BUILDINGSERVICESSYSTEM

For
SyopzMall,SubangJaya

Building
Services
BLD
60903/
ARC
2423
Preparedby:

SawESean(0322003)

HongShiLik(0322081)

BrianKohJunYan(0322002)

Muhammad
AameerBinMohdAaseem(0322891)

SeowKojiTakehira(0320816)

Huynh
MinhNhatDinh(0313309)

Tutor:
Ar.Hjh.SateerahHj.Hassan
Tableof
Content
page
1. Abstract
(SES*)
3

2. Introduction to
Syopz
Mall,
Taylors
University
(SES**)
4
2.1
Site
Introduction

3. ActiveFire
ProtectionSystem (HSL*)
5
3.1
Introduction
3.2
TypesandFunctionof
Different
Systems
3.3
Alarm&
Detection
SystemDevice
3.4
UBBL Requirements

4. PassiveFire
Protection
System(HMND*)
16
4.1
Introduction
4.2
Main
Passive
Fire
ProtectionMethods
4.3
UBBL
Requirements
4.4
Types
of
Passive
Strategies

5. Air-Conditioning
System(MAMA*)
40
5.1
Introduction
5.2
UBBLRequirements
5.3
Types
andFunction
of
Different
Systems

6. MechanicalVentilation
System(BKJY*)
50
6.1
Introduction
6.2
Types
of
Mechanical
Ventilation
6.2.1
Supply
Ventilation
System
6.2.2
Exhaust
Ventilation
System
6.2.3
Combine/Balanced Exhaust
Ventilation
System
6.3
Components
of
Mechanical
Ventilation
Systems
6.3.1
Axial
Jet
Fan
6.3.2
PropellerFan
6.3.3
Ductwork
6.3.4
Smoke Spill
Fan
6.3.5
Fire
Damper
6.3.6
Diffuser
6.4
Summary

1
 7. Mechanical Transportation
System(SKT*)
60
7.1
Introduction
7.2
Traction
Elevator
7.2.1
Geared
TractionElevator
7.2.2
Gearless
Traction
Elevator
7.3
Main Components
7.4
Lift
Lobby
7.4.1
ControlPanel
7.4.2
Escutcheon Tube
7.4.3
Hall
Call
Buttons
7.4.4
Arrival
Light&
Bell
7.5
Lift
Shaft
7.5.1
HoistwayDoor
Interlock
7.5.2
HoistwayEmergency Door
Keys
7.5.3
Progressive
Safety
Gear
7.5.4
OverspeedGovernor
7.5.5
Buffer
7.5.6
OverloadDevice
7.5.7
Door
Protective
Device
7.5.8
EmergencyAlarmSwitch
7.6
Other
Type
of
Elevator
7.6.1
Hydraulic
Elevator
7.6.2
PneumaticElevator
7.7
Operation of
Systems
7.8
Requirements of
UBBL
7.9
Fire
Lift
Systems
7.10CapacityAnalysis
7.11Dimension
8. Summary
(SES**)
71

9. References
72

*HSL-HongShi
Lik

HMND- Huynh MinhNhat

Dinh

MAMA- Muhammad AameerBin

MohdAaseem

BKJY-
Brian
KohJun
Yan

SKT-
SeowKoji
Takehira
**SES-SawE
Sean,
Video
andReportCompilation

2
 1. Abstract
A building had served many purposes besides than just to provide us shelter from the
hot and cold weather, it is also functioned as a comfortable, efficient, and safe environment
for the people within to live and work. Building service, reflects on the mechanical and
electrical systems that are installed in a building to fulfil the criteria as mentioned above. It
acts as an important role in the building design. Besides the proper procedures and required
standards on installing the equipments, it is important as well to consider the aesthetics to
arrangeand
organize
in
a
more
discretemanneraccordingtothebuildingdesign.

For the purpose of learning and to do an analysis to produce the report, we had chosen
a multi-storey building that has mechanical ventilation, air-conditioning system, fire
protection system and mechanical transport system to study more in depth about it. This
report had given us the opportunity and platform for us to further develop our
understanding, by cross-checking with the reference of our knowledge based on books and
internet with an actual real life application of a building service in a building to function and
operate.

3
2.Introduction
to
Syopz
Mall,
Taylors
University
2.1
SiteIntroduction

Located in Subang Jaya next to Taylors University, The Syopz mall was chosen as our
building of choice to do on our case study. Taylors University consist of a several blocks,
ranging from Block A to E and the Syopz Mall has been unofficially regarded as the
commercial block of the campus. This is due to the fact that it houses several retail outlets,
such as restaurants, merchandise shops and etc., as well as the students accommodation,
commonly
known
as
the
U-Residence.

The images and information are purely for learning purposes where we dont have the
intent to reuse, redistribute or outsource to any third party group or individual out from this
report. The information we had done analysis and research on had been cross referenced
with the Uniform Building By-Law (UBBL) codes in Malaysia, for learning purposes and have
no
intent
to
exploit
nor
condemn
thesaidbuilding.

4
3.Active
Fire
Protection
3.1
INTRODUCTION

Active
Fire
Protection
(AFP)
is a basic piece of flame security. AFP is portrayed by things or
potentially frameworks, which require a specific measure of response and reaction to work,
in
spiteof
Passive
Fire
Protection.

3.2
OVERVIEW

The active fire protection system can be divided into 3 main branches. The first is
water-based system , the second is non water-based system and the third alarm and
detection
system
anddevices
.

3.2.1
WATER-BASED
SYSTEM

There are few types of water-based systems which include hydrant, automatic sprinklers
system,
hose
reel
system.

EXTERNAL
FIRE
HYDRANT

External fire hydrant provides a readily available source of water to any point throughout
building. The fire hydrant system is the backbone the fire fighting system in a building. It is a
water distribution system. The distributed piping system establishes connectivity throughout
the building through fire hydrants, hoses and nozzles. Water can be supplied through the fire
hydrantsystemstaight
stream
once
thehoseisconnectedwiththeswitchedonvalve.

HOSE
REEL
SYSTEM

Diagram
show
hose
reel
system
in
axonometricview

Hose Reel system is intended for occupants to use the early stages of fire. This system
included
hose
reel
pump,
water
storagetank,hosereel,pipeworksandvalves.

5
According
to
UBBL,
1984
Section
248:Markingonwetriser,etc.

1. Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be painted
as
red.

2. All cabinets and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installation and extinguishers
shall be clearly identified to be satisfaction of the Fire Authority or otherwise clearly
indicated.

The
components
Hose
Reel
Systeminclude:

Hose
Reel

Fire hose reel also known as initial fire-fighting tool which allows occupants to extinguish the
fire before it is spread widely. It is usually located along escape routes or beside exit doors or
staircase.
The length
of
the
hosereelis36mwith19mmdiameter.

Hose
Reel
Pump

The
hose
reel
pump
is
used
for
emergencysupplyifthereisanoccurrenceoffire.

6
Hose
Reel
Tank

The
hose
reel
tank
is
to
ensure
theadequatepressureinthesystem.Theyellow
measurement shown in
the
photo
istoshowwhetheritsisfullorempty.

AUTOMATIC
SPRINKLER
SYSTEM

Diagram
show
the
overall
layout
of
watersprinklersystem

Sprinkler system is a fixed fire protection to recognize, report fires and naturally start the
smothering procedure with water. The heat delicate programmed sprinklers are utilized to
identify a fire. At the point when a fire happens, the heat detecting gadgets works and the
sprinklers situated in the prompt closeness of the fire will be initiated to permit the stream
of water. As the water moves through the system, a stream alert is start to demonstrate the
framework is working. It smothers fire rapidly , keeps fires from spreading over a huge range
and
furthermore preparedto
reuseafterthesubstitution.

7
Components
in
automatic
sprinklersystem:

Sprinkler
Pump
Room

The sprinkler pump room serves as the main control room for the automatic sprinkler
system. It located at lower ground floor(LG1) consists of switches for duty pumps, standby
pump and water tank for the sprinkler water supply. The sprinkler pump room will transmit
pressurised
water
to
the
water
sprinklersystematapredeterminedpressure

Duty
Pump

Duty
pump
is
used
to
generate
pressuretoensurecontinuouswaterpumpingprocess.

Jockeypump

Jockey pump is used to control the pressure in sprinkler pipes. When there is a sudden
change in water pressure in the sprinkler system, It serves to supply more pressure to

8
provide constant pressurized water yet prevent damage of sprinkler pipes. The Jockey pump
does
not
have
to
be
operated
frequentlyifthewatersprinklersystemworksefficiently.

Standby
Pump

Standbypump
also
serves
to
pump
thewaterifonlythedutypumpandjockeypumparenot
working.

According
to
UBBL,
1984
Section
253(2):Emergencypowersystem

Emergency power system shall be provided power for smoke control system, illumination,
fire alarm systems, fire pumps, public address systems, fire hits and other emergency
system.

