancement the directivity of the coupled line, by using Epsilon
Negative Transmission line (ENG) [29], and coupled line coupler with tight coupling
[23], which are the best methods used to improve the directivity of the coupled line
coupler, also the coupled line with tight coupling improve the coupled factor, the
schematic diagram of both the two coupled line is shown in Fig.4.1.
56
Structures.
Fig. 4.1: (a) Backward coupler using ENG transmission lines (b) Backward
coupler using tight coupling.
4.2. Theory of ENG Transmission Line Coupler

When the coupling of ENG transmission line is decreased the directivity is
deteriorated while the dielectric permittivity is increased [30]. The equality of even
and oddmode phase velocities by using ENG leads to theoretically infinite
directivity of the coupled line [29]. Based on metamaterials that have simpler
structures, they have two type of TL:
1- The Epsilon Negative transmission line (ENG). A unit cell that is constituted
of a series inductance and shunt LC resonator.
2- The Mu Negative transmission line (MNG). A unit cell that is constituted of
series LC resonator and a- shunt capacitance.
Propagation constant of a TL is given by
= = , (4.1)
Where , are the per-unit length impedance and admittance, respectively.
= (4.2)
57
Structures.
1
() = ( ) (4.3a)

1
() = ( ) (4.3b)

When the series and shunt resonator
= (4.4)
From equation (4.1) and (4.2)
2 = (4.5)
Similarly, the TLs characteristic impedance 0 = / can be related to the

materials intrinsic impedance :

= (4.6)

When 0 = then

/ = (4.7)

From equations (4.5) and (4.7)

= (4.8)

Substitute (4.8) in (4.5)

= (4.9a)

= (4.9a)

Substitute (4.3) in (4.9) then the effective permittivity and permeability of

the ENG transmission line are:
58
Structures.
1
= (4.10a)
2
1
= (4.10b)
2
Fig. 4.2, shows the equivalent circuit model of the unit cell of the ENG
transmission line coupler, (a) for even mode and (b) for odd mode, which consists
of a series inductance ( ), shunt resonator ( ), coupling capacitance ( ) and
mutual inductance ( ).
Fig. 4.2: (a) Equivalent circuit model of: (a) even and (b) odd mode for the
unit cell [29].
According to the periodic boundary condition [31]. By using Bloch and Floquet
theory the phase constant to the unit cell is given by the following equation:
1
= 1 {1 (2 )} (4.11)
2
Where represents the phase constant of the unit cell, and () is the length of the
unit cell.
59
Structures.
For the symmetric structure parallel coupled line usually assumed the (even
odd) mode phase velocities are the same and the electrical length for both mode are
equal ( = ) and 14 = 0.
The directivity of the coupled line coupler can be calculated as [29]:
13
= 20 (4.12)
14
The characteristic impedances of the (even - odd) modes are calculated as the
following equations:
2 ( +2 )
= = (4.13a)
2 1
2
= = (4.13b)
2 ( +2 )1
()
= 10( 20
)
(4.14)
Where C: is the coupling factor, and the phase constant of the even-odd mode
can be calculated as:

= = = (4.15)

Fig. 4.3, shows all the parameters of the unit cell of ENG transmission line
coupler.
60
Structures.
Fig. 4.3: Microstrip implementation of the ENG coupler unit cell.
To implement the microstrip of the ENG parallel coupled line coupler with
enhanced directivity the following steps should be used:
Calculate and from equation (4.13) and calculate the value of

= = .
2
Determine , , by the following equations:
Zeven = 2[cos( ) 1]Zoe (4.16a)
Zodd = 2[cos( ) 1]ZOo (4.16b)
2[cos( )1]
Yeven = (4.16c)
Zoe
2[cos( )1]
Yodd = (4.16a)
ZOo
61
Structures.
Determine the values of equivalent circuit model parameter by the follows
equations:
Zodd
LR = (4.17a)
jw
Zeven+Zodd
Lm = (4.17b)
2jw
Yodd +Yeven
Cm = (4.17c)
2jw
1jwLL Yeven
CR = (4.17d)
w2 LL
Substitute the value of Lm , Cm and LR in the follows equations to calculate S,

w1 , 1 where Co , Ce related to geometrical parameters [32]:
1
Cm = [C ( ) Ce (r )] (4.18)
2 0 r
o o 1 1
Lm = [ ] (4.19)
2 C e ( r = 1 ) C 0 ( r = 1 )
+
( ) = 2 104 [ln ( ) + 1.193 + 0.2235 ] (4.20)
+

= 0.57 0.145 ln ( ) (4.21)

\
Determine the capacitance of coupled line section of the unit cell use the
follows equation, note that the length of the coupled line (1 ) was determined
in the previous step :

() = 16.67 104 (4.22)
0
62
Structures.
\
Total capacitance of the unit cell is represented by CR , Subtract form
\\
total capacitance CR to determine the capacitance of stub .
Choose a suitable value of inductance for stub (LL ).
Use (4.22) to determine the value of the length stub 2 by using the value of
\\
and substitute the value of 2 and LL in (20) to determine w2 .
Fig. 4.4, shows the layout of the ENG transmission line coupler with five unit
cell, four ports (p ) and the length of coupled line coupler (c ).
Fig. 4. 4: Layout of a five-unit-cell ENG parallel coupled line coupler.
63
Structures.
Table.4.1 and Table. 4.2, show the parameters of the equivalent circuit model
and the physical lengths of the ENG parallel coupled line coupler.
Table 4.1: Characterization of the ENG parallel coupled line coupler.
Parameter value
69.3707 ()
36.0383 ()
6.5 (nH)
0.8972 (nH)
Lm /2 0.2075 (nH)
1.3331 (pF)
0.1660 ()
Table 4.2: Initial and final values of the ENG coupler dimensions.
Dimensions(mm) Initial value Final value
0.2 0.4
1 5.4 5.4
2 3 3
1 6.5 7
2 20 21.1
29.6 29.6
40 43
5 5
Radius of via 0.5 0.5
holes
64
Structures.
4.3. Theory of Coupled-Line Coupler with Tight Coupling
There is another design method to improve the directivity, and coupling factor,
by using coupled- line section with tight coupling coefficient, this method depends
on delay line, as shows in Fig. 4.5, the schematic diagram of the coupled line coupler
with tight coupling [23].
Fig. 4.5: Schematic diagram of the coupled-line coupler with tight coupling.
Where (1 , 1 ) and 1 (1 ) are represents the characteristic impedance and

electrical length of the even odd mode respectively, for the first section of the
coupler, where (2 , 2 ) and 2 (2 ) are represents the characteristic impedance
and electrical length of the even odd mode respectively, for the second section of
tight coupling. The scattering parameters of the coupled line coupler according to
the symmetrical planar and the input reflection coefficients evenodd mode
( , , , ) are represented by the following equations [33]:
+ + +
11 = 22 = 33 = 34 = (4.23a)
4
65
Structures.
+
21 = 12 = 43 = 34 = (4.23b)
4
+
31 = 42 = 13 = 24 = (4.23c)
4
+
41 = 32 = 23 = 14 = (4.23d)
4
The reflection coefficients of the transmission line theory is given by [1]:
1
= (4.24a)
+ 1
1
= (4.24b)
+ 1
1
= (4.24c)
+ 1
1
= (2.24d)
+ 1
Choose for designing the electrical length of the even odd mode is equal to
90 , arbitrary coupling coefficient of power division is equal (-3dB). Then 1 =
1 = 1 = 90 and 2 = 2 = 2 substitute 1 = 90 in the follows equations:
1 tan(1 ) tan(2 ) 2
= 1 (4.25a)
1 tan(2 ) + 2 tan(1 )
1 tan(1 ) + 2 tan(2 )
= 1 (4.25b)
1 2 tan(1 ) tan(2 )
66
Structures.
1 tan(1 ) tan(2 ) 2
= 1 (4.25c)
1 tan(2 ) + 2 tan(1 )
1 tan(1 ) + 2 tan(2 )
= 1 (4.25d)
1 2 tan(1 ) tan(2 )
To obtain:
1 2 tan(2 )
= (4.26a)
2
1 2
= (4.26b)
2 tan(2 )
1 2 tan(2 )
= (4.26c)
2
1 2
= (4.26d)
2 tan(2 )
For the perfect input port matching and isolation:

+ = 0 + = 0 combining that with (4.24) we can obtain:
1 = 1 (4.27)
The coupling and transmission parameters can be written as:

= (4.28)
( 1)
Where is the power dividing coefficient.

