Omitted measurement

A. CASES OF OMITTED MEASUREMENTS INVOLVING ADJOINING SIDES

1. Length of One Side and Bearing of Another Side Unknown

2. Lengths of Two Sides Unknown
3. Bearing of two Sides Unknown

B. ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS

1. Omitted Measurements
2. Omitted Measurements
3. Omitted Measurements

Lesson 41
41-1. CASES OF OMITTED MEASUREMENTS INVOLVING ADJOINING SIDES

The following are the usual cases of omitted quantities involving adjoining sides:

1ST CASE: Length of one side and Bearing of another side Unknown
2ND CASE: Length of Two Sides Unknown
3RD CASE: Bearing of Two Sides Unknown

For the traverse shown in Figure 41-1, assume that the omitted or missing data occur in DE and
EA which are adjacent course. The conventional approach to this problem is to first connect station
A and D by a straight line thus making the length and bearing of AD, in the traverse ABCDA.

Figure 41-1 Traverse with omitted measurements.

As the initially unknown quantities, the unknown data of line AD are determined by described
earlier in Article 40-2, and then the triangle ADE is solved for the missing angles and /or lengths
of courses. The solutions usually require only basic participation of geometry and trigonometry

1. Length of one Side and Bearing of another Side Unknown. Figure 41-2 shows a closed
traverse for which the length of side CD and the bearing of side DE are Unknown. The
Lengths and Bearing of the other sides AB, BC, and EA are known. Since the Latitudes
and Departures of the known sides may be calculated, the length and Bearing of the
2. Closing line EC may in turn determined.
 Fig. 41-2

Redrawn in Figure 41-3 is triangle CDE which contains the rising quantities. By simple Geometry,
the angle at station C can be computed from the known bearings of the sides of the triangle are
already known, the sine law may be used to find the angle at D. Thus

41-3 triangle CDE

Find the above Equation the angle at D can be determined, Thus Giving two of the three angles of
triangle CDE. Angle E equals 180 Dergrees (angle C = angle D) and the Length of Side CD Can
be determined by sine law or

CD = CE and CD = CE sin E
Sin E Sin D Sin D
For this particular case, however, if the angle between the side of unknown bearing and the side of
unknown length is close to 90 degrees, the solution may be very weak and will yield unsatisfactory
answer. This is because the value of the sine near 90 degrees change s very slowly and a small
variation in the calculated values can cause a relatively large error in the angle calculated by the
sine law.

Fig.41-4

2.) Length of Two Sides Unknown .In the figure 41-4 the lengths of side BC and CD are the
unknown quantities. Since the latitudes and departures of sides AB , DE , EF , and FA can be
computed and summed, the length the bearing of the closing line BD may in turn be determined by
the sine law as follows.

FiG.41-5
By Sine Law:
BC = CD = BD
SinD SinB SinC
BC = BD SinD
SinC
CD = BD SinB
Sinc
3.) Bearings of Two Sides Unknown. In this particular rase it is assumed that the bearings of sides
DE and EA (pig. 41-8) are the unknown quantities. Since the lengths.

Fig. 41-6

And the bearings of sides AB, BC, and CD are known, their respective latitudes and departments
can be computed and; and from the results the length and bearing of the line (AD) is determined.
Then the lengths of all sides of triangle ADE (Fig.41-7) are known as well as the bearing of side
AD.

Triangle ADE:

By Cosine Law:

2 = 2 + 2 2

Let:

a = DE, b = AD, c = EA, and Angle C = Angle A

()2 = ()2 + ()2 2()()

The angle at A may also be computed by the following equation.

()()
Sin = ()()
2

Where: S = (1/2) (DE + AD + EA)

After the angle at A is determined the sine law may to applied to obtain the other missing angles in
triangle ADE. Thus

= =

= and =

With the above equations the remaining two angles of triangle ADE can be
computed and the unknown bearings of sides DE and EA correspondingly determined, As a check
, the sum if the three computed angles should equal to 180 degrees.

41- 2 ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS

I. OMITTED MEASUREENTS. Given the following sketch and tabulated data for closed
traverse in which the length of DE and the bearing of AE have not been observed in the field.
Determine these unknown quantities.

