Additional Notes on Telephony

Origin

1871 Antonio Meucci invented a voice-communication apparatus considered as the first telephone but
failed to secure a patent for it

March 10,1876 Alexander Graham Bell assisted by Thomas Watson with patent number 174465

Brief History

1877 there were only 6 telephones in the world

1878 1st telephone set with combined transmitter and receiver in a single handheld (Butterstamp
telephone)

1881 3000 telephones; Bell and Watson sold the rights to AT&T

1883 over 133,000 telephones in the US alone

1951 Western Electric Company introduced the Rotary Dial Telephone called the Bell System 500-type

Local Loop Parts

Main Distribution Frame -termination of the inside plant and outside plant

Manhole an underground enclosure to facilitate the splicing of two or more cable

Cross-connect cabinet/Service area interface(SAI) distributes cables to different areas of subscriber

and across poles and fixtures

Poles and fixtures carry splices cable aerially

Termination Box contains the telephone subscribers line and is connected to the distribution plant
central office

Connector connects the telephone to the line

Telephone set subscribers device

Feeder Cable the largest cable used in the local loop, usually 3600 pair of copper wire placed
underground or conduit

Distribution cable -smaller version of a feeder cable containing less wire pairs

Subscriber or Standard Network interface(SNI) a device that serves as the demarcation point between
local telephone company responsibility and subscriber responsibility for telephone service

Drop wire the final length of cable pair that terminate at SNI
Parts of a Telephone Set

Mouthpiece telephone transmitter that converts acoustical energy to a varying electrical energy by
means of carbon microphone that can be transmitted through the transmission system to the receiver
of the called telephone.

Earpiece the receiver part of the telephone that converts the varying electrical current representing
the transmitted speech to variations in air pressure

Dial used to generate the pulses or tones required for establishing a desired connection

Telephone Ringer converts electrical signal from the central office to an audible signal alerting the
subscriber that is being called

Switchhook(cradle) a level spring that permits dc to flow in the loop as a medium for carrying current

Transmission Regulation Circuit consists of a number of capacitors, varistors and resistors that is used
to maintain same speech level or suitable strength for normal hearing regardless of strength of received
signal

a. Sidetone sound on the talkers voice heard on his own receiver used to determine how
loudly he should speak
b. Telephone Hybrid a four-wire device, two wire is used for transmission and the other two
are connected at the receiver.

Parameters of Local Loop

Expected Measured Loss (EML)

EML = Cable Loss + Central Office Loss + Junction Loss

EML = 8.55dB

Central Office Loss = 0.8dB

Junction Loss = 0.1dB

Loading Coil used to reduce attenuation at voice frequency only by canceling the capacitance that
increases with distance. This is accomplished by adding 88mH every 6000ft or 1.8kM in series with the
wire. It is only used for circuits longer than 18,000ft.

N = 1 +[ (D-5000)/S]
N = number of loading coils in whole number
D = distance between local exchange and subscriber
S = Coil Spacing
 Coil Sepcification Separation between
coil (ft)
A 700
B 3000
C 929
D 4500
E 5575
Coil Sepcification Separation between
coil (ft)
F 2787
H 6000
X 680
Y 2130

Bridge Tap unused sections of cable that are connected in shunt to a working cable pair, such as a local
loop, that is used for party lines to connect more than one subscriber to the same local loop.

Loop Resistance dc resistance depends on the type of the wire and wire size (18-26 gauge)

Low wire gauge large diameter, less resistance, low attenuation

Rdc = 0.1095/d2
Rdc loop resistance in (ohm per mile)

d wire diameter (inch)

Rdc = 43.90/d2
Rdc loop resistance in (ohm per km)

d wire diameter (mm)

Numbering Concepts in Telephony

A telephone number performs two important funtions

1. It routes the call

2. It activates the necessary apparatus for proper call charging

CCITT Rec. E. 161 International Telephone Number

It recommends that not more than 12 digits should make up an international number excluding
the international prefix that switches the call to the transit exchange for the international calls.

Ex.