Sprinkler
Alarm
Valve

It
is
locatedat
the
basement carparkwhichisinthesprinklercontrolroomofSyopzand
served tomanage the
watersupply
andthecleaningprocessinthesprinklerpipe.Thewater
pressure has
tobe
maintainedto
ensureallthepipinguptothesprinkleralarmvalvesis
filledwith
water.The
sprinkler
pipeismaintainedonceateverythreemonthswherewater
inpipesare
dischargedthroughandfilledbackagain

Fire
Sprinkler
Head

9
There are two types of water sprinkler heads which are upright sprinkler and pendent
sprinkler. Upright sprinkler are used for outdoor area such as basement car park and loading
bay while pendent sprinkler are used inside the mall. Water sprinkler will be activated if the
air
temperatureexceedsa
preset
thresholdvalueduetoafire.

According
to
UBBL,
1984
Section
228:Sprinklersvalve

1. Sprinkles valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior walls and
shall
be
readily
accesible
to
the
Fire
Authority.

2. All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to be nearest fire station to provide
immediate andautomatic
relay
of
thealarmwhenactivated.

3.2.2
NON
WATER-BASED
SYSTEM

Fire can be smothered using various traditional methodologies such as pouring of water.
However, in case of fire due to electrical equipments. pouring water worsens the situation
and may prove fatal. Hence, fire fighting equipments such as non water-based system is safe
for use during an emergency. The non water-based system consists of carbon dioxide system
and dry chemical agents. It is normally be initiated by an electrical fire system and release of
the gas agents rapidly to extinguish a fire. The selection of gas agent is depending on the
application,
the
level
of
risk
and
lifesafetyfactors.

Non
water-based
system
used
in:

Fire
control
room
(G
Floor).
It
is
usedinfirecontrolroomduetoelectricalequipments.

CARBON
DIOXIDE
SYSTEM

Diagram show
the
overall
layout
of
carbondioxidesystemanddetailsofcarbondioxide
cylinder.

10
Photo showing the extinguishing nozzle, carbon dioxide panel and carbon dioxide cylinder.
Carbon dioxide is colorless, odorless and chemical inert gas which extinguishes fire by
decreasing the concentration of oxygen that supports combustion in a protection area.
Carbon dioxide system consists of CO2 cylinders, steel piping, discharge nozzles, heat or
smoke detectors and control panel which help to activate both visual and audio alarm
system before releasing the gas. It is highly effective because it can adapt to a wide range of
hazards without leaving behind any residue after discharged. HPCO2 suppression system is
used
in
Syopz
because
it
is
availableandalsoeasytoinstall.

Dry
Chemical
Agents

Diagram
show
the
detail
of
the
ABC
drypowderextinguisher

Diagram
show
the
classification
of
usedofABCdrypowderextinguisher

11
Photos
above
show
ABC
dry
powderextinguisher

Fire extinguisher is used for initial outbreak of fire and to prevent escalation into full scale
fire. In accordance with code of practice. It shall be located close to the proximity of the fire
hazard and
sited
in
prominent
positionsonexitroutestobevisiblefromalldirections.

According
to
UBBL,
1984
Section
227:Portableextinguishers

Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with relevant codes of practice and
shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and
similar
extinguishers
in
a
building
shallbeofthesamemethodofoperation.

3.3
ALARM
&
DETECTION
SYSTEM
ANDDEVICES

Fire alarm and detection systems are automated electronic systems which automatically
sense possibilities of fire and raise an alarm. The fire alarm system detects possibility of fire
by sensing smoke and heat using intergrated heavy-duty sensors. Smoke or heat detection
systemsare
usedto
raise
alarm
by
emittinginthesurroundingarea.

12
Types
of
alarm
and
detection
systemanddeviceswhichincludes:

Fire
Control
Room

Fire control room are located at ground(G) floor. It is a space where status fire detection,
alarm system, and a communications and control room in Syopz contain necessary controls,
telephones and furniture. The security guards in control room take turns in their shifts to
monitor the system. When the control room unit receives signals from the alarm system,
decisions are made immediately by the security guards. Besides the digital alarm
communication system will automatically send signals generated by the fire alarm to the
nearestfire
station
if
there
is
an
occurrenceoffire.

Fire
Alarm
Control
Panel

13
Fire detection and extinguishing control panels process results detected by sensors, control
alarm devices and set off alarms to permanently manned stations and the fire department.
They continuously monitor extinguishing systems for functionally and trigger them
electrically if necessary. In case of danger, it receives signals, monitor and provides
notifications
to
the
occupants
in
Syopz.

Fire
Alarm
Bell

Fire alarm bell is activated when it is triggered by the detection devices. It serves to alert the
occupants and send signal to the police, fire station or a commercial security organizations
central station. Activation of alarm bell can be achieved by the manual call point, heat and
smoke detector
or
fire
control
room.

According
to
UBBL,
1984
Section
155:Firemodeofoperation

1. The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which
maybe
activated
automatically
by
oneofthealarmdevicesinthebuildingormanually.

UBBL
1984
Section
237,
Fire
Alarm

1.
Fire
alarm
shall
be
provided
in
accordancewiththeTenthScheduletotheseBy-laws.

2. All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage area
exceeding 9290 square metres or exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a
two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the
affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given adjoining
section.

3. Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master
control.

Voices
Communication
System

14
Voice communication system in Syopz is intended to be used in conjunction with fire
detection and alarm system to control the safe evacuation of building occupants. The main
intercom
handsetis
located
in
the
firecontrolroomwhichmonitoredbythesecurityguards.

According
to
UBBL,
1994
Section
239:VoiceCommunicationSystem

There shall be two separate approved continuously electrically supervised voice

communication systems, one of fire brigade communication systems and the other a public
addresssystem
between
the
centralcontrolstationandfollowingareas:

a.
Lifts,
lift
lobbies,
corridor
and
staircases:

b.
In
every
office
area
exceeding
92.9squaremetresinarea:

c. In each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may be
combinedwith
the
public
address
system

ManualCall
Point

By breaking the glass of manual call point during an emergency situation, the alarm will be
activated
and
continue
to
sound
automatically.

SmokeDetector

Smoke and heat detectors detect and sense smoke in the installed location to alarm the
possibility
of
fire.

According
to
UBBL
1984
Section
153:Smokedetectorsforliftlobbies

1.
All
lift
lobbies
shall
be
provided
withsmokedetectors.

2. Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by
light beam or photo- detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after
thirty
seconds
of
any
interruption
ofthebeamcausesthedoortoclosewithinapresettime.

15
4.Passive
Fire
Protection
(PFP)
4.1
Introduction
Passive Fire protection is part of integral elements of structural fire protection as well as fire
safety in every particular building which does not depend on any operating system of
mechanism or any degree of motion. However, PFP itself shows the speed on spreading of
fire from a space to another space where only effective for 2 hours to allow dweller to
escape from fire menace but using fire protection tolls that is provided for the building.
Passive Fire Protection system is provided on the load bearing capacity of the fire exposed
structure in a specified fire compartment, safety escape, fire separation within the building
stability
that
needs
to
be
concerned.

4.2
Main
Passive
Fire
Protection
Methods

(1)
Cavity
Barriers

Prevent
spreadofsmokeandfirethroughwallsandfloors

(2)Instrumental Coating

Increaseintemperaturecausechemicalreaction(coating
expand)
to
protect
steel
workbyinsulatingthesteel(preventstructuralfailure)

(3)Boarding
Systems

Encasingstructuralsteelworkinrigidandsemi-rigidboards

(4)FireResistant
Glass

Heat
insulatingmaterialthathaltsthespreadoffireand
windowblowsout

Building
Materials
(Duration
of
time
inflame)

(1)Red
brick
wall
and
concrete
(externalwall):4hours

(2)Light
brick
wall
(internal
wall)minimum1hour

(3) Mineral
Fiber
ceiling

2
hours

(4)Vinyl
floor:
2hours

16
Purpose
group
&
compartment

Designation
of
purpose
groups.

For the purpose of this Part every building or compartment shall be regarded according to its
use or intended use as falling within one of the purpose groups set out in the Fifth Schedule
to these By-laws and, where a building is divided into compartments, used or intended to be
used for different purposes, the purpose group of each compartment shall be determined
separately:

Provided that where the whole or part of a building or compartment, as the case may be, is
used or intended to be used for more than one purpose, only the main purpose of use of
that building or compartment shall be taken into account in determining into which purpose
group
itfalls.

The walls that are indicated red are compartment walls. Walls that are located at walkway/
corridor are proposed as compartment walls as they help to prevent fire spread towards the
corridor
and
other
spaces.