67
Structures.
By using equations (4.26), ( 4.27) and (4.28) we can obtain:
1 1 = 2 2 (4.29)
1 2 2 2 (2 ) + 1 2 2
= (4.30)
(1 4 2 2 )tan(2 )
By substitute (4.29) in (4.30) and use = ( (^2 4))/2 to get

2 &2 we can get:
2 ( 2 2 ) 4 ( 2 2 )2 6 2
1 1 1 + 2 1 1 1 41 1
2 = 2 (4.31a)
21 cot(2 )
2 ( 2 2 ) 4 ( 2 2 )2 6 2
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 41 1
2 = 2 (4.31b)
21 tan(2 )
Where 2 &2 are the characteristic impedances of the coupled section with
tight coupling and use the following equation to coupling coefficients of the two
coupled lines sections:

= = 1,2 (4.32)
+
Then by using equations (4.31), 1 & 1 , for the characteristic impedances

of section coupled line coupling can be calculated as:
1
[2 2 (2 ) + 2 ]2 + 4 2 2 (2 )2 2 + [2 2 (2 ) + 2 ]
= (4.33a)
2tan(2 )
68
Structures.
1
[2 2 (2 ) + 2 ]2 + 4 2 2 (2 )2 2 [2 2 (2 ) + 2 ]
= (4.33b)
2 ktan(2 )
Fig. 4.6, shows the layout of the coupled line coupler with tight coupling, to
design the coupler we use the following steps:
(1) Choose the suitable values of dielectric constant ( ) of the substrate material,
thickness (), determine the center frequency ( ) and power dividing
coefficient () according to the design.
(2) Choose the even-odd mode characteristic impedance 1 , 1 and the

electrical length (2 ) (convert that to physical dimensions) then by using
equation (4.31) to calculate the value of even- odd mode characteristic
impedance2 , 2 .
(3) The coupling coefficient 2 can be calculated by using equation (4.32) and
tune the physical dimensions to obtain high directivity.
Fig. 4.6: Layout of a coupled line with tight coupling.
69
Structures.
Table. 4.3, and Table. 4.4, show the parameters of the electrical and the
physical lengths of the ENG parallel coupled line coupler.
Table 4.3: Electrical parameter of the designed coupled line with tight coupling coupler.
Parameter value
1 90
2 48
1 100
1 41
2 107.96
2 62
Table 4.4: Initial and final values of physical parameter of the designed coupled line with tight
coupling coupler.
Dimensions(mm) Initial value Final value

0.3 0.4
1 2.6 2.7
2 1.7 1.9
1 23 25
2 14 14
20 20
5 5
70
Structures.
4.4. Simulation and Measurement Results
4.4.1. Simulation Software Used for the Study
Three Simulation packages are used for carrying out the study of this section,
two of them are field simulators (CST, HFSS) and third one is basically circuit
simulator (ADS). Table 4.5, summarizes the main differences between these
software.
Table 4.5: The comparison between the simulations programs (HFSS, CST and ADS) [34].
Software Numerical
Analysis Structures Simulation Time
package Method
CST Field Complex 3D Longer FDTD
HFSS Field Complex 3D Longer FEM
ADS Circuit/Field Simple 2D Fast MoM
4.4.2. Simulation and measurement results for ENG transmission line coupler
From the calculated results shown in Table.4.1, and Table.4.2, the coupled line
coupler with ENG transmission line coupler was designed with dielectric constant
( = 2.65), thickness of ( = 2 ), coupling factor ( = 10 ), number of
unit cells ( = 5) and center frequency at ( = 2 ). The design was simulated
by the three software simulators (HFSS, CST), as full wave simulators, and ADS as
circuit simulator. Fig. 4.7, and Fig. 4.8, Compares the obtained results of (11 , 12 )
and (13 , 14 ) magnitudes respectively. Table. 4.6, shows a comparison of the
simulated results, using CST, HFSS, ADS, with the measured valued that were used
to design ENG transmission line coupler.
71
Structures.
Fig. 4.7: Comparison between the full wave simulation (HFSS, CST),
and circuit simulation ADS results, S11 and S12
for ENG transmission line coupler.
72
Structures.
and circuit simulation ADS results, S13 and S14
for ENG transmission line coupler.
Table 4. 6: Shows comparison of simulated results, using CST, HFSS and ADS that were
used for designing ENG transmission line coupler.
Parameters HFSS CST ADS Measured
results [29]
() 2.1 1.95 2 1.95
(S11 ) dB@ -55 -43 -50 -48
(S12 ) dB@ -6 -6 -6 -6
(S13 ) dB@ -10.08 -10 -9 -10.08
(S14 ) dB@ -57 -53 -43 -51
73
Structures.
4.4.3. Simulation and Measurement Results for Coupled Line Coupler with
Tight Coupling
From the calculated results that shown in Table. 4.3, and Table. 4.4, the coupled
line coupler with tight coupling was designed with dielectric constant ( = 2.65),
thickness of ( = 2 ), and center frequency at ( = 2 ). By manually
chosen parameters as port impedance = 50, even-odd mode characteristic
impedance 1 = 100, 1 = 41 and the electrical length (1 = 90 , 2 = 41 ).
The design was simulated by the two software simulator (HFSS, CST), as full wave
simulators. Fig. 4.9, and Fig. 4.10, shows the Comparison results of (11 , 12 ) and
(13 , 14 ) magnitudes respectively. Table. 4.7, shows a comparison of the simulated
results, using CST, HFSS and the measurement that were used to designing coupled
line with tight coupling coupler .
results. S11 and S12 for coupled line with tight coupling coupler.
74
Structures.
with the measurement results S13 and S14 for coupled line with tight
coupling coupler.
Table 4.7: Shows comparison of the simulated results, using CST, HFSS and the measured
results that were used for designing of the designed coupled line with
tight coupling coupler.
Parameters HFSS CST Measured
results [23]
() 1.85 1.87 1.87
(S11 )dB@ -55 -43 -43
(S12 )dB@ -2.5 -2.5 -2.5
(S13 )dB@ -3.2 -3.5 -4
(S14 )dB@ -32 -37 -41
75
Structures.
One point should be mentioned her that it was very hard to use ADS for
simulating such coupler due to:
(1) Strong coupling (two coupled line).
(2) Large number of discontinuities.
4.5. Comparative Study between the Two Designs by Using