Fig. 41- 8
LINE LENGTH BEARING LATITUDE DEPARTURE
+N -S +E -W
AB 1,094.32 m S 7548 E 265.99 1,051.19
BC 1,590.51 m S 15 18 W 1,534.14 419.89
CD 1,294.74 m S 8306 W 482.92 1,201.31
DE Unknown N2839 W --- ---
EA 1,739.92 m Unknown --- ---
SUMS +0.00 -2,263.05 +1,051.19 -1,621.00
SOLUTION:

Determining length and Bearing of closing Line.

= += +0.00+(2,283.05 )=2,283.05

= += +1,051.19+(1,621.00 )= 569.81
= 2 + 2 = (2,283.08)2 + (569.81)2

= 2,353.08 (Length of closing line DA)

(569.81) +569.81
= = = = +0.249583
(2,283.05) +2,283.05

= 1401 (Therefore the bearing of the closing line DA N 1401 E)

Determining Bearing of Line DE and length of Line EA.

Fig.41-10

Angle D = 2839 + 1401 = 4240

By sine law:

DA = EA

Sin E Sin D

Sin E = (DA) Sin D

(EA)

Sin E = (2,353.08)Sin 4240

1,738.96

Sin E = 0.91076 ; Angle E = 6630

Since the sum of interior angles of ADE should equal to 180

Angle A = 180 - {Angle D + Angle E} = 180 - {4240 + 8630}

Angle A = 7050
About station E
= 180 - {Angle E + 2839}
By Sine Law:
()
= ; =

(1,738.96) 7050
=
42 40

= 2,432.62 (Length of line De)

2. OMITTED MEASUREMENTS. Given the following sketch and tabulated data

for closed Iraverse in which the length of BC and CD have not been measured in the
field. Determine these unknown quantities.

Fig.41-10
 LATITUDE DEPARTURE
LINE LENGTH BEARING +N -S +E -W
AB 639.32 m N 0930 W 630.55 105.52
BC Unknown N 56 55 W --- ---
CD Unknown S 5613 W --- ---
DE 570.53 m S 0202 E 570.17 20.24
EA 1,082.71 S2931 E 9.13 1,092.67
SUMS +630.55 -579.30 +1,102.91 -105.52

SOLUTION:

Determining length and Bearing of closing Line.

= += +635.55+(579.30 ) = 51.25
= += +1,102.91+(105.52 )= 997.39
= 2 + 2 = (+51.25)2 + (997.39)2

= 998.71 (Length of closing line BD)

(+997.39) 997.39
= = = = +19.461268
(+51.25) 51.25

= 8704 (Therefore the bearing of the closing line DA N 8704E)

Determining Length of lines BC and CD.

Fig.41-11
Angle B = 180 - (8704 + 5655) = 3601

Angle C = 5613 + 5655 = 11318

Angle D = 8704 - 5613 = 3051

SUMS = 18000 (Check!)

By Sine Law:

= =


= =
3050 3601 11308

998.71 3051
=
11308
= 556.91 (Length of Line BC)

998.71 3601
=
11308
= 638.61 (Length of Line CD)

I. OMITTED MEASUREMENTS. Given the following sketch and tabulated data for
a closed iraverse in which the bearings of DE and EA have been measured in the
field determine these unknown directions.
Fig.41-12

LATITUDE DEPARTURE
LINE LENGTH BEARING +N -S +E -W
AB 1,081.35 m S 7347 E 301.99 1,030.99
BC 1,589.50 m S 1314 W 1,533.65 417.64
CD 1,293.72 m S 6707 W 503.07 1,191.90
DE 2,506.94 m Unknown --- ---
EA 1,737.89 m Unknown --- ---
SUMS +0.00 -2,338.71 +1,038.33 -1,609.54
SOLUTION:

= += +0.00+(2,338.71 )= 2,338.71

= += +1,038.33 +(1,609.54 )= 571.21

= 2 + 2 = (2,338.71)2 + (571.21)2

= 2,407.46 (Length of closing line DA)

(2,338.71 ) +2,338.71
= = =
(571.21 ) +571.21

= + + 0.244241

= 1344 (Therefore the bearing of the closing line DA N 1344 E)

Determining bearings of lines DE and EA.