LOWER
GROUNDSECONDFLOORPLAN

17
LOWERGROUND1FLOORPLAN

18
GROUNDFLOORPLAN

1STFLOORPLAN

19

MEZZANINEFLOORPLAN

According to UBBL : 136. Provision of compartment walls and compartment floors. Any
building, other than a single storey building, of a purpose group specified in the Fifth
Scheduleto
these
Bylaws
and
whichhas

(a) anystorey
the
floor
area
of
whichexceedsthatspecifiedasrelevanttoabuildingof
that
purpose
group and
height;or

(b) a
cubic
capacity
which
exceedsthatspecifiedassorelevantshallbesodividedinto

compartments, by
meansof
compartmentwallsorcompartmentfloorsorboth,that:

(i) no such compartment has any storey the floor area of which exceeds the area
specified
as
relevant
to
that
building;and

(ii) no such compartment has a cubic capacity which exceeds that specified as so
relevantto
the
building
:

Provided that if any building is provided with an automatic sprinkler installation which
complies with the relevant recommendations if the F.O.C Rules for Automatic Sprinkler
Installation, 29th edition, this by-law has effect in relation to that building as if the limits of
dimensions specified
are
doubled.

20
Walls
and
floor

According to UBBL: 136: Any building, other than a single storey building, of a purpose group
specified
in
the
Fifth
Schedule
to
theseBy-lawsandwhichhas-

(a)Anystorey
the
floor
area
of
whichexceedsthatspecifiedasrelevanttoabuildingof

that
purpose
groupandheight:

(b) A
cubic
capacity
whichexceedsthatspecifiedassorelevantshallbesodividedinto

compartment floors
or
both,that-

i)
No
such
compartment has
anystoreythefloorareaofwhichexceedsthearea
specified
as
relevant
to
that
building;and

ii)
No
such
compartment hascubiccapacitywhichexceedstheareaspecifiedas
relevantto
that
building
:

Provided that if any building is provided with an automatic sprinkler installation which
complies with the relevant recommendations of the F.O.C Rules for Automatic Sprinkler
Installation, 29th edition, this by-law has effect in relation to that building as if the limits of
dimensions specified
are
doubled.

138.
The
following
walls
and
floors
inbuildingsshallbeconstructedascompartmentwallsor
compartment floors
:

(a)
Anyfloor
in
a
building
of
Purpose
GroupII(Institutional);

(b)
Any
wall
or
floor
separating
a
flat
ormaisonettefromanyotherpartofthesame
building;

(c) Any wall or floor separating part of a building from any other part of the same building
which is used or intended to be used mainly for a purpose falling within a different purpose
group
as
set
out
in
the
Fifth
ScheduletotheseBy-laws;and

(d)
Any
floor
immediately
over
a
basementstoreyhasanareaexceeding100squaremeters.

162.
Fire
rated
doors

(1)
Fire
doors
of
the
appropriate
FRPshallbeprovided.

(2)
Openingsin
compartment walls
andseparatingwallsshallbeprotectedbyafiredoor
having
a
FRPin
accordancewith
therequirementsforthatwallspecifiedintheNinth
Scheduleto
theseBy-laws.

(3)
Openings in
protecting
structuresshallbeprotectedbyfiredoorshavingFRPofnotless
thanhalf
the
requirement for
the
surroundingwallspecifiedintheNinthScheduletothese
By-lawsbut
inno
case
less
than
half
hour.

(4)
Openings
in
partition
enclosing
a
protectedcorridororlobbyshallprotectedbyfiredoors
having
FRP
of
halfhour.

(5)
Fire
doors
including
framesshall
beconstructedtoaspecificationwhichcanbeshownto
meet the
requirementsfor
relevantFRPwhentestedinaccordancewithsection3ofBS
476:1951.

21
163:
Fire
doors
conformingto
the
methodofconstructionasstipulatedbelowshallbe
deemed to
meetthe
requirementsofthespecifiedFRP:

a)
Doors
and
framesconstructedinaccordancewithoneofthefollowingspecifications
shall be deemed
to
satisfy
the
requirementsfordoorshavingFRPofhalf-hour:

(i)
a
single
door 900millimetershighmaximumofdoubledoors1800millimetersx
2100 millimeters highmaximumconstructedofsolidhardwoodcoreofnotlessthan
37millimeters laminated withadhesivesconformingtoeitherBS.745AnimalGlue,
orBS1204, Synthetic resin
adhesives(phenolicandaminoplastic)forwoodPartI,
Gap-fillingadhesives, or
BS1444,Cold-settingcaseinglueforwood,facedboth
sideswithplywood to
a
totalthicknessofnotlessthan43millimeterswithalledges
finishedwith asolid
edgestripfullwidthofthedoor.Themeetingstilesofdouble
doors shall
berabbeted 12millimetersdeepormaybebuttedprovidedthe
clearance is
kept to
a
minimum;

(ii)
doors
may
bedouble swingprovidedtheyaremountedonhydraulicfloorsprings
and clearances
at
floor
not
exceeding4.7millimetersandframeandmeetingstiles
not exceeding
3
millimeters;

(iii)
a
vision
panel
maybe
incorporatedprovideditdoesnotexceed0.065square
meter per
leaf
with
no
dimensionmorethan1370millimetersanditisglazedwithin
6millimeters Georgian
WiredGlassinHardwoodstops;

(iv)
doors
constructed
is
accordancewithBSNo.459:Part3:1951FireCheckFlush
DoorsandWoodand
Metalframes(HalfHourType):

(v)
timber
framesfor
single
swinghalf-hourfiredoorsofoverallwidthof60
millimetersincluding
25
millimetersrabbetanddepthtosuitdoorthicknessplus34
millimetersstop;

(vi)
metal
framesfor
half
hourfiredoorsshallbeofsheetsteelnotlighterthan18
gaugeof
overall
width50
millimetersincluding18millimetersrabbetanddepthto
suit
the
door
thicknessplus
53millimetersstop;

(vii)
timber
or
metal
framesfordoubleswingdoorsshallbeasspecifiedabovewith
minimum clearancebetweenframeanddoor;

(b)
Door
and
framesconstructedinaccordancewithoneofthefollowingspecifications
shallbe
deemedto
satisfy
the
requirementsfordoorhavingFRPofonehour:

(i) a single door not exceeding 900 millimeters wide x 2100 millimeters high or
double doors not exceeding 1800 millimeters x 2100 millimeters high constructed as
for specification (a) for half-hour but incorporating on both faces a layer of asbestos
insulating
boardto
BS
3536(notasbestoscement)notlessthan3millimetersthick;

(ii) doors may swing one way only and double doors shall have 12 millimeters wide
rabbetat
the
meeting
stiles;

(iii) a vision panel may be incorporated provided it does not exceed 10 square
meters per leaf with no dimension more than 300 millimeters and it is glazed with 6
millimetersGeorgian
Wire
Glassinhardwoodstop;

22
 (iv) doors constructed in accordance with BS 459 : Part 3 : 1951 : Fire Check Flush
Doorsand
Woodand
Metalframes(OneHourType);

(v) frames for one hour doors shall be as for half-hour door except that timber
frames shall pressure impregnated with 15% go 18% solution of monoammonium
phosphatein
water.

164
:

(1)
All
the
fire
doors
shall
befittedwithautomaticdoorclosersofhydraulically
spring operated type
in
the
caseofswingdoorsandofwireropeandweighttypein
thecaseof
sliding
doors.

(2)
Doubledoors
withrabbetedmeetingstilesshallbeprovidedwithcoordinating
device
to
ensurethat
leafs
closeinthepropersequence.

(3)
Fire
doors
maybeheld
openprovidedtheholdopendeviceincorporatesaheat
actuated device
to
release
thedoor.Heatactuateddevicesshallnotbepermittedon
fire
doorsprotecting
openingstoprotectedcorridorsorprotectedstaircases.

86.
Party
walls

(1) All party walls shall generally be of not less than 200mm total thickness of solid
masonry or insitu concrete which may be made up of two separate skins each of not
less
than
100mm thickness
ifconstructedatdifferenttimes:

Provided that in multi-storeyed flats and terrace houses of reinforced concrete or of

protected steel framed construction having floors and roofs constructed to the
requirements of these By-laws, the party wall thereof shall not less than 100mm
total
thickness.

(2) Party walls in single storeyed houses may be in load-bearing 100mm solid
masonry or insitu concrete provided the requirements of Part V, VI and VII of these
By-laws
are
complied
with.

(3) All party walls shall be carried above the upper surface of the roof to a distance
of
notless
than
230mm at
nightanglestosuchuppersurface.

(4) Other non-combustible materials may be used for party walls provided the
requirements
of
Part
V,
VI
andVIIoftheseBy-lawsarecompliedwith.

23
Analysis:

Aspassive
fireprotection is
a
planningmatterandmustbeconsideredattheplanningstage
in
the
building design in
order to
allocatefireriskareaawayfromthebuildingspaces.An
effectivepassive fireprotection showsgoodplanningandgooddesign.Aspreventionis
better
than cure, it
is
bettertopreventfirefromspreadingintothebuildingthanhavingto
putout
thefire.
Hence, material choiceisallfireratedtoslowdownthespreadingoffire.