Different Simulation Tools
The simulation results for the two designs were compared with the measured
values included in [23]-[29], that were used as a reference results, the two designs
has the same dielectric material ( = 2.65), substrate thickness (h = 2mm) and
frequency work at 2GHz.
From Fig. 4.7, and Fig. 4.9, it is observed that, highest directivity for the two
designs, ENG is good result (45dB) compared with (43dB) for published result in
[29], and a small shift in frequency at (1.85GHz) for the coupled line coupler with
tight coupling. The measured and simulation results of the two designs enhanced the
directivity. The ENG transmission line coupler have highest (45dB), (-50dB), for the
directivity and an isolation, respectively and good coupling results for the coupled
line coupler with tight coupling (-3dB).
As shown in Fig. 4.8, the ENG coupler had good isolation (S14 = -50dB), when
compared with the isolation of the coupler with tight coupling line (S14 = -30dB),
that shown in Fig. 4.10. However, the coupler with tight coupling was more compact
in size compared with ENG coupler, more details about this comparison is shown in
table. 4.8.
76
Structures.
Table 4.8: The comparison between the ENG transmission line and the coupled line with
tight coupling.
Property ENG transmission Coupled line with
line coupler tight coupling
Holes Holes in stubs Without holes
Unit cell Unit cell Without unit cell
Symmetric structure Symmetric Symmetric
Power dividing Not power dividing Power dividing
Area (22.96 2 ) (17.29 2 )
Structure Complex Simple
4.6. Conclusion
In this chapter, a comparative study between the ENG transmission line coupler
and the coupled line coupler with tight coupling were presented. In general the
directivity is high for both the two designs, but the area of ENG transmission line
coupler is larger than the coupled line with tight coupling, but for both the designs a
relatively large. The tight design is characterized by both the division of power
which is required in many applications and easiness for design. The ENG
transmission line coupler is characterized by using a closed formula for the accurate
design, it has also best isolation (S14 ) result, but it is complex in implementation due
to containing holes and stubs.
77
Chapter 5: Proposed Backward Directional Coupler Based on CRLH.
Chapter 5
Proposed Backward Directional
Coupler Based on CRLH
78
5. Chapter 5
Proposed Backward Directional
Coupler Based on CRLH
5.1. Introduction
In the previous chapter two types of backward directional coupler were
discussed and the area of two designs is relatively large. In this chapter, the proposed
compact microstrip CRLH TL is presented. Note on HTS and other work in this
chapter to enhance the performance of backward directional Coupler and reduce the
size of the coupler.
In recent years, numerous microstrip types of CRLH TLs have been introduced
[35], [36]. Since this planar type of 1D- CRLH TL can be easily fabricated and has
a wide range of applications, different microwave/RF devices such as filters [37],
power dividers [38], backward wave antennas [39] and couplers have been reported
[40].
5.2. Previous Work

5.2.1. Metamaterial Coupled Line Coupler
Conventional coupled line couplers exhibit the advantage of broad bandwidth
(typically more than 25%) but can achieve only loose coupling levels (typically less
than 10 dB) in the case of edge-coupled configurations. The CRLH of a symmetric
coupled line coupler with interdigital/stub is shown in Fig. 5.1, This substitution
results in unique tight edge-coupled line coupler, achieve arbitrarily high (up to
almost 0 dB) coupling level [40].
79
Fig. 5.1: Nine-cell quasi-0-dB backward coupled-line directional CRLH

coupler prototype [37].
The equivalent circuit model for a unit cell of the CRLH coupler is shown in
Fig. 5.2, with decomposition into the corresponding even and odd equivalent
circuits. Because the topologies of both of these circuits are identical to those of the
standard CRLH TL under the substitutions [1]:
+ 2 = ( ), (5.1)
+ 2 = ( ), (5.1)
Where and are the mutual inductance and coupling capacitance,

respectively. The even/odd (fictitious) TLs can be completely characterized by using
the theory developed in Chapter 2. Thus, the even/odd characteristic impedances i
(i = e; o) are given by:
1 2 1 (/, )2
= = (5.2)
1 2 1 (/, )2
80
1 2 1 (/, )2
= = (5.2)
1 2 1 (/, )2
Fig. 5.2: Equivalent circuit model for the CRLH coupler and corresponding
even/odd-mode TL models [40].
Where R has been replaced by Re = R +2M and R has been replaced by

Ro = R +2M , M and M being the mutual inductance and coupling capacitance,
respectively.
If the initial CRLH unit cell is balanced, then the coupler to be matched at all
ports, in this case the characteristic impedance of the even CRLH unit cell will be
inductive, while the characteristic impedance of the odd CRLH unit cell will be
capacitive. This is illustrated in Fig. 5.3, where the real and imaginary parts of e
and o are plotted in Fig. 5.3 (a) and (b), respectively, while their multiplication
product is plotted in Fig. 5.4. The product e o is observed to be fairly constant
over a broad bandwidth.
81
Fig. 5.3: Circuit simulated even/odd characteristic impedances

(real/imaginary parts), (a) Even mode. (b) Odd mode [40].
Fig. 5.4: Circuit simulated even/odd characteristic impedances (magnitude).

Left-hand axis: magnitudes of the impedances. Right-hand axis:
square root of product of the impedances [40].
A microstrip edge coupled metamaterial CLC based on the CRLH unit cell was
proposed in [37], and shown in Fig. 5.1. The coupler utilizes nine CRLH unit cells
and the spacing between the lines (s) is set to 0.3 mm. The S-parameters of the
coupler are shown in Fig. 5.5, (b) and (c), where a coupling level of -2.5 dB is
achieved over a bandwidth extending from 3.2 to 4.5 GHz.
82
Fig. 5.5: S-parameter of coupler, (a) Measured and circuit simulated |11 | and
|12 |. (b) Measured and circuit simulated |13 | and |14 | [40].
5.2.2. Metamaterial CLC Based on Coupled Line CRLH (CL-CRLH) Unit

Cells
The analysis of Microstrip coupled line composite right/left-handed unit cell
was introduced in [41]. The application of the unit cell of the coupled line coupler
was presented in [42], and shown in Fig. 5.6. The coupler utilizes five CRLH unit
83
cells and the spacing between the lines (s) is set to 0.2 mm, the host line of unit cell
the width is 1.65 mm, the coupled lines lengths, widths, and separation are 22 mm,
1.7 mm, and 0.5 mm, respectively, The cell pitch is 10 mm so that the cell is much
smaller than the wavelength. The S-parameters of the coupler are shown in Fig. 5.7,
where a measured coupling level of -4 dB is achieved over a bandwidth extending
from 2.2 to 2.4 GHz.
Fig. 5.6: Photograph of the fabricated five-cell DC printed on the lower

substrate [42].
84
(a) (b)
Fig. 5.7: S-parameter of coupler, (a) Measured and circuit simulated |11 |
and|41 |. (b) Measured and circuit simulated |31 | and |21 | [42].
5.3. Proposed Compact CRLH Transmission Line Unit Cells

In recent years, an increased interest appeared in the scientific community for
the study of metamaterials. Metamaterials are artificially fabricated materials having
electromagnetic properties not present among natural ones. The most important
properties of the metamaterials are the Negative permittivity () and permeability
(), due to this marvelous property, it is used for implementation of some
applications, such as the enhancement performance of patch antennas [43], and
directional couplers [40]. Metamaterials are periodic structures formed by
symmetrical cells. Some designs of these unit cells were suggested using
conventional components, such as microwave short-open stubs, coupled lines [44],
interdigital capacitors, split ring resonators [45], and spiral inductors [46].
The most common microstrip type CRLH transmission line is designed using
interdigital capacitors to achieve the required capacitance, and shorted stub inductors
to achieve the required inductance [40]. The microstrip coupled line unit cells [41],
and the even/odd mode CRLH unit cells [47], are relatively large sizes.
In this section (5.3) the presented composite right-left-handed unit cells have
short stubs, coupled line and ground defects, it has a small size and easiness for
design.
85
5.3.1. Theory of CRLH TL
The propagation constant of the CRLH TL, can be obtained as follows [1]:
1
= ( ) (5.3)