By Cosine Law:

2 = 2 + 2 2

Let:

a = EA, b = DE, c = DA, and Angle C = Angle C

Therefore:

()2 + ()2 ()2

=
2()()

(1,737.98)2 + (2,506.94)2 (2,407.46)2

=
2(1,737.98)(2,506.94)

Angle E = 0.402737

Angle E = 6615

By Sine Law:

= =

1,737.98 2,506.94 2,407.46

= =
6615

1,737.98(Sin 6615)
= = 0.660777
2,407.46

= 4122

2,506.94(Sin 6615)
= = 0.953134
2,407.46

= 7223
Solution Check:

Angle A + Angle D + Angle E = 18000

7223 + 4122 + 5615 = 18000

18000 = 18000 (check)

About Station D:

= Angle D - 1344 = 4122 -1344

= 2438

About Station E:

= 18000 Angle E - = 18000 - 6615 - 2738

= 8607 (Therefore the Bearing of Line EA is N 8607)

Omitted measurement

C. CASES OF OMITTED MEASUREMENTS INVOLVING ADJOINING SIDES

a. Length of One Side and Bearing of Another Side Omitted

b. Lengths of Two Sides Unknown
c. Bearing of two Sides Unknown

D. ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS

a. Omitted Measurements (non-Adjoining Sides)

Lesson 41
LESSON 42

41-1 CASES OF OMMITED MESUREMENTS INVOLVING NON-ADJOINING SIDES

In the previous lessons it was pointed out that the solutions of the different cases of omitted
measurements may be classified according to whether the two unknown or omitted quantities
(length and/or bearings) are in the same side , in any two adjoining sides , or in two non-adjoining
sides. This lesson will cover solution to the following typical cases involving omitted quantities in
two non-adjoining sides.

1ST CASE: Length of One Side and Bearing of another Side Unknown

2ND CASE: Length of Two Sides Unknown

3RD CASE: Bearings of Two Sides Unknown

With an added graphical solution , the determination of missing data as explained in the previous
two lessons are also applicable even though the sides the sides with two unknown quantities are
non-adjoining . For the different cases of omitted measurement involving non-adjoining sides the
following principles are adapted:

1ST PRINCIPLE: A line may be moved from one location to a second location parallel
with the first, and its latitude and departure will remain un-changed.

2ND PRINCIPLE: The algebraic sum of the Latitude and the Algebraic sum of the
Departures of any system of lines forming a closed figure must be zero, regardless of the
order in which the lines are placed.

A solution by simultaneous equations will give the missing parts. In practice, however , this
method is seldom applied since geometric solutions are preferred by most engineers with unknown
quantities are not adjoining , one of the sides is considered as moved from its location to a second
location parallel with the first , such that the two unknown sides adjoin .The solution then becomes
identical with those described for adjoining sides. Problems of this type are simplified by first
plotting the given traverse data to scale, then creating a transformed figure prior to undertaking
the actual computations .Aside from the cases mentioned above there are some special cases of
omitted measurements which can be solved by simple geometrical analysis. Other complicated
cases of omitted measurements which will involve the use of simultaneous equation are not
discussed here

As a check on the calculations made on earth of the three cases, the latitudes and departures of the
sides with unknown quantities must be computed. The algebraic sum of the latitudes and the
algebraic sum of the departures for all sides should both be zero if the computation made for
determining the unknown quantities are correct.

1. ) Length of One Sided and Bearing of another Side omitted. In figure 42-1 are given the
directions and lengths of sides AB, CD, EF, and FA; length of side BC; and direction of side DE.
The unknown quantities are the bearing of side BC, and length of side DE which are non-
adjoining. The traverses first plotted to scale based on given data; with the sides shown in the order
a, b, c, d, e, and f. The sides with unknown quantities are shown is dashed lines and sides with
known quantities in solid lines

Fig.42-1
 By rearranging the order of the sides into c, e, f, a, b, and d the figure is transformed as
shown in figure 42-2. A closing line divides the figure into two parts and its length and bearing are
determined from the algebraic sum of the departures and latitudes of the known sides. The first
part is Formed by the known sides (a, c, e, and f) and the closing line; the second part by the
unknown sides (b and d and the closing line.)

Simple geometrical constructions are involved in plotting out the transformed figure. In the
process of rearranging the sides to arrive at the desire figure all the sides are drawn parallel to the
corresponding sides of the previously plotted traverse.
 In this example the locations of sides C and D have been interchanged. The transformed
figure now shows that the sides with unknown quantities are made adjoining.