FIRE
STAIR
MARKED
YELLOW,
BOMBALIFTMARKEDGREEN

LOWERGROUND2FLOORPLAN

LOWERGROUND1FLOORPLAN

24
GROUNDFLOORPLAN

1STFLOORPLAN

25
 MEZZANINEFLOORPLAN

2ND

3RD4TH5TH-6THFLOORPLAN

As shown in the plans above, those are the location of the fire staircases. The position of the
stairs are the same from Ground floor all the way up to the second floor. Fire staircase
allows the users of the building to evacuate from the building to assembly point during fire
or any emergency event happen. The width of staircase maintains same all over the way of
staircase till the exit. The width of staircase (1200mm) suggests one user at a time. The
height of riser 170mm and the thread is 255mm. Handrail with a height of 900mm is used
for
safety
purposeof
the
users
of
thestaircase.

26
27
Protected
areas
:
Protection
of
stairsandlobbies

UBBL:

196.

(1) Access to a staircase smoke lobby shall be by means of fire doors opening in the
direction
of
escape.

(2) The width of the smoke lobby shall at no point be less than the required exit
width.

(3) Smoke lobbies shall be provided at the basement levels where an escape
staircase
serving
an
upper
storeyisextendedtoabasement.

(4) Where practical smoke lobbies and fire fighting access lobbies shall have
permanent openings or openable windows of not less than 1 square metre giving
direct
access
to
the
open
airfromanexternalwallorinternallightwell.

(5) Where natural ventilation is impractical smoke lobbies and fire fighting access
lobbies maybe be ventilated by means of a vertical shaft or mechanically
pressurised.

197.

(1) Protected lobbies shall be provided to serve staircases in buildings exceeding 18

metres above ground level where the staircase enclosures are not ventilated
throughexternal
walls.

(2) In buildings exceeding 45 metres above ground level, such protected lobbies shall
be pressurised to meet the requirements of Section 7 of the Australian Standard
1668, Part I 1974 or any other system meeting the functional requirements of the
D.G.F.S.

(3) Protected lobbies may be omitted if the staircase enclosures are pressurised to
meetthe
requirements
of
bylaw200.

Smokecontrol

194.
Building
with
single
staircase
.

A single staircase may be permitted in any building the top most floor of which does not
exceed12
metresin
height
:

Provided
that
such
building
complieswiththefollowingcondition:

(a)
each
element
of
structure
shall
haveaFRPofnotlessthanonehour;

(b) no room or storey of the building may be used for any occupancy other than for domestic
or office purposes, except that the ground storey may be used for the purpose of a shop or
car
park
:

28
Provided
that-

(i) the staircase from the ground to first floor level shall be separated from the
remainderof
the
ground
floorbyawallhavingaFRPofnotlessthantwohours;

(ii)
the
wallenclosing
the
staircaseatthemainentrancebereturnedforadistance
ofnotless
than
450mm alongthefrontageofanyshoporcarpark;

(iii)
the
maximum travel
distanceshallbe12mmeasuredfromthedooroftheroom
orareato
the
exit
providedthepathoftravelfromanypointintheroomtothe
room door
does
notexceed12meters.

(iv)
In
ground
andfirst
storeyswhichhavewindowscontainingopeninglights
sufficiently
near
theadjacentgroundlevelastomakeemergencyescapebythis
means reasonablea
maximumtraveldistanceupto30metersispermissible.

195.
Staircases
to
reach
roof
level.

In
buildingsexceeding30
metresin
heightallstaircasesintendedtobeusedasmeansof
egressshall
be
carried
to
the
roof
leveltogiveaccessthereto.

Ventilation
of
stairs

198.

(1) All staircase enclosures shall be ventilated at each floor or landing level by either
permanent openings or openable windows to the open air having a free area of not
less
than1
square
metre
perfloor.

(2)
Openable
windows
shallmeettheoperationalrequirementsoftheD.G.F.S.

(3) In buildings not exceeding three storeys above ground level, staircase enclosures
may be unventilated provided that access to them at all levels except the top floor is
throughventilated
lobbies.

199.
In
buildingsnot
exceeding 18
metresabovegroundlevel,staircaseenclosuresmaybe
unventilated providedthat
accesstothematalllevelsexceptthetopflooristhrough
ventilated lobbies
andthe
staircaseenclosuresarepermanentlyventilatedatthetopwithat
least5%of
the
area
of
the
enclosures.

200.
For
staircases
in
building
exceeding18metresabovegroundlevelthatarenot
ventilated in
accordance with
by-law198,twoalternativemethodsofpreventingthe
infiltrationof
smokeinto
the
staircaseenclosuresmaybepermittedbyproviding

(a)
permanent ventilation
at
thetopofthestaircaseenclosureofnotlessthan5%of
thearea
of
the
enclosure
andinadditionatsuitableintervalsintheheightofthe
staircasea
mechanically
ventilatedshafttoachievenotlessthan20airchangesper
hourto
beautomatically
activatedbyasignalfromthefirealarmpanel;or

(b)
mechanicalpressurisationofthestaircaseenclosuretothestandardof
performance as
specified
in
section7oftheAustralianStandard1668,PartI-1974or
anyother
systemmeetingthefunctionalrequirementsoftheD.G.F.S.

29

201.All
staircase
enclosures
below
groundlevelshallbeprovidedwithsuitablemeansof
preventing the
ingress
of
smoke.

2ND

3RD4TH-5TH-6THFLOORPLAN

30
Assembly
Point

According
to
UBBL:

178.
In
buildings
classified
as
institutionalorplacesofassembly,exitstoastreetorlarge
open space,
together with
staircases,corridorsandpassagesleadingtosuchexitsshallbe
located,separated or
protectedastoavoidanyunduedangertotheoccupantsoftheplace
of
assembly fromfire
originating
intheotheroccupancyorsmoketherefrom.

179
:
Each
place
of
assembly
shall
beclassifiedaccordingtoitscapacityasfollows:

Class
A-Capacity-
1000
personsormore

Class
B-
Capacity-
300
to
1000persons

Class
C-
Capacity-
100
to
300persons

180:The occupancyload
permittedinanyplaceofassemblyshallbedeterminedbydividing
the
netfloor
area
or
space
assignedtousebythesquaremetreperoccupantasfollows:

(a)
Assemblyareaof
concentratedusewithoutfixedseatssuchasanauditorium,
places of
worship,
dancefloorandlodgeroom-0.65squareperperson:

(b)
Assemblyarea
of
less
concentratedusesuchasaconferenceroom,dining
room, drinking
establishment,exhibitroom,gymnasium,orlounge1.35square
metre per
person;

(c)
Standing
room
or
waitingspace3squaremetresperperson:

(d)
The
occupancy loadof
anareahavingfixedseatsshallbedeterminedbythe
number of
fixed
seats
installed.Requiredaislespaceservingthefixedseatsshallnot
beused
toincrease
theoccupantsload.

188.
Exits
in
any
placeof
assemblyshallbearrangedthatthetraveldistancefrom
any
pointto
reachan
exit
shallnotexceed45metresforunsprinkledbuildingsand
60
metres for
sprinkled
buildings.

Travel
Distance

According
to
UBBL
:

165.

(1) The travel distance to an exit shall be measured on the floor or other walking
surface along the centre line of the natural path of travel, starting 0.300 metre from
the most remote point of occupancy, curving around any corners or obstructions
with 0.300 metre clearance the reform and ending at the storey exit. Where
measurement includes
stairs,itshallbetakenintheplaceofthetrendnoising.

(2) In the case of open areas the distance to exits shall be measured from the most
remote point of occupancy provided that the direct distance shall not exceed two-
third
the
permitted
travel
distance.

31
 (3) In the case of individual rooms which are subject to occupancy of not more than
six persons, travel distance shall be measured from the doors of such rooms:
provided that the travel distance from any point in the room to the room door does
notexceed
15
metres.

(4) The maximum travel distances to exits and dead end limits shall be as specified in
the
Seventh
Schedule
of
theseBy-laws.

166. (1) Except as permitted by by-law 167 not less than two separate exits shall be
providedfrom
each
storey
togetherwithsuchadditionalexitsasmaybenecessary.

(2) The exits shall be so sited within the limits of travel distance as specified in the
Seventh
Schedule to
these
Bylawsandarereadilyaccessibleatalltimes.

168:

(1)
Exceptas
provide
for
in
by-laws194everyupperfloorshallhavemeansofegress
via
at
least
two
separatestaircases.

(2) Staircase shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not
available for escape purpose the remaining staircase shall accommodate the highest
occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with
provisions
in
the
Seventh
ScheduletotheseBy-laws.