1
Y = j (CR ) (5.3)
LL
Where Z and Y are the per-unit length impedance and admittance, respectively,
and the shunt and series resonance frequencies are given by:
1
shunt = (5.4)
LL CR
1
series = (5.4)
LR CL
Using equations 5.3 and 5.4 the complex propagation constant () is given by:
1 LR CR
( ) = s()2 LR CR + 2 ( ) (5.5)
LL C L LL C L
Where
1 if < series = min(series , shunt )
S () = { (5.6)
+1 if < shunt = max(series , shunt )
In the balanced case, the series and the shunt resonances are exactly equal to
each other at a certain frequency [19], and the transition from LH and RH occurs at
the transition frequency 0 which is given by:
1
0 = series shunt = 4
(5.7)

86
5.3.2. Structure of Unit Cell
The proposed unit cell is shown in Fig. 5.8. It consists of two short stubs ( 2 <
/4), open stubs coupled line ( 3 < /4), and slot line, where p is the length of the
unit cell. The equivalent circuit of the proposed unit cell is shown in Fig. 5.9, in this
equivalent circuit the short stubs provide the LH shunt inductance( ), the gaps
between the coupled transmission line provide the LH series capacitance . The
coupled line represents two open stubs ( 3 < /4). It has a parasitic shunt
capacitance ( ), that increases the shunt capacitance of the transmission line. To
overcome the effect of this shunt capacitance, defected ground slot lines have been
introduced in the ground plane as shown in Fig. 5.8 (b). The balanced condition has
been obtained and controlled by these defected slot lines as shown in Fig. 5.13. The
defected ground slot line is represented in the equivalent circuit by a tuned circuit
[48], which is consisting of the series inductance ( ), and the shunt capacitance
( ), as shown in Fig. 5.9. The equivalent circuit of CRLH unit cell, it consists of
two network symmetry, convert the network to T network by using the ABCD
parameters two-Port circuits [5], that is shown in Fig. 5.10. Z and Y are the series
impedance and shunt admittance.
87
Ground Slot line
P
(a)
(b)
Fig. 5.8: Proposed microstrip CRLH unit cell: (a) Top layer unit cell (b)
Bottom layer ground defects.
88
Fig. 5.9: Equivalent circuit of the proposed CRLH unit cell.
Z/4 Z/4 / / Z/4 Z/4
Y/2 Y/2
Fig. 5.10: Equivalent circuit of the series impedance and the shunt
admittance.
89
5.3.3. Dispersion Diagram
The periodic boundary conditions (PBCs) are applied to the unit cell
represented by its [ABCD] matrix, The ABCD parameters of the unit cell is given
as follows [1]:

1 0 1
[ ] = [1 2] [ ][ 2]
1
0 1 0 1

1+ (1 + )
2 4
=[ ] (5.8)
1+
2
That the phase constant for the symmetric CRLH unit cell is
1 1
= 1 (1 + )= 1 () (5.9)
2
The scattering matrix is the voltage wave incident on the ports to voltage wave
reflected form the ports. By using the relationship between scattering matrix and
[ABCD] matrix [19]:
(1 + 11 )(1 22 ) + 12 21
= (5.10)
221
(1 + 11 )(1 + 22 ) 12 21
= (5.10)
221
1 (1 11 )(1 22 ) 12 21
= (5.10)
0 221
(1 11 )(1 + 22 ) + 12 21
= (5.10)
221
The phase constant is given by:
90
(1 + 11 )(1 22 ) + 12 21
= 1 ( ) (5.11)
221
Fig. 5.11, shows the dispersion characteristics, the LH region is the negative
value of the propagating constant and RH region, is the positive value of the
propagating constant the LH region is to be between 2.48GHz and transition
frequency 2.78GHz and the RH region is to be between 2.78GHz and 3.12GHz. The
transition from LH to RH shows the balanced condition without the presence of stop
band.
Propagation constant [deg]
LH RH
Frequency (GHz)
Fig. 5.11: Dispersion relation for the balanced CRLH unit cell narrow band.
91
5.3.4. Effect of the Ground Defects
The length of the slot line effects on the structure, for controlling the balance
case. Fig.5.12. Shows the unit cell CRLH unbalance case with three different lengths
of the slot lines. The stop band presence with unbalance condition, the stop band
increases with increases the length of the slot line.
Img(beta)L_slot= 5 mm
Img(beta)L_slot= 4.45 mm
Img(beta)L_slot= 3.75 mm
Real(beta)
Fig. 5.12: Dispersion relation for the unbalanced CRLH unit cell with three
different lengths of the slot lines.
92
5.3.5. Microstrip Implementation
The presented equivalent circuit model for the unit cell of CRLH (Fig. 5.9) can
be implemented using the microstrip technology. It should be noted that the values
of shunt inductance LL , capacitance and inductance of host transmission line, are
calculated according to the equations given in [32].
+
( ) = 2 104 [ ( ) + 1.193 + 0.2235 ] (5.12)
+

= 0.57 0.145 ( ) (5.13)

() = 16.67 104 (5.14)
0
Where and are the width and length of the microstrip line, respectively, is
the thickness of the strip, is the thickness of substrate , 0 is the characteristic
impedance and is the effective dielectric constant. The series capacitance CL
calculated using the coupling capacitance for the coupled line. The realization for slot
lines can be a set of short- circuited connected in parallel, and can be calculated as
short stub.
5.3.6. Simulation and Measurement Results

The simulation was carried out using CST microwave studio that implements
finite integration technique FIT in time domain [49]. The three unit cells cascaded
are simulated on a Rogers RO3006 substrate with a dielectric constant of 6.15 and
the thickness of 0.635 mm. Table 5.1, shows the parameters of the CRLH unit cells,
these parameters are obtained for a system impedance of 50. The 0.5 mm and 0.2
mm are the dimensions of the radius via hole, and the space between the coupled
lines, respectively. These dimensions are available for implementation within our
fabrication facility.
93
Table. 5.1: Design specification of unit cell narrow band.
Dimensions (mm) value
1 1
2 1
3 0.5
1 2.7
2 4.1
3 6.25
S 0.2
3.498
0.25
Radius of via 0.5
holes
P 5.6
5.3.7. Design Wide Band Unit cell

The unit cell is simulated on a Rogers RO3006 substrate with a dielectric
constant of 6.15 and the thickness of 0.635 mm. Table 5.2, shows the parameters of
the simulation unit cell CRLH for wide band region about 1.3 GHz.
Fig. 5.13, Shows the dispersion characteristics, and the band regions from 3.7
to 5.08 GHz. The LH region is to be between 3.7GHz and the transition frequency
4.24GHz, and the RH region is to be between 4.24GHz and 5.08GHz. The transition
from LH to RH shows the balanced case without the presence of stop band.
94
Table. 5.2: Design specification of unit cell wide band.
Dimensions (mm) value
1 1.4
2 1
3 0.5
1 2.7
2 3
3 3.5
S 0.2
4.925
0.25
Radius of via 0.5

holes
P 5.6
Propagation constant
LH RH
Frequency (GHz)
Fig. 5.13: Dispersion relation for the balanced CRLH unit cell wide band.
95
5.3.8. Bloch Impedance
The Bloch impedance of periodic structure is the square root of the ratio of
the per unit length admittance and impedance of an infinitesimal section z of TL,
= / , this quantity cannot be defined in an LC network implementation of
a CRLH TL, wherefore, it is necessary to apply the Bloch impedance. The per Bloch
impedance (B ) of the unit cell, real and imaginary (B ) is shown in Fig. 5.14.
Z_B (ohm)
Frequency (GHz)
Fig. 5.14: Bloch impedance diagram of the unit-cell CRLH.
96
5.3.9. Experimental Results
For experimental verification, the simulated CRLH three unit cells are
fabricated. Fig. 5.15, shows a photograph of the fabricated unit cells. Fig.5.16,
Shows the comparison between the simulated and measured scattering parameters
of the three unit cells.
( (a)
(b)
Fig. 5.15: Photograph of the fabricated three unit cells of the microstrip
CRLH. (a) Top layer (b) Bottom layer.
97
(a)
(b)
Fig. 5.16: Measured and simulated scattering parameters of the three units-
cells CRLH: (a) S (1, 1) and (b) S (1, 2).
98
The compact size of the design and existence the two layers have represented
a challenge for fabrication. Inter-continental microwave is used to measure the
results. A small shift between the measured and the simulated results is present due
to low fabrication techniques. The proposed unit cell can be designed in several
bands based on its geometrical parameters, with the balanced case between LH and
RH bands. The unit cell is fabricated and its measurement results are shown. Good
agreement has been achieved between theoretical and experimental results.
5.4. Proposed Compact CRLH Backward Directional Coupler