The problem of determining the unknown quantities is now seem to be identical with that
of a cases whose sides are adjoining as explained in lesson number 41

2.) Lengths of Two Sides Omitted. Given in figure 42-3 are the lengths and directions of sides AB,
CD, DE, and direction of the non-adjoining sides BC and EA are he unknown quantities.
 As in the previous case, the traverse is first plotted to scale based on the given data; with

the sides shown in the order a, b, c, d, and e. The transformed figure (Fig., 42-1) is formed by

rearranging the order of the sides into c, d, a, e, and b.

The closing line divides the figure into two parts. The first part id formed by the known sides (c, d,

and a) and the closing line, and the second part by the unknown sides (b and a) and the closing

line.
 The transformed figure now shows that the sides with unknown quantities are made
adjoining. The problem of determining these unknown quantities is now seen to be identical with
that of a case whose sides are adjoining as explained in lesson number 41.

For this particular case, it must be noted that as the angle between the unknown sides approaches
90, the solution becomes strong, and as the angle approaches 0 or 180, the solution becomes
weak. The problem becomes indeterminate when the lines are parallel.

3. Bearings of Two Sides Omitted. Given in figure 42-5 are the lengths and directions of sides BC,
DE, and EA; and the length of sides AB and CD. The bearing of the non-adjoining sides AB and
CD are the unknown quantities.

Following the same procedure outlined in the first two cases, the traverse is plotted to scale based
on the given data and with the sides drawn in the order a, b, c, d, and e. The transformed figure is
arrived at by rearranging the order of the sides into b, d, e, a, and c as shown in Figure42-6.

Again, the closing line divides the figure into two parts. The first part is formed by the known
sides (b, d, and e) and the closing line; the second part by the unknown sides (a and c) and the
closing line. Since the transformed figure has the unknown quantities now adjoining , the problem
of determining the unknown quantities is again seem to be identical with one of the cases as
explained in lesson number 41.
 It will be noted that when the unknown sides are parallel but are not of the same length ,
their direction is that of the closing line. However, when the unknown sides are parallel and are
also of the same length the solution for the problem becomes indeterminate since the length of the
closing line become a point.

42-2 ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM

1. OMITTED MEASUREMENTS (Non-Adjoining Sides).Given the following data for a closed
traverse for which the lengths of the non-adjoining sides BC and EF have been measured in the
field. Determine the unknown quantities.

LATITUDES DEPARTURES
COURSE BEARING DISTANCE +N -S +E -W
AB S 92360 E 620.08 27.05 619.47
BC N 3030 E Unknown --- ---
CD S 4245 E 591.55 507.93 469.43
DE S 6040 W 588.48 337.28 600.21
EF N 7405 W Unknown --- ---
FA N 0702 E 412.35 409.35 50.49
SUMS +409.35 -872.16 +1,139.39 +600.21
Note:

1. The first step Is to plot the traverse to scale bases on the given data.

2. The next step is to draw an equipment transformed figure such that the sides with unknown

quantities are made adjoining.

SOLUTION:

a. Plotting the traverse to scale

Fig 42-7
 b. Drawing an equivalent transformed figure.

Fig.42-8
 c. Determining the Length and the Bearing of the closing line.

NL = +409.25 m ED = +1,139.39 m

SL = -872.16 m WD = -600.21 m

= + = + 409.25 + (872.18 )

= 462.51 (Difference between north and south latitudes)

= + = +1,139.39 + (600.21 )

= +339.18 (Difference between east and west departures)

d.Determining Lengths of sides BC and EF.

Fig. 42-9
Angle 1 = 3030 + 4921 = 7951
Angle 2 = 7405 + 4921 = 2444
Angle 3 = 18000 + (3030 + 7405) = 7525

Solution check:
Angle 1 + Angle 2 + Angle 3 = 18000
7951 + 2444 + 7523 = 18000
18000 = 18000 (check)

By Sine Law:

710.63
= =
2 2 3
( 710.63 ) 2 ( 710.63 ) 2444
= =
3 7525
= 307.22 (Length of side BC)

( 710.63 ) 2 ( 710.63 ) 2444

= =
3 7525

= 722.90 (Length of side EF)