(3) The required width of a staircase shall be clear width between walls but handrails
maybe
permitted
to
encroachonthiswidthtoamaximumof75millimetres.

(4) The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length
including
at
landings.

(5) Doors giving access to staircase shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no
point
encroachon
the
requiredwidthofthestaircaseorlanding.

174:

(1)
Where
twoor
more
storeyexitsarerequiredtheyshallbespacedatnotlessthan
5
metres
apart
measuredbetweenthenearestedgesoftheopenings.

(2)
Each
exits
shall
give
directaccessto

(a)
a
final
exit
:

(b)
a
protected
staircaseleadingtoafinalexit;or

(c)
an
external
routeleasingtoafinalexit.

(3)
Basementsand
roof
structuresusedsolelyforservicesneednotbeprovidedwith
alternatives
means
of
egress.

(a)
a
final
exit
:

(b)
a
protected
staircaseleadingtoafinalexit;or

(c)
an
external
routeleasingtoafinalexit.

32
(3)
Basementsand
roof
structures
usedsolelyforservicesneednotbeprovidedwith
alternatives
means
of
egress.

Analysis

Escape routes are meant to lead to a safety place without relying on others. It is to make it
possible for users of the building to reach a spot of safety. Safe assumption can be made
such as there is only one source of fire; hence alternate routes need to provided.
Nevertheless, passive fire protection need put in consideration of the building form, the
function
of
the
building,
the
potentialfireriskareas.

THE
RED
DOT-
LINE
SHOWS
CIRCULATIONTOFINDTHESAFEAREAWHENFIREHAPPEN

33
34
Fifth
Schedule

Fire
appliance
access

140. All buildings in excess of 7000 cubic meters shall abut upon a street or road or open
space of not less than 12 metres width and accessible to fire brigade appliances. The
proportion of the building abutting the street, road or open space shall be in accordance
with
the
following
scale
:

Access for fire appliance vehicle is located at the each side of the building. According to
UBBL, the access roadway should be positioned with its nearest edge a maximum of 2
meters from the face of the building and its furthest edge a minimum of 7.5 meters from the
building.
This
will
enable
the
appliancestooperateatitsoptimumheight.

Analysis

To
separate
the
fire
risk
areafrom
thebuildingeffectively,firerateddoors,wallsandfloors
are
constructed
according to
UBBL.
Withthis,spaceswithinthebuildingwillbedividedinto
smallercompartment, to
:

-Limits
the
spread
of
fire

-Restrict
the
movement
of
smoke

-Optimize
evacuation
routesduringfire

35
Emergency
Exit
Signs

The
Exit
Emergency signage ofKELUARmeansEXITinMalaysiatodirectpeopleashortest
route
to
a
placeof
safety withina
buildingwhichleadtotheoutsideofthebuildingatthe
assembly point
andit
is
an
effectiveguidancetool.Mostrelevantcodes(fire,building,
health
or
safety)requires exit
signstobepermanentlylit.Also,exitsignsaredesignedtobe
very
clear
and
understandable for
peopletosee.

According
to
UBBL
:

172.

(1)
storey
exits
and
access
tosuchexitsshallbemarkedbyreadilyvisiblesignsand
shall
not
be
obscuredby
anydecorations,furnishingsorotherequipment.

(2)
a
sign
reading
KELUARwithanarrowindicatingthedirectionshallbeplacedin
everylocation
where
the
directionoftraveltoreachthenearestexitisnot
immediately

(3)
every
exit
sign
shall
have
thewordKELUARinplainlylegiblelettersnotless
than150
millimetershigh
withtheprincipalstrokesofthelettersnotlessthan18
millimeters
wide.Theletteringshallbeinredagainstablackbackground.

(4)
all
exit
sign
shall
be
illuminatedcontinuouslyduringperiodofoccupancy

(5)
illuminated
signs
shall
be
providedwithtwoelectriclampsofnotlessthanfifteen
watts each.

36
According
to
MS
1184

12.Handrails
Pathways,
corridors,
rampsandstaircases,whichmaybeaccessedby
wheelchair
users
and/or
ambulant disabledpersons,requirehandrails:

12.1
Fixed
notless
than840
mm nor
morethan900mmfromfinishedfloorlevel,extended
in
thecase
of
ramp or
stairway
by
300mmasshownbelow.

(a)
Handrail
on
pathways
or
internalramp

(b)
Handrail
on
stairway

12.2
The
grip
should
notbe
less
than40mmdiameternormorethan60mmwideandit
shouldprovidea
secure
non-slip
gripasshownbelow

12.3 Fixed
securely
with
its
ends
turnedawayorturneddownwardsfornotlessthan100
mm.

12.4Sofixedthat
there
is
no
obstructiontothepassageofthehandalongthegrip.12.5
Fixed
not less
than
50
mm and
not
morethan100mmfromanyadjacentwall.

12.6Continued
unbroken,if
practicable,throughouteachflightofstairsoralongeach
pathway
or
internal
ramp
and aroundlandingandrestareas.

12.7Which
should
preferably
contrastincolourtotheirsupportingwalls.

12.8
Whichif
locatedat
staircases
andrampsshouldbecapableofcarryingaminimumload
of
100kg
and available
on
bothsides.

37
Firestopping

Firestopping
refers
to
the
variouscomponentsthatareusedtosealopeninginfire
compartmentation, Examplesof
firestoppingusedare

Fire
shutter

Fireshutters
serve
the
samerole
as
firewalls,buttheydifferbythefactthatfireshutters
only move
into
their
operational
positionintheeventofafire.Theyareusuallywiredtothe
fire
control
roomsas
in
the
case
of
buildingandwouldactiveautonomouslyintheeventofa
fire.

Theyare designed to
operate in
twostages.Itisinitiallyloweredtoapredeterminedsafe
height(usually right
above head height)toactasasmokebarrierwhilestillpermitting
occupants toescape.It
then lowers
andshutscompletelyafterapredeterminedtimetoact
as
a
fireresistantbarrier.
It
is
usuallyoutofsteeloraluminumwithafireproofcoatingfor
added protection.

38
Fire
rated
Door

Fire
rateddoorsaredesigned withaddedfireproofingmaterial,usuallyasandwich
composite of
gypsum, steel
andtimber.Firedoorsserveanimportantroleincontaininga
separating a
fire-risk
zonewhilemaintainingaccessibility.Theyareratedforeitherhalfan
houroran
hourofexposure to
fire
dependingonthecertificationwhichcanbefoundona
plaqueonthedoor.

As
statedin
clause
173,all
doors
arerequiredtoreturntoaclosestatewhenreleased
Automatic doorclosers
(forbuildingalldoorwillbeclosingbyoverheaddoorcloser)are
installed
to
ensurethat.

39
5.AIR
CONDITIONING
SYSTEM
5.1
Introduction

Air conditioners are electrical appliances that help cool down the spaces they occupy. As the
name suggests, they condition the air by altering several conditions in the space that include
temperature, humidity as well as the circulation of air. Air conditioners cool down the spaces
they
occupyby
blowing
coolair
in
while,atthesametime,drawingheatout.

In recent years, air conditioning has developed into an integral part of structures and
buildings. Due to varying types of air conditioning units, several systems were developed in
accordanceto
the
different
conditionsrequiredbydifferentbuildings.

In the case of Syopz Mall, two separate air conditioning systems were incorporated into the
building. The retail area, inclusive of the restaurants as well as commercial shops, uses an
air-cooled system whereas the U-Residence, the student hostel, uses the typical split unit
systems commonly used in domestic homes. Both air conditioning units are located on the
rooftop of the building. (Figure 1.1) The chillers are clustered together whereas the split
units
are
scattered
throughoutthe
rooftop(Figure1.2)

40
5.2
Requirements
for
UBBL
(UniformBuildingBy-Laws)

41.

(1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the

relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights
of
rooms
may be
waived
at
thediscretionoflocalauthority.

(2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if
in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative
approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half
an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of
fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the
period
whenthe
air-conditioningsystemisnotfunctioning.

(The Syopz Mall complies with the above requirements. Majority of retail outlets, as well as
restaurants, were designed with sufficient natural lighting and ventilation. In accordance to
the conditions in the hostel where permanent air-conditioning is considered, every
individual room is inclusive of windows as openings. These would allow air ventilation into
the
area
during
the
failure
of
the
air-conditioningsystems.)

41
5.3
Types
of
Systems

Air-cooled
system

How
it
works?

This system works by using water as a cooling medium. Cool water would be distributed to
different sections in the building. Air would be blown through the cool water, ultimately
cooling the spaces below. Due to the temperature difference between the air and water, the
water would eventually be heated. This heated water would then be transferred to the
chiller
where
it
would
be
cooled
down.Theprocessthenrepeats.