Directional couplers are one of most important passive microwave devices with
a wide range of application. The coupled line coupler is easy to design and it has the
wide frequency band. The high coupling factor is difficult to achieve using the
classical coupled line design. Also the directivity of the coupled line coupler is poor,
because the microstrip transmission line has an inhomogeneous medium, for this
reason, odd mode and even mode phase velocities are unequal [23].
There are several methods of improving the directivity and coupling factor of
the coupled line coupler, such as Epsilon Negative Transmission Line [29], lumped
element compensation [24], an inductor loaded microstrip directional coupler [27].
Coupler multilayer microstrip configuration [25]. Although these approaches lead to
enhancing the directivity, the composite right-/left-handed (CRLH) [40], [42], [50],
[52], electromagnetic band gap (EBG) [52], these approaches lead to the desired
coupling enhancement.
In this section (5.4), we suggest a new design for coupler consisting of a
coupled microstrip section, periodic structure loaded with shunt inductance stubs
and defects ground. This design based on the unit cell was presented in previous
section. The structure represents composite right/ left handed (CRLH). This design
is used to achieve good coupling. By changing the normal conductor of the strip line
to a YBCO thin film high temperature superconductor (HTS) for enhancement the
directivity of the coupler.
99
5.4.1. Parallel Coupled Line Coupler
The parallel conventional coupled line coupler is a four-port device the
structure of which is shown in Fig. 5.17. The proposed coupled line coupler, shown
in Fig. 5.18, consist of three unit cells as two mirrored cells separated by a distance
(s). The arbitrary coupling directional coupler can achieve by using interdigital
capacitance with nine unit cells [40]. The proposed design has a good coupling by
using the three unit cells compact size.
5.4.1.1 Coupler Theory
The scattering parameters of the coupled line coupler, as shown in fig. 5.17,
are given by [52]:
11 = 0, (5.15)
( + ) ( )
12 = 2 cos [ ] (5.15)
2
13 = 0, (5.15)
( + ) ( )
14 = 2 sin [ ] (5.15)
2
Where and are even and odd mode propagation constants of coupled
lines, respectively. Also, is the length of the coupled line. The parallel coupled line
coupler is analyzed by using the even- and odd-mode. Assume that the phase
velocities of the even and odd modes are the same and the electrical lengths for both
modes are equal. Directivity of a directional coupler is defined as [29]:
31
= 20 log (5.16)
41
100
The 31 , 41 can be calculated as follows
0 +0 tan( )
31 = (5.17)
20 +(0 +0 )tan( )
0 sec( )
41 = (5.17)
20 +(0 +0 )tan( )
Where 0 and 0 are the even- and odd-mode characteristic impedances,

respectively, and 0 = 0 0 is the port impedance.
Fig. 5.17: Four-port backward parallel coupled line coupler.
101
Fig. 5.18: Proposed Coupled line microstrip: (a) Top layer Coupled line (b)
Bottom layer ground defects.
102
5.4.2. Simulation Results
Table 5.3. Shows the design specification of the coupled line using unit cell.
These parameters are obtained for a system impedance of 50 . The circuit is
simulated on a Rogers RO3006 substrate with a dielectric constant of 6.15 and a
thickness of 0.635 mm. The simulation was carried out using a CST microwave
studio that implements finite integration technique FIT in time domain [49]. The
coupled line was designed on the LH region of the dispersion diagram (3.7 GHz to
4.24) at the center frequency 3.8 GHz. The results of circuit simulation are shown in
Fig. 5.19. The coupling in the EM simulation is very good about -1.9 dB, but the
directivity is poor about 16 dB, for that we used the superconductor.
Table. 5.3: Design specifications of the coupled line using unit cell in priveus section (5.3).
Dimensions (mm) Value
1 1
2 1
3 0.5
1 2.7
2 4.1
3 6.25
S 0.2
7
0.4
13.6
5.6
d 16.8
103
Fig. 5.19: S-parameters for the CRLH coupler obtained by full-wave

simulation.
5.5 The Proposed Coupler Using High Temperature

Superconductor (HTS)
High Temperature Superconductors HTS are materials that exhibit a zero
resistance to direct current (dc) flow when cooled below a certain temperature. The
temperature at which the intrinsic resistance undergoes a sudden change is referred
to as the critical temperature or transition temperature, denoted by . For alternating
current (ac) flow, the resistance does not go to zero below , but increases with
increasing frequency. However, at typical RF/microwave frequencies (in the cellular
band, for example), the resistance of a superconductor is perhaps one thousandth of
that in the best ordinary conductor. It is certainly low enough to make significant
improvement in performances of RF/microwave microstrip filters [53].
104
The High temperature superconductor (HTS) microstrip planar structure is
attractive for microwave applications due to superior properties to normal metal
[54]. The HTS has a lower conductor losses compared to normal conducting circuits
at low temperatures [34]. Instead of the normal conductor used in Fig. 5.18, we
replaced it by a YBCO thin film.
The YBCO film is modeled by equivalent surface impedance and the effect
of the finite thickness of the film is taken into account as given below [55].

coth( )

= [ ] + ( ) (5.18)
2 ( )

Where
2 2 1
= , = , is its London penetration depth at a temperature T,
2
and 1 is the real part of the complex conductivity of the superconductor. 1 and
are calculated using an empirical two-fluid model:

1 = n () ( ) (5.19)

1
n = n ( ) [( ) + [1 ( ) ]] (5.20)

(0)
( ) =
(5.21)
1( )

In these relations is the thickness of the HTS film, , or (), is the London
penetration depth at a temperature , is the transtion temperature, n ( ) is the
conductivity of the normal charge carriers at , is an empirical parameter which
is the residual resistance rate of the superconductor at 0 , is a model
parameter, and (0) is London peneteration depth at = 0 . The values of these
parameters for YBCO fims are given by:
105
= 92 , = 86 , = 0.14 106 = 0, = 0.045 106 .
The HTS for microwave applications, must be the substrates have a low
dielectric loss tangent (tan ) [51]. Firstly, we used a Rogers RO3006 substrate with
a dielectric constant of 6.15 for comparison the results with CRLH structure of the
coupler as normal conductor at the same frequency (3.8 GHz), next we used the
Sapphire substrate with a dielectric constant of 9.4 and loss tangent(1. 5 108 ), as
the superconductor substrate, that's possible to fabrication superconductor. As
shown in the Fig. 5.20, the comparison between the normal conductor and the
superconductor film, the directivity of the superconductor coupler is enhanced nearly
38 dB compared with the normal conductor about 16 dB.

