Muhammad Jazil

L13-5775
B
Water Consumption:

It is the average amount of water consumed. It is usually expressed as litres of water consumed by a
person in one day (lpcd).

lpcd= liters per capita in one day

Water consumption is defined as the freshwater taken from ground or surface water sources, either
permanently or temporarily, and conveyed to the place of use.

Maximum daily consumption:

It is the max water consumption during any one-day in the year. It is about 150 to 180% of the
average daily consumption.

Max daily = 1.5 x Av. Daily

Peak hourly consumption:

It is the max consumption during any one-hour of the year. It is around 150% of the max daily
consumption.

Peak hourly = 1.5 x max daily

= 1.5 x 1.5 x av. Daily

= 2.25 av. Daily

Factors affecting water consumption

1. Climate: where summers are hot and long, much water is used for watering lawns,
bathing, washing clothes etc. use at public places (parks etc) also increases.

2. Standard of Living: water consumption will be more in high value residential areas and
less in slums.

3. Extent of Sewerage: absence of sewerage facilities will reduce the per capita water
consumption to as low as 40 lpcd.

4. Commercial / Industrial Activity: well-developed industrial / commercial areas within a

community tend to increase the water consumption, like in big urban centres etc.

5. Metering: metering tend to reduce water consumption because people avoid wasteful use
of water. Metering may reduce water consumption as much as 50%.e.g. comparison b/w
two similar cities in USA was made. One was 90% metered and had a water consumption
of 366 lpcd. Whereas other city was 20% metered and its water consumption was 800lpcd

6. Cost of Water: more cost less water consumption.

 Muhammad Jazil
L13-5775
B
7. Quality of Water: if quality is good; consumption is more.

8. Size of City: bigger cities have more demand for public use (i.e. fire; gardens etc)

9. Efficiency of the System: less leaks less water consumption.

10. Type of Supply: if continuous supply more water is used than intermittent supply.

11. Level of Service: water consumption depend upon level of service like stand Posts,
Courtyard Connection or Full Plumbing System.

12. Distribution System Pressure: higher the pressure more will be the water consumption

Components of Water Works: (4 Components)

1. Source / Collection Work:

Used to extract water for further supply can be based upon ground water or surface water.
Choice depends upon availability and economics.

Source should meet quantitative and qualitative requirements.

G.W: source is usually a T/well. Shallow wells and hand pumps can also be used.

Surface water: usually an intake structure with storage well & pumps are used.

2. Treatment / Purification Works:

If water quality of source is not satisfactory then necessary treatment is to be given before
supply to consumers. Degree of treatment depend upon

Characteristics of raw water

Intended use after treatment.

3. Transmission Works/ Rising Main:

Convey collected and treated water to the point of distribution

4. Distribution Works:

Water to consumers is supplied/ distributed through distribution works. They include a

network of pipes, valves, over-head reservoirs (OHRs) etc.

Methods of water distribution

 Muhammad Jazil
L13-5775
B
Gravity distribution
1. Natural slope, spring at peak (Muree, D.G.Khan)
2. Economical
3. Site specific Design problems

Distribution by pump w/o storage

Not practicable

1. High electricity cost

2. Operator role important (constant attendance)
3. Power /tubewell or fire breakdown problem
4. Pressure variation
5. Pumps at peak hourly flow
6. Several pumps to confirm varying demand

Pump with storage

1. Excess water pumped during periods of low consumption stored in OHR

2. High consumption periods water drawn out to augment pumped water
3. Constant pumping rate
4. Economical as pumping rate max. daily flow instead of peak hourly flow
5. More reliable due to fire fighting reserve

Pressure in water distribution system

1. Residential areas (3 stories)-150-300kPa(15-30m)

2. Residential areas (firefighting )-400kPa(40m)
3. Commercial areas-500KPa(50m)

Design data

1. No of plots = 281
2. No of flats = 3
3. No of apartments = 3
4. Design period= 20 years
5. Base year = 2016
6. Design year =2031

Source of water

1. OHR
2. Reservoir with pump
 Muhammad Jazil
L13-5775
B
Population estimation

Person per plot =7

person per flat=500
Person per apartment=700
Design population = 7*281+3*500+3*700=5567 persons

Per capita water consumption

Y=5+7+7+5=24
Per capita= 200+10(24) = 440

Average sewage flow = 2449480 lit/day

Design methodology

1. Drawing of layout scheme

2. Calculation of base demand
3. Determination of various parameters
4. Entering data in EPANET
.

Result and Calculations

Nodes
1. Base demand
2. Elevation

Pipes
1. Length
2. Diameter

Pump
1. Pump curve

Tank
1. Elevation
2. Min level =0
3. Initial level =10
4. Diameter
5. Max level =20

Reservoir
1. Total head =50m

Pump head
 Muhammad Jazil
L13-5775
B
1. Depth of water table + losses in pump +losses in pipe + height of reservoir + pressure
+ drawdown of water table = 50+20+0.169+10+10+20= 110.1858

Head Loss Using Hazen William Equation

H=10.68*(Q/C)^1.87 * (L/D^4.87)
L=1M
D=0.1M
C=100
H=0.1858M

Pump head

Depth of water table + losses in pump + losses in pipe + height of reservoir + pressure
+ drawdown of water table = 50+20+0.169+10+10+20= 110.1858

PUMP HEAD = 110.1858

Tank Diameter

Q=28.35 LIT/SEC

Q=102.06 M^3/HR

Volume=Q*T

Volume =A*Depth

Assuming depth =10m

Volume = (3.1416/4) (d*d)*10

Volume = Q*T =102.06*10

Volume=1020.6
Diameter = 11.399=12m