Main
components:

- Chiller (Figure2.1)
- Chill
water
pump (Figure2.2)
- Chill
water
supply
(CHWS)
andchillwaterreturn(CHWR)pipes (Figure2.3)
- Fan[Blowing
to
consumer] (Figure2.4)

42
Function
of
the
chill
water
pump

The chill water pump sends water throughout the retail area of the building. (Figure 3.1)
Specific pumps would send water to the consumer areas (retail shops, etc.). Separate pumps
would send water to the chiller. The water travels to and fro via the CHWS and CHWR pipes.
(Figure 3.2) The pumps themselves are insulated in order to keep the temperature of the
cooledwater
at
an
optimum
temperatureof16degreesCelsius.(Figure3.3)

The cool water is transported to the consumers and is heated by outdoor temperatures. The
pressure
of
the
water
pumpis
monitoredtobekeptatastandardpressureratingof30psi.

43
Chiller
variant

York
YLAA
70
to
175
Tons
Air
CooledScrollChiller

Components
in
the
chiller:

- Condenser (Figure4.1)
- Compressor (Figure4.2)
- Coppertubes (Figure4.3)
- Cooling
fan

44
Functions
of
chiller
components:

Condenser

The condenser is an insulated chamber that functions to cool down the heated water that
passes through. Inside the chamber consists of several copper tubes that are looped around.
These tubes contain cool gas provided by the compressor that, in turn, cools down the
heated water to the desired temperature. The cooled water then leaves the condenser.
(Figure5.1)

Compressor

The compressor has a similar function to that of the condenser. This component, however,
cools down gas rather than water. Much like the compressor found in the conventional split
AC units, the cool gas, also known as refrigerant, is contained in the chamber and is then
released to the condenser via copper tubes. The gas itself is not released out the tube but
the difference in temperature between the water in the condenser and the gas in the tube
causes it to gain heat while, at the same time, cool the water. The compressor is serviced by
the
SyopzMall
management at
least
twiceaweek.

Copper
Tubes

The copper tubes act as a method to transport cool gas from the compressor to the
condenser
and
vice
versa.

CoolingFan

The cooling fan is located on the top of the chiller and functions to draw out hot air from the
chiller itself. This heat is radiated from the heated copper tubes after emerging out of the
condenser. The copper tubes would heat the surrounding air while the surrounding air cools
thecoppertubesthemselves,ultimatelycoolingthegassesinside.(Figure5.2)

45
Processof
cooling
the
water

After the cool water is pumped down to the retail shops, it would begin to gain heat as it
cools down the spaces. As per mentioned previously, the heated water would then be
pumped into
the
chiller
via
pipes.

There are two types of pipes that pass through the chiller. These pipes are the CHWS and
CHWR pipes. The CHWS pipes are supply pipes, basically when the pump supplies water out
to either the chiller or retail areas (depending on the pump) whereas the CHWR pipes are
the
return
pipes
that
containwater
flowingintothepipes.

In this case, the heated water is pumped into the chiller via the CHWS pipe. More
specifically, the water is pumped into a chamber in the chiller called a condenser. This is
where the water would be cooled down into the desired temperature of 16 degrees Celsius.
The water then leaves the condenser via the CHWR pipe and back to the pump. The water is
then pumped back to the retail shops. This process is repeated until the desired temperature
is
attained.

46
Split
Unit
System

How
it
works?

These are air-conditioning units that do not require any ductwork. Has two main
components, an indoor unit (Figure 6.1) and an outdoor unit (Figure 6.2). One outdoor unit
is meant to cater to one indoor unit. The outdoor unit is a compressor that is purposed to do
the cooling whereas the indoor unit contains components that cool down the spaces they
occupy.These
two
sections
are
connectedusingelectricalwiresandcoppertubing.

Component(s)
in
the
outdoor
unit:

- Compressor (Figure7.1)
- Condenser (Figure7.2)

47
Function

Compressor

The compressor is controlled by a thermostat located in the indoor unit. Once the
thermostat detects air with a temperature higher than desired, it would activate the
compressor. The compressor is then in charge of circulating refrigerant gas throughout the
system. The gas would later be compressed through a series of pipes, ultimately leading to
an increase in both temperature and pressure. The gas would then be directed to a
condenser.

Condenser

The cooling system from the condenser would cool down the high-pressured gas from the
compressor. Due to this, the gas would then transform into a liquid state where it would be
transferred
into
the
evaporator
in
theindoorunitthroughcoppertubing.

Component(s)
in
the
indoor
unit

- Evaporator (Figure8.1)
- Thermostat (Figure8.2)

48
Function

Evaporator

The evaporator consists of a fan that would direct warm, or room-temperature, air through
a chamber containing the chilled liquid refrigerant. The once hot air is then cooled by the
difference in temperature between the gas and would then travel into the room as cool air.
This process would end up heating the refrigerant which is then transferred back to the
outdoor unit to be cooled once more. This process is continually repeated until the
thermostatdetects
the
desired
temperature.

Thermostat

Thethermostatis
a
devicethat
detectsthetemperatureofthespace,orroom,itoccupies.If
the
temperature is
higher
thanthatitwasprogrammedtodesire,itwouldsendacommand
to
the
AC
unit
that would
enable its
activation.

49
6.MECHANICAL
VENTILATION
SYSTEM
6.1Introduction
Ventilation is mostly used to control indoor air quality by diluting and displacing
indoor pollutants. The purpose is to provide fresh air from the outside and extracting
stale air to the outside, maintaining moderate air temperature and control of
humidity of a building. Mechanical ventilation system helps to regulate the
circulation of fresh air in consequence of respective components such as ducts and
fans,rather
than
dependon
uncertain
airflow
from
nature.

6.2Types
of
Mechanical
Ventilation
System
6.2.1Supply
Ventilation
System

Diagram
showing
air
is
conveyedwith
the
help
of
central
supply
fan
Supply ventilation system carry out inhalation of fresh outside air into the building
with the help of fans and extracting out inside air through different exhaust on the
building envelope. The benefit of this system allows a better control of air entering
the building and minimizes the outdoor pollutants into the internal space as the
incoming air is being filtered. Yet, this system is cost-friendly and easy to install. The
disadvantage of this system is that it can cause moisture problem in cold area.
During colder circumstances, the system allows warm indoor air to leak out through
the
randomopeningsinthe
exterior
walls
and
ceilings
resulting
in
mildew
or
mold.

50
6.2.2Exhaust
Ventilation
System

Diagramshowing
air
in
a
space
isconveyed
with
the
help
of
exhaust
ventilation
system
andcomponents
The internal pressure of the building is reduced below the outdoor air pressure. This
system extract out the indoor air from the building and in the mean time creates an
air infiltrates through leaks in the building envelope. Identical to the supply
ventilation system, this system is simple and inexpensive to install. The downside of
the system is that the outside pollutants will be drawn in into the interior spaces
together with the fresh air. In warm and humid climate, depressurization can draw in
moist air into wall cavities resulting in damage to the building due to moisture.
Hence,it
is
most
situated
for
colder
climates.

51
6.2.3Combined/Balanced
Ventilation
System

Diagramshowing
the
mechanism
of
combined
/
balanced
ventilation
system
within
a
building
This system is neither pressurizes nor depressurizes and design to draw in fresh air to
the internal space and remove the stale inside air to the outside where moisture
were usually created. The benefit of this system is that it is suitable in all climates
and without pressurization in the internal space thus allowing the use of filter to
remove dust and pollutants from the external air. The installation is expensive as it
requires two fans and two ducts system, and it will not extract moisture from
incomingair.

52
6.3Components
of
Mechanical
Ventilation
System
6.3.1Axial
Jet
Fan

AxialJet
Fan
located
in
the
basement
of
Syopz
Mall

Diagram
of
Axial
Fan
Components
Axial Jet fan is a compressor that increases the pressure of the air flowing through it.
The blades of the axial jet fan force air to move parallel to the axis where the blade
rotates. Axial Jet fan is used for high flow rate. They are mainly used in simple
extraction or cooling applications with low system resistance. The air is moving from
one large space to another. It was located usually on both left and right side on the
basement. It was part of the mechanical ventilation as it function was to carry out air
circulation
withinthe
basement.

53
6.3.2Propeller
Fan

Propeller
Fan
found
in
small
enclosure
room
Propeller Fan is a best device to channel out freezing air from the wall and windows.
It is commonly installed and used in residential and commercial buildings. Propeller
fan also allow large amount of air to flow into the exterior but not allowing air to be
force through a long duct due to low pressure. Propeller fans functions the best
under a small area and are best known for its economy friendly, low cost of
installation
and
little
amount
of
noise
level.

According
to
MS
1525
Code
8.4.1:
Temperature
Control
Each system should be provided with at least one thermostat for the regulation of
temperature. Each thermostat should be capable of being set by adjustment or
selection of sensors over a minimum range of between 22c to 27c. Multi-stage
thermostat should be provided for equipment exceeding 35/65kWr in conjunction
with8.2.4.