& ()
Frequency (GHz)
Fig. 5.20: 31 & 41 S-parameters for the CRLH coupler normal case
comparison with superconductor.
As shown in the Fig. 5.21, the comparison between the normal conductor and
the superconductor film, the return loss of the superconductor coupler is enhanced
nearly -44 dB compared with the normal conductor about -14 dB and the insertion
loss of the normal conductor coupler is changed from -6 dB to -5 dB for the
superconductor.
106

& ()
Frequency (GHz)
Fig. 5.21: 11 & 21 S-parameters for the CRLH coupler normal case
comparison with superconductor.
Figures 5.22, 5.23 show the results of the proposed design with the
superconductor and the Sapphire substrate (dielectric constant of 9.4) compared with
a conventional coupled line in Fig. 5.17, the center frequency is shifted from 3.8
GHz to 3.2 GHz, because the dielectric is changed from 6.15 for the normal
conductor to 9.4 dielectric substrate for the superconductor. Fig. 5.22, shows the
coupling in 31 is greatly improved from -10 dB conventional design to -1.5 dB
proposed superconducting design and the directivity is greatly enhanced from 11 dB
for the conventional design to 31 dB for proposed superconducting design.
107

& ()
Frequency (GHz)
Fig. 5.22: 31 & 41 S-parameters for the CRLH coupler superconductor case
comparison with conventional coupled line normal case.
108
& ()
Frequency (GHz)
Fig. 5.23: 11 & 21 S-parameters for the CRLH coupler superconductor case
comparison with conventional coupled line normal case.
Table 5.4, demonstrates the comparison between the three proposed structures:
a) The CRLH with a normal conductor (Copper).

b) Adding HTS in replace of Copper to the CRLH.
c) Conventional coupled line coupler with a normal conductor.
109
Table. 5.4: A comparative Study of the different coupled line coupler structures.
Property CRLH HTS 86k Conventional
(copper) [Proposed] coupler
[Proposed]
(dB) -10.8 -28.55 -21.3
(dB) -6.1 -5.5 -0.51
(dB) -1.9 -1.5 -11
(dB) -18.2 -41 -20
Table .5.5: Shows the comparative study of the different types of backward
directional coupler and proposed structure of coupler according to performance and
size geometric.
Table. 5.5: A comparative Study of the different coupled line coupler structures.
Property CRLH HTS 86k ENG coupler tight coupler Coupler CRLH
(Copper) [Proposed] [29] [23] [42]
[Proposed]
(dB) -10.8 -28.55 -43 -43 -25
(dB) -6.1 -5.5 -6 -2.5 -5
(dB) -1.9 -1.5 -10 -3.5 -4
(dB) -18.2 -41 -53 -37 -35
Area (2.41 2 ) (2.41 2 ) (22.96 2 ) (17.9 2 ) (22.5 2 )
110
5.6 Conclusion
The CRLH unit cell of the microstrip technology was proposed. It has a
simple design and compact size. The proposed unit cell can be designed in several
A new type of directivity and coupling factor-enhanced parallel coupled line

coupler based on CRLH has been proposed. The use of high temperature
superconductor (HTS) material instead of normal conductors has reduced conductor
losses and consequently improved the performance of the coupled line. The
maximum directivity of the coupler is nearly -41 dB at 3.8 GHz. The coupling is
greatly improved from -10 dB for conventional design to -1.5 dB for the proposed
superconducting design.
111
Chapter 6: Conclusions and Future Work.
Chapter 6
Conclusions and Future Work
112
Chapter 6
Conclusions and Future Work
6.1 Conclusions
The performance of the backward directional coupler has been studied, a novel
compact structure of the backward directional coupler is designed and simulated,
and the performance of the design shows good agreement when compared to
previously published work and conventional backward directional coupler.
A comparative study between two types of coupled line coupler were studied,
the ENG transmission line coupler and the coupled line coupler with tight coupling
were presented. In general the directivity is high for both the two designs, but the
area of ENG transmission line coupler is larger than the coupled line with tight
coupling, but both designs a relatively large. The compact microstrip CRLH TL is
proposed, to improve the performance of backward directional Coupler and reduce
the size of the coupler.
The CRLH unit cell of the microstrip technology was proposed. It has a
simple design and compact size. The proposed unit cell can be designed in several
A new type of backward directional coupler based on CRLH unit cell has
been proposed, this design improved the performance of the coupler, especially the
coupling factor of the coupler. The use of high temperature superconductor (HTS)
material instead of normal conductors has reduced conductor losses and
consequently improved the performance of the coupled line. The maximum
113
directivity of the coupler is nearly -41 dB at 3.8 GHz. The coupling is greatly
improved from -10 dB for conventional design to -1.5 dB for the proposed
superconducting design. The area of the coupler reduced to very compact size about
2.41 2 .
6.2 Future Work

Future work can be summarized in the following points:
1. The thesis study introduces a type of novel compact microstrip CRLH TL and a
CRLH backward directional coupler. The excellent performances are achieved.
In spite of this, greater efforts are still needed to further improve the proposed
CRLH TL. Moreover, the proposed CRLH TL can be utilized to implement
various RF/microwave devices.
2. Studying the effect of different metamaterials topologies on the coupler
performance, and the 2D and 3D Metamaterials approaches of the coupler
instead of planer 1D.
3. Applying the concept of ground defects on coupled lines needs more study.
4. In the thesis a simple model was proposed for a symmetric coupled line
Asymmetric coupled lines need more investigate.
5. More research needs to be done to make use of the multiple bands property to
design multiple band devices.
114
Appendix.
Appendix A
A-1: Design flow of the CRLH unit cell
Unit cell design specifications
Dispersion/Bloch diagram
Optimize unit cell for specifications
Cascaded unit cells to form CRLH-TL
Simulate CRLH-TL (S-parameters matching)
115
Appendix.
A-2: Dispersion Curves on HFSS
A-3: Modeling HTS Surface Impedance by CST- EM simulator
Step1- Solving
equations
Step2- Getting
tabulated data
(Freq., Rs, and Xs)
Step3- Inserting
the tabulated data
into CST-EM
simulator
116
Appendix.
Appendix B
B-1: Matlab Code for Superconductor Characterization:
clear all
close all
clc
c=68; %operating temperature T
b=92; % Critical Teperature Tc
lambda0=0.14e-6; %lambda at T=0
x=(c/b)^4;
s_n=2.5e+6;
t=0.045e-6; %Superconductor Thickness
s1=s_n*x; % real
u0=4*pi*1e-7; % permeability
f=1e9:500e6:100e9 % frequency
for i=1:1:length(f)
s2(i)=(2-x)*(2/(3*pi*f(i)*u0*(lambda0)^2)); % imag
lambda(i)=((3*pi*f(i))*u0*s2(i))^(-0.5);
y(i)=(t/(lambda(i)));
rs(i)=(((3*pi*f(i))^2)*(u0^2)*(s1)*((lambda(i))^3))/2;% No Thickness
considered
er(i)=s2(i)/(3*pi*f(i));
xs(i)=2*pi*f(i)*u0*lambda(i);% No Thickness considered
rs1(i)= (rs(i))*((coth(y(i)))+(((y(i))*(2/((sinh(y(i)))^2))))); %
Thickness considered
xs1(i)=((xs(i)))*(coth(y(i))); % Thickness considered
end
Rs=rs1'
Xs=xs1';
Zs=[Rs Xs];
Freq=[f'/1e9]
f0=f*1e-9;
rs0=rs1*1e3;
plot(f0,rs0)
117
References
References
[1] C. Caloz and T. Itoh, Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission line

Theory and Microwave Applications. John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
[2] G. V Eleftheriades, A. K. Iyer, and P. C. Kremer, Planar Negative Refractive

Index media using periodically LC loaded transmission lines, Microw.
Theory Tech. IEEE Trans., vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 27022712, 2002.
[3] V. G. Veselago, The Electrodynamics of Substances With Simultaneously