54
6.3.3Ductwork

Ductwork
system
exposed
in
the
basement
Ductwork is a passenger used in ventilation, heating and air conditioning to carry and
exhaust air throughout the building. This mechanism allows the air to flow
throughout the building into the air conditioner or heater. The air inside is then
cooled or heated and propel back along with the ducts and into the interior space of
a building. A properly designed vents is very important, without much consideration,
the air pressure, cooling and heating system will be unbalanced and the building
climatic control will declined or even having failure function of heating or air-
conditioningequipmentsin
the
building.

Galvanized

Steel
Duct

Pictured
of
Galvanized
Steel
Duct
Metal coated with zinc is the most common material used in fabricating ductwork as
it provides insulation and to prevent rust. The connection part of each segment is
mostly molded into curve shape in order to maintain the speed, the amount of air
passing
throughand
to
reduce
the
noise
of
air
when
delivery
through
the
passage.

55
6.3.4Smoke
Spill
Fan

SmokeSpill
Fan
stored
in
an
enclosed
area
Smoke control of a building is important in order to move to emergency evacuation
during fire. Smoke spill fan is used to remove smoke from the building and to
provide
clear
access
for
firefighting
services.

Basicfigure
of
Smoke
Extraction
Ventilation
System
The basement of Syopz Mall has a properly constructed smoke spill system which is
enable to sustain smoke free circumstances at all area of the level. In this manner,
the possible risk of smoke inhalation, injury and death can be reduced to the least
amount.
In case of fire, fire resisting dampers blocks or channels the ignition floor, thus
trapping the smoke and fire within the ignition floor to prevent them flow out to
another spaces. In the mean time, the rest of fire-resisting dampers in other spaces
56
remain open enabling pressurization of the adjacent floors by the supply ventilation
system, through its components such as pressurization fans, while fire- resisting
dampers in the exhaust ventilation remain closed, enabling occupants to escape and
firefighters
to
fight
with
fire.

6.3.5Fire
Damper

FireDamper
located
at
the
wall
of
basement
Fire Damper is installed to avoid the spreading of fire through walls or ducts from
one space onto the next. When there is a detection of fire, the dampers close
automatically to prevent section of flame into different spaces. Fire Dampers are
usually installed at compartments walls where it is at the point of duct penetration
from one space to another. If the ductwork collapses, the damper will remain to the
walland
maintain
the
integrity
of
the
wall.

Containment
fire
and
smoke
damper
with
smoke
detective

57
According
to
UBBL
1984
Clause
156:
Protected
shafts
as
ventilation
duct
(1)Ifaprotected
shaft
serves
as,
or
contains,
a
ventilating
duct-
(a) The duct shall be fitted with automatic fire dampers together with or
without subducts as Australian Standard 1668: Pt. 1:1974, so constructed at such
intervals and in such positions as may be necessary to reduce, so far as practical, the
risk of fire spreading from a compartment to any other compartment, or such other
provision shall
be
made
as
will
reduce
such
risk
so
far
as
practicable.
(b) The duct shall not be constructed of, or lined with, any material which
substantially
increases
such
risk.

6.3.6Diffuser

Squareair
diffuser
installed
on
the
ceiling
Diffuser is located at the end of the ductwork where the air supply is been
discharged from. It is typical outlet used for air to release from the connecting
ductwork. They shift in different sizes and shapes which serve different functions as
well. The diffuser has profiled blades to direct the air at an angle. These are also
manufactured in sustainable metal materials such as aluminums, mild steel, stainless
steel,and
also
plastics.

According
to
MS
1525
Code
8.3.1:
Separate
Air
Distribution
System
Zones which are expected to operate non-simultaneously for more than 750 hours
per year should be served by separate air distribution system. As an alternative
off-house
control
should
be
provided
in
accordance.

58
6.4Summary
Mechanical Ventilation act as a vital role in providing a good indoor air quality as it
ensuring the health of the user within the space. Mechanical ventilation system is an
essential tool to keep the constant changing of air within the indoor spaces to
remove unnecessary pollutants and water vapor trapped in the interior space. This
system can categorized into 3 types, Supply Ventilation System, Exhaust Ventilation
System and Balanced Ventilation System. Each system is allocated to different spaces
based to the size, function and the capacity of a room. Therefore, suitable
mechanical ventilation system must be placed correctly in order to prevent wastage
ofenergy
and
the
cost
of
installation.

Hence, to conclude that Syopz Mall has achieved the following requirements and
regulations:

According to MS 1525 Code 8.4.1: Temperature Control, each system should be

provided with at least one thermostat for the regulation of temperature. Each
thermostat should be capable of being set by adjustment or selection of sensors
over a minimum range of between 22c to 27c. Multi-stage thermostat should be
provided
for
equipment
exceeding
35/65kWr
in
conjunction
with
8.2.4.

According to UBBL 1984 Clause 156: Protected shafts as ventilation duct, if a

protected
shaft
serves
as,
or
contains,
a
ventilating
duct-
(a) The duct shall be fitted with automatic fire dampers together with or
without subducts as Australian Standard 1668: Pt. 1:1974, so constructed at such
intervals and in such positions as may be necessary to reduce, so far as practical, the
risk of fire spreading from a compartment to any other compartment, or such other
provision shall
be
made
as
will
reduce
such
risk
so
far
as
practicable.
(b) The duct shall not be constructed of, or lined with, any material which
substantially
increases
such
risk.

According to MS 1525 Code 8.3.1: Separate Air Distribution System, zones which are
expected to operate non-simultaneously for more than 750 hours per year should be
served by separate air distribution system. As an alternative off-house control should
be
provided
in
accordance.

59
7.Mechanical
Transportation
Systems
7.1Introduction
It is an integral part of modern buildings, where it is used to move goods and people.
There are few types of mechanical transportation available, which travels vertically,
horizontally,
anddiagonally
up
fromoneplacetoanother.

At our site, elevators are only the mean of transport available that travels vertically up
to 6 floors in the building. Accessible only to the residents, it has 8 elevator in a pair
of 2 where it is distributed among both of the blocks. It is function to provide access
for
elderly
anddisabled
individualsinamodernofficeandpublicbuildings.

The image shows our sites elevator

systems, where it doesnt have a
motor room and require access from
the lift shaft itself. It is called a Motor
Roomless Lift where the motor is
installed
above thelift
shaft.

On site, the lift shaft is grouped in a

pair to increase efficiency in
transporting and to reduce waiting
time.

60
7.2TractionElevator
The car, cables, elevator machine, control equipments, counterweights, hoistway,
rails, penthouse, and pit are the common components of a traction elevator
installation. Shown in figure, it has a motor room where necessary maintenance and
repairsare
done
in
a
separatespaceontopoftheliftshaft.

Advantages:
-High
Speed
-Suitable
for
tall
buildings
-Smoothridein-carexperience
-energy
efficient

Disadvantages:
-CostlyInstallation
-Require OverheadMachineroom
-Difficult
to
accessMachine
Room
-Require Big
Space

A Traction Elevator has two kinds of machine that are available, which is geared and
gearless
traction
machines.

7.2.1
Geared Traction
Machine
Machine that has a worm and a gear interposed
between the driving motor and hosting sheave. It
is
smaller,
cheaper,and
highspeed.

7.2.2
GearlessTractionMachine
Machines that consists of a DC or AC motor, the shaft of
which is directly connected to a brake wheel and driving
sheave. Mostly used for passenger service where it can
withstandacertaincapacity.

61
7.3
Main
Components:

i.
The
Car
It is the component where it carries
passengers ups and down from one
level
to
another.

ii.
Cables
Made of four to eight steel wire cables,
its purpose is to carry the weight of the
car and
its
live
load.

iii.
Counterweight
A stacked plates of cutted steels in a
frame attached to the opposite ends of
the cables
to
which
the
carisfastened.

iv.
Shaft
or
Hoistway
Vertical passageway for the car and
counterweights.

The arrangement of elevator machines, sheaves

and ropes is to utilize the best energy efficiency
to carry loads vertically. In diagram shown, the
best arrangement that gives a mechanical
advantage is (c) which permits a high-speed yet
lowpowerusage.

62
7.4
Lift
Lobby
As observable from the lift lobby, (1) in the image is the control panel which controls
the
elevator
to
operate
by
differentspeedorsettings.

7.4.1.
Control
Panel
There are two main noticeable component. One is the
inverter(1a) which controls the power that goes in and
out, and another is the control(2a) where it is the main
component that set the speed, turns on and off of the
elevator.

7.4.2.EscutcheonTube
It is the keyhole on the upper portion of a hoistway door that
accepts a hoistway emergency door key and permits
unlockingofthehoistwaydoorlackingmechanism.

7.4.3.
Hallcallbuttons
Pressing the hall call button registers a hall call, which the
optimal car will be allocated to the call. When the controller
has determined to stop the car, lift indicator and tone will
soundtoinformthepassengerthatthecarwillsoonarrive.

7.4.4.
ArrivalLight&Bell
Informs passenger where the car is located between floors
and give information on the status of the availability on lift
service.

63
7.5Lift
Shaft
Situated within the lift shaft, (2) is a Gearless type
Permanent MagneticSynchroniseMotor(PMSM)
at
theoverhead
position
in
lift
shaft.

(3) is a limit switch where it controls the circuit that

causes machine drive to power off to ensure the car
travelsand
operatesat
a
designatedsettings.

During our site visit, we werent able to observe some of the features in the lift shaft
but
there
are
other
equipmentsaswell.Suchas:

7.5.1.
Hoistway Door
Interlock
It is not possible in normal operation to open the
landing door, unless during emergency when the
cars stops. The unlocking requires 0.2 meters
above and below the land level. When door is
forced open during normal operation, the
interlock circuit will be broken, causing the
elevatorto
immediatelystop
as
well.

7.5.2.
Hoistway
Emergency Door
Keys
These keys are meant for emergencies when the
car suddenly stops, allowing the unlocking of the
hoistway
door
interlock.

64
7.5.3.
ProgressiveSafetyGear
It is a mechanical device for stopping
the car or the counterweight by gripping
the guide rails to limit the forces on the
car and counterweight to balance the
weightat
desired
level.

7.5.4.
OverspeedGovernor
The function is to activate the safety gear if the
car speed exceeds 115% of predetermined
value.

7.5.5.
Buffer
A buffer is a device designated to stop a descending car or counterweight beyond its
limit and to absorb impact force which the elevator runs into the pit in case of
emergency. There are two types available, one is polyurethane and oil type in
respectof
the
rated
speed.

springbufferoilbuffer

65
7.5.6.
OverloadDevice
It is a load weighing device or the overload
sensor that is mounted on the lower part of
the car floor during the loading. The sensor
operates to limit the car from being
overweight, based on the space and
number of
occupants
in
one
travel.

7.5.7.DoorProtectiveDevice
Detects obstructions to the normal closing of the
elevator doors, which it either causes the door to
open or by stopping it from closing. It has a
photo-electric and infrared sensor that detects
any object that disrupts its wave to trigger its
sensor.

7.5.8.
Emergency Alarm
Switch
Accessible by all the passenger in most of elevator, it will
sound an alarm in case of emergency. It connects to an
emergency telephone or intercom that can serve as a link to
assistance
if
the
car
stops.

7.6
OtherTypes of
Elevators
7.6.1.
HydraulicElevator
Hydraulic type elevator uses oil as the system fluid, supplying sufficient pressure and
motive power from a sealed oil-piping circuit powered by an oil pump. It doesnt have
cables,drums,
traction
motor
norelaboratecontrollerthataTractionElevatorhas.

Advantages:
-Doesntrequireoverheadmachineroom
-Aestheticallypleasing
-Loadis
carried
by
ground
-Smallerhoistway
-Manually operableduring
power
failure.
-No
limit
to
the
load

66
Disadvantages:
-OperatingExpenses
-Requirea
large motor
-Limited
to
low-rise,
low-speed application
-Change in
oil
viscosity
due
to
temperature
-Noise
from pump or
motor

7.6.2.
Pneumatic Elevator
Pneumatic Elevator lifts and lowers passenger by controlling air pressure created by
vacuum pumps or turbines in a compartment placed under the lift. Once the air
pressure is built up, it results in the elevator getting hoisted while gradual release of
the same results in lowering the elevator. It has a cylindrical shaft where it is small in
scale,
commonly found in
residentialbuildings.

Advantages:
-Easy
to
install
-Easy
to
Operateandmaintanence
-Compact Design
-No
Heavy Machinery
-Aesthetically
pleasing

Disadvantages:
-Controls
and
speed
-Less
Durable
-Safety
-Noise
during
operations
-Toxins
and
Chemicalrelease

67
7.7
Operations
of
systems

7.8
Requirements
for
UBBL
(UniformBuildingsbyLaw)

124. For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main
accesslevel
at
least
one
lift
shallbeprovided.
(our site is a 6 storey high building, where it is a mixed used building that combines
both residential and commercial. Eight lift is provided where it complies with the
UBBL.)

153.
Smoke detectors for
lift
lobbies.
(1)
All
lift
lobbies
shall be
providedwithsmokedetectors.
(Smoke detectorare locatedatsiteonstandbyincaseofsmokeandfire)

68
243.
Fire
Lifts.
(3) The fire lifts shall be located within a separate protected shaft if it open
into
a
separate lobby.

7.9Fire
Lift
Systems
When it is in operation, it is activated by smoke sensor or heat sensor that is
triggered with the presence of fire. The elevator will leaves floor and will go to the
fire-recall Floor and stops with its doors open. After that, the elevator will no longer
respond to
calls
or
move
in
any
direction.

Fire
Man
Fighting Operation
Mode
There is a function where it is created for firefighters to rescue people. It is activated
by a key switch located inside the elevator on the centralized control panel. Three
stages of lift service available at the switch, which is on, off and on hold. Once the lift
reaches to desired level, the door will not open unless the firefighter holds the door
open button. He or she must hold the door open until the hoist door is completely
opened.

7.10Capacity
Analysis
Based on the capacity provided by the lift itself, it is for
15 person per trip from any of the above level to the
ground. Since the site itself has 8 lift provided, it is also
mean that 120 person is transported every time down to
the
ground
floor
in
a
single
trip.

69
7.11
Dimension

70
8.Summary

To conclude, the service systems that are found in the Syopz Mall are well
maintained since the reliability of the facility management has a very good insight as
to how each and every systems works individually as a whole. They are well trained
and capable as well in case of emergency where they know the location, the method
of
using
proper
servicing
equipments.

Although the effectiveness of the fire-safety systems (active & passive) has yet to be
determined, the performance of other equipments such as mechanical ventilation,
air- conditioning and mechanical transportation systems have yet to be proven
wrong. Considering the predominant occupation of food stores and restaurants found
throughout the building, kitchen fumes do not seep into the populated areas outside
the boundaries of the shop-lots. Thermal comfort is managed well and servicing
equipments
are
safe
and
operateshowitshould.

Things that can be improved is minimal, where some adjustments such as dealing
with blockage that has obstructed the wind flow of spin fan should be solved in case
of
emergency.

71
9.Reference
Uniform
Building
By-Law
1984.
Retrievedduring28thto12thOctober.

Kavanagh,
J.
(2017,
September
20).
Firedoorsforbeginners.RetrievedOctober12,2017,
from
https://www.ifsecglobal.com/fire-doors-for-beginners/

Fire
Doors
in
CommercialBuildings:
WhatYouShouldKnow.(2017,July28).Retrieved
October
12,2017,
from
https://www.gvlock.com/blog/fire-doors-in-commercial-buildings

Fire
Stair
Handrail.
(n.d.).
Retrieved
October12,2017,from
http://vohc.com.au/fire-stair-handrail/

https://www.slideshare.net/uncehs/botanical-garden-safety-training

UncehsFollow.
(2015,
November
19).BotanicalGardenSafetyTraining.RetrievedOctober
12,
2017,
from
https://www.slideshare.net/uncehs/botanical-garden-safety-training

Wainwright, O.
(2017,
June
16).
Architectsurgechangeinattitudestowardssafetyafter
Grenfell
fire.
Retrieved
October12,
2017,from
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jun/16/architects-urge-change-in-attitudes-to
wards-safety-after-grenfell-fire

VBA,
External
Wall
Cladding
Report
(February2016)

VBA,
Press
Release
re
Building
AppealsBoarddismissingOwnersappeal(January2017)

WA
Building
Commission,
SummaryofFinalReport:PerthChildrensHospitalAudit(April
2017)

VBA,
Industry
Alert
re
External
Walls
andBCACompliance(February2016)

Australian
Parliament
House,
Non
ConformingBuildingProductsInquirywebsite(ongoing)

Traction
elevators.
(n.d.).
RetrievedOctober12,2017,from
http://elevation.wikia.com/wiki/Traction_elevators

Company, T.
P.
(n.d.).
Traction
versusHydraulicLifts:AdvantagesandDisadvantages.
Retrieved
October 12,2017,
from
http://platformliftco.co.uk/news-pr/traction-versus-hydraulic-lifts-advantages-and-disadvan
tages

Elevator
Safety
System.
(n.d.).
RetrievedOctober12,2017,from
http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/elevator-safety-system.html

Elevators
&
Escalators
-
MITSUBISHI
ELECTRIC.(n.d.).RetrievedOctober12,2017,from
http://www.mitsubishielectric.com/elevator/overview/elevators/b_operations05.html

Elevator/Lift Position Indicator Display. (n.d.) Retrieved October 5, 2017 from LONMARK
Functional
Profile:
Vertical/ConveyerTransportation

72