Negative Values of and , Physics-Uspekhi, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 509514,
1968.
[4] R. K. Mongia, J. Hong, P. Bhartia, and I. J. Bahl, RF and Microwave Coupled-

Line circuits. Artech house, 2007.
[5] D. M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering . John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
[6] Directional couplers. [Online]. Available: file:///D:/Masters

Thesis/a.thesis/chapter one/References/6-Directional Couplers - Microwave
Encyclopedia - Microwaves101.com.htm. [Accessed: 20-Jul-2014].
[7] X. Hu, Some Studies on Metamaterial Transmission Lines and Their

Applications, Royal Institue of Technology, Sweden, 2009.
[8] J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, W. J. Stewart, and I. Youngs, Extremely Low

Frequency Plasmons in Metallic Mesostructures, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 76,
no. 25, p. 4773, 1996.
[9] J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, and W. J. Stewart, Low Frequency

Plasmons in Thin-Wire Structures, J. Phys. Condens. Matter, vol. 10, no. 22,
p. 4785, 1998.
[10] R. A. Shelby, D. R. Smith, and S. Schultz, Experimental Verification of A

Negative Index of Refraction, Science., vol. 292, no. 5514, pp. 7779, 2001.
[11] N. K. and S. S. D. R. Smith, W. J. Padilla, D. C. Vier, R. Shelby, S. C. Nemat-

Nasser, Left-Handed Metamaterials, Photonic Cryst. Light Localization, pp.
121, 2000.
[12] R. A. Shelby, D. R. Smith, S. C. Nemat-Nasser, and S. Schultz, Microwave

Transmission Through a Two-Dimensional, Isotropic, Left-Handed
Metamaterial, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 489491, 2001.
[13] A. Grbic and G. V Eleftheriades, Subwavelength Focusing Using a Negative-

Refractive-Index Transmission Line Lens, Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett.
IEEE, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 186189, 2003.
118
References
[14] G. V Eleftheriades, O. Siddiqui, and A. K. Iyer, Transmission Line Models
for Negative Refractive Index Media and Associated Implementations
Without Excess Resonators, Microw. Wirel. Components Lett. IEEE, vol. 13,
no. 2, pp. 5153, 2003.
[15] A. Grbic and G. V Eleftheriades, Dispersion Analysis of a Microstrip-Based

Negative Refractive Index Periodic Structure, Microw. Wirel. Components
Lett. IEEE, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 155157, 2003.
[16] A. Iyer, P. Kremer, and G. Eleftheriades, Experimental and Theoretical

Verification of Focusing in a Large, Periodically Loaded Transmission Line
Negative Refractive Index Metamaterial, Opt. Express, vol. 11, no. 7, pp.
696708, 2003.
[17] A. Grbic and G. V Eleftheriades, Negative Refraction, Growing Evanescent

Waves, and Sub-Diffraction Imaging in Loaded Transmission-Line
Metamaterials, Microw. Theory Tech. IEEE Trans., vol. 51, no. 12, pp.
22972305, 2003.
[18] A. Lai, T. Itoh, and C. Caloz, Composite Right/Left-Handed Transmission

Line Metamaterials, Microw. Mag. IEEE, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 3450, 2004.
[19] W. M. Fai, A Novel Compact Microstrip Type Composite Right/Left Handed

Transmission Line (CRLH TL) and its Applications, Master thesis, Hong
Kong, China, 2009.
[20] L. Maloratsky, Passive RF & Microwave Integrated Circuits. Elsevier,

2003.
[21] Theta-j-associates, Directional Couplers Lumped Element & Stripline 100

kHz to 65 GHz General Information. [Online]. Available: http://www.theta-
j.com [Accessed: 22-Jul-2014].
[22] C. Snchez Sierra, Microwave directional couplers, Master thesis,

University Politcnica de Catalunya, Italy, 2011.
[23] Y. Wu, W. Sun, S.-W. Leung, Y. Diao, K.-H. Chan, and Y.-M. Siu, Single-
Layer Microstrip High-Directivity Coupled-Line Coupler With Tight
Coupling, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 746753,
2013.
[24] M. Dydyk, Microstrip Directional Couplers With Ideal Performance Via

Single-Element Compensation, Microw. Theory Tech. IEEE Trans., vol. 47,
no. 6, pp. 956964, 1999.
[25] D. Jaisson, Multilayer Microstrip Directional Coupler With Discrete

Coupling, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. vol. 48, no. 9, 2000.
119
References
[26] L. F. Franti and G. M. Paganuzzi, Wideband High Directivity Microstrip
Couplers for Microwave Integrated Circuits, in 10th European Microwave
Conference, vol. 1, pp. 377381, 1981.
[27] S. Lee and Y. Lee, An inductor-loaded Microstrip Directional Coupler for

Directivity Enhancement, Microw. Wirel. Components Lett. IEEE, vol. 19,
no. 6, pp. 362364, 2009.
[28] Y.-H. Chun, J.-S. Hong, J.-Y. Moon, and S.-W. Yun, High Directivity
Directional Coupler Using Metamaterial, in Microwave Conference, 2006.
36th European, pp. 329331, 2006.
[29] A. Pourzadi, A. R. Attari, and M. S. Majedi, A Directivity-Enhanced

Directional Coupler Using Epsilon Negative Transmission Line, Microw.
[30] C.-S. Kim, Y.-T. Kim, S.-H. Song, W.-S. Jung, K.-Y. Kang, J.-S. Park, and D.
Ahn, A design of Microstrip Directional Coupler For High Directivity And
Tight Coupling, in Microwave Conference, 31st European, pp. 14, 2001.
[31] J.-H. Park, Y.-H. Ryu, J.-G. Lee, and J.-H. Lee, Epsilon Negative Zeroth-
Order Resonator Antenna, Antennas Propagation, IEEE Trans., vol. 55, no.
12, pp. 37103712, 2007.
[32] K. C. Gupta, R. Garg, and I. J. Bahl, Microstrip Lines and Slotlines, Artech
House, 1996.
[33] L. K. Yeung, A compact Dual-Band 90 Coupler With Coupled-Line

Sections, Microw. Theory Tech. IEEE Trans., vol. 59, no. 9, pp. 22272232,
2011.
[34] M. M. S. Mansour, Zeroth-Order Resonators Using CRLH Metamaterials,

M. Sc. Thesis. Menoufia University, Egypt, 2013.
[35] J.-H. Park, Y.-H. Ryu, J.-G. Lee, and J.-H. Lee, A Novel Planar Left-Handed
Transmission Line Using Grounded Rectangular Patch with Meander Line,
in Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium 2006, IEEE,
pp. 41414144, 2006.
[36] X. Yang, Q. Zuping, and B. Junsong, A novel Microstripe Metamaterial

Transmission Line Architecture, in Microwave and Millimeter Wave
Technology, ICMMT. International Conference on Nanjing, vol. 4, pp. 1765
1768, 2008.
[37] Pan, T., K. Song, and Y. Fan. "Wide Stopband Bandpass Filter Based on
Composite Right/Left Handed Transmission Line." Microwave Journal, 2013.
120
References
[38] Eom, Da-jeong, and Sungtek Kahng. "Fully Printed Dual-band Power Divider
Miniaturized by CRLH Phase-Shift Lines." ETRI Journal , pp.150-153, 2013.
[39] Luo, J., Gong, S. X., Duan, P., Mou, C., & Long, M. "Small-Size Wideband
Monopole Antenna with CRLH-Tl for Lte Mobile Phone." Progress In
Electromagnetics Research, pp.171-179, 2014.
[40] C. Caloz, A. Sanada, and T. Itoh, A novel Composite Right-/Left-Handed

Coupled-Line Directional Coupler With Arbitrary Coupling Level and Broad
Bandwidth, Microw. Theory Tech. IEEE Trans., vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 980992,
2004.
[41] A. M. E. Safwat, Microstrip Coupled Line Composite Right/Left-Handed

Unit cell, Microw. Wirel. Components Lett. IEEE, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 434
436, 2009.
[42] A. E. Fouda, A. M. E. Safwat, and H. El-Hennawy, On The applications of

The coupled-Line Composite Right/Left-Handed Unit Cell, Microw. Theory
Tech. IEEE Trans., vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 15841591, 2010.
[43] R. Singh, N. Kumar, S. C. Gupta, and R. Sing, Metamaterials for

Performance Enhancement of Patch Antennas: A review, Sci. Res. Essays,
vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 4347, 2014.
[44] A. M. E. Safwat, Dual Mode Composite Right-Left-Handed Unit Cells,

Appl. Phys. A, vol. 103, no. 3, pp. 537540, 2011.
[45] H. Nornikman, B. H. Ahmad, M. Z. A. Abdul Aziz, M. F. B. A. Malek, H.

Imran, and A. R. Othman, Study and Simulation of an Edge Couple Split
Ring Resonator (EC-SRR) on Truncated Pyramidal Microwave Absorber,
Prog. Electromagn. Res., vol. 127, pp. 319334, 2012.
[46] W. Tong and Z. R. Hu, A super Compact Left-Handed Coupled-Line

Directional Coupler, in Microwave Conference Proceedings, 2005. APMC
2005. Asia-Pacific Conference Proceedings, vol. 3, p. 4pp, 2005.
[47] M. A. Othman, A. D. Alwakil, M. Shafee, T. M. Abuelfadl, and A. M. E.

Safwat, Novel Even/Odd Mode-Based CRLH Unit Cells, in Microwave
Symposium Digest (MTT), 2012 IEEE MTT-S International, pp. 13, 2012.
[48] A. M. E. Safwat, High Impedance Wire Composite Right/Left-Handed

Transmission Lines, Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1390
1393, 2010.
[49] CST, Computer Simulation Technology, version 2012.
[50] P.-L. Chi and C.-C. Liu, Novel Dual-Band Quasi-0-dB Coupled-Line
Coupler Using the Composite Right/Left-Handed Transmission Lines,
Packaging Manufac Tech, IEEE Trans. vol. 4, no. 2, 2014.
121
References
[51] R. Keshavarz and M. Movahhedi, A Compact and Wideband Coupled-Line
Coupler with High Coupling Level Using Shunt Periodic Stubs,
Radioengineering, vol. 22, no. 1, p. 323, 2013.
[52] M. Chudzik, I. Arnedo, A. Lujambio, I. Arregui, F. Teberio, M. A. G. Laso,

and T. Lopetegi, Microstrip Coupled-Line Directional Coupler with
Enhanced Coupling Based on EBG Concept, Electron. Lett., vol. 47, no. 23,
pp. 12841286, 2011.
[53] J.-S. Hong and M. J. Lancaster, Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave

Applications, First. 2001.
[54] H.-F. Huang and J.-F. Mao, The Inductance Model of Coupled High-Tc
Superconducting Microstrip Lines, Appl. Supercond. IEEE Trans., vol. 14,
no. 1, pp. 712, 2004.
[55] O. G. Vendik, I. B. Vendik, and D. I. Kaparkov, Empirical Model of The

Microwave Properties of High-Temperature Superconductors, Microw.
122

/

- 8002 -

. .

.
. . .

.
.

.
2014

CAD of Metamaterial Directional Coupler

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

CAD of Metamaterial Directional Coupler

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Menoufia University

Faculty of Electronic Engineering

A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of M. Sc. in Engineering Science in

Dr. Ahmed Saad Elkorany

In recent years, research studies on the subject of metamaterials (MTMs) have

1. Khalid M. Ibrahim, EL-Sayed M. El-Rabaie, and Abdel Aziz T.

2. Khalid M. Ibrahim, EL-Sayed M. El-Rabaie, and Abdel Aziz T.

3. Khalid M. Ibrahim, EL-Sayed M. El-Rabaie, and Abdel Aziz T.

1. Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................14

1.1. Introduction ......................................................................................14

1.2. Objective of the Thesis ....................................................................17

1.3. Thesis Organization .........................................................................18

2. Chapter 2: Transmission Line Theory of 1D

2.1. Introduction ......................................................................................20

2.2. Left-Handed (LH) Metamaterials ....................................................21

2.3. Negative Refraction .........................................................................25

2.4. Transmission Line Implementation of LHM ...................................27

2.5. Composite Right/Left Handed (CRLH) TL. ....................................29

2.6. Dispersion Diagrams ........................................................................29

2.7. Balanced and Unbalanced Condition of CRLH TL .........................32

2.8. LC Network Implementation ...........................................................34

2.9. [ABCD] Matrix Analysis .................................................................36

3. Chapter 3: Analysis and Design of Backward

3.1. Introduction ......................................................................................42

3.2. Directional Coupler Types ...............................................................43

3.3. Directional Couplers Applications ..................................................44

3.4. Backward Directional coupler .........................................................45

4. Chapter 4: Performance of Microstrip Coupled Lines

Different Structures .................................................................................56

4.1. Introduction ......................................................................................56

4.2. Theory of ENG Transmission Line Coupler ....................................57

4.3. Theory of Coupled-Line Coupler with Tight Coupling ...................65

4.4. Simulation and Measurement Results ..............................................71

4.5. Comparative Study between the Two Designs by Using Different

5. Chapter 5: Proposed Backward Directional Coupler

5.1. Introduction ......................................................................................79

5.2. Previous Work ..................................................................................79

5.4. Proposed Compact CRLH Backward Directional Coupler .............99

5.6 Conclusion ..................................................................................111

Chapter 6: Conclusions and Future Work ............................113

6.1 Conclusions .....................................................................................113

6.2 Future Work ....................................................................................114

Fig. 1.2: Forward-wave coupler [6]. .................................................................................. 16

Fig. 1.3: Backward-wave coupler.[6]. ............................................................................... 16

Fig. 2.1: Combinations of permittivity and permeability ( ) . ..................................... 21

Fig. 2.2: First negative-/positive- and positive-/negative- MTM proposed by Pendry.

Fig. 2.7: Composite Right/Left handed (CRLH) TL. ........................................................ 29

Fig. 2.11: 24 unit-cell microstrip CRLH TL based on Figure 2.7. .................................... 35

Fig. 2.13: Cascade connection of N- port networks by the [A B C D] matrix. ................. 37

Fig. 2.14: Cascade connection of N- port networks by the [A B C D] matrix .................. 37

Fig. 2.15: The symmetric unit cell CRLH TL. .................................................................. 38

Fig. 3.3: Four ports backward directional coupler. ........................................................... 46

Fig. 3.5: Coupled microstrip. ............................................................................................ 48

Fig. 3.10: Coupled and through port voltage. ................................................................... 54

Fig. 4.3: Microstrip implementation of the ENG coupler unit cell................................... 61

Fig. 4.6: Layout of a coupled line with tight coupling. .................................................... 69

Fig. 5.4: Circuit simulated even/odd characteristic impedances (magnitude). Left-hand

Fig. 5.14: Bloch impedance diagram of the unit-cell CRLH. ........................................... 96

ADS Agilent Design Software.

Table. 5.1: Design specification of unit cell narrow band. ................................................ 94

Table. 5.2: Design specification of unit cell wide band..................................................... 95

Fig. 1.2: Forward-wave coupler [6].

Fig. 1.3: Backward-wave coupler.[6].