00 1 415 711-1111

International Access Code Country Code Area Code Telephone Number

Numbering Area area in which two subscribers use the same dialing procedure to reach another
subscriber in the telephone network

Subscriber Number number to be dialed or called to reach the subscriber in the same local
network

First 3 digits local exchange

Las 4 digits subscriber

Trunk prefix or toll access code digits to be dialed by a calling subscriber making a call to a
subscriber in the same country but different numbering area

Trunk Code or Area Code digits not including the trunk prefix characterizing the called
numbering area within the country

Country code digits characterizing the called country

Local Code digits containing access to an adjacent numbering area to an individual exchange in
that area

Kinds of numbering scheme

Uniform Numbering scheme the length of the subscriber number is uniform inside a given
numbering area

Non-uniform numbering scheme the subscriber number vary within the given numbering area

Telephone signaling provides means for operating and supervising a telephone system

A. Two Major Categories

a. Station signaling exchange of signaling message b/w subscriber and exchange
b. Interoffice Signaling exchange of signaling message between exchanges
B. Categories of signaling message
a. Alerting Signals indicates a request for service (of-hook or ringing)
b. Supervising signals provide call status information (busy or ring-back )
c. Controlling signals provide information in form of announcements (changed number,
no longer in service, etc.)
d. Addressing Signals provide routing information

Tone or Signal Frequency Duration/Range Direction

Dial Tone 350 Hz + 450 Hz Continuous Telephone office to calling station
DTMF 697, 770, 852, 941, Two of 8 tones Calling station to telephone office
1209, 1336, 1477 ,1633 On, 50ms min
Hz Off 45ms min
3 sec max
 MF 700, 900, 1100, 1300, Two of six tones Telephone office to telephone
1500, 1700 Hz On, 90ms min office
120ms max
Dial pulses Open/closed switch On, 39ms Calling station to telephone office
Off, 61ms
Station busy 480Hz + 620Hz On 0.5s Telephone office to calling
Off 0.5s subscriber
Equipment busy/ congestion 480Hz + 620Hz On 0.2s Telephone office to calling
tone/no circuits available Off 0.3s subscriber
tone
Ringing 20Hz, 90Vrms nominal On 2s Telephone office to called
Off 4s subscriber
Ring-back 440Hz + 480Hz On 2s Telephone office to calling
Off 4s subscriber
Receiver on hook Open loop Indefinite Calling subscriber to telephone
office
Receiver off hook/howler DC current 20mA min Calling subscriber to telephone
tone 80mA max office
Receiver left off hook 1440, 2060, 2450, 2600 On 0.1s Telephone office to calling
Hz Off 0.1s subscriber

Telephone Signaling Methods

A. Sending the supervisory and address signals over the same circuit as the voice signals
a. Subscriber Loop Signaling Method subscriber loop or telephone loop is the closed
circuit that is performed by the subscriber telephone and the cable pair
b. Ear &Mouth Signaling It is used to interconnect switches over long distance trunks
c. In-Band Signaling or Single Frequency Signaling tone is transmitted within speech band
usually 1600,2400 and 2600 Hz. It is arranged in a manner such that supervisory signals
be on the line only before and at the termination of a call.
d. Out of Band Signaling It makes use of one or more ac tones that lies within the pass
band of transmission facility but outside the voice band.
B. Sending supervisory signals over separate circuit
a. Common Channel Interoffice Signaling It sends supervisory signals on a separate
circuit where they are directed and do the control and switching of lines independently
from the voice signals
b. Alternate Channel signaling Two channels are selected, one will be used to carry
signaling and the other will operate as a normal traffic carrying voice channel.

Transmission Factor in Speech Telephony

1. Loudness It is the basis of measurement of customer satisfaction in telephone design.

Loudness depends on the acoustic pressure provided by the talker and the loudness loss of the
acoustic-to-acoustic path from input to a telephone microphone at one end of the connection to
the output of the telephone receiver at the other end.
 2. Reference Equivalent It determines how loud is loud and how soft is soft. It is the standard
rating system standardized by CCITT.
3. Corrected Reference Equivalent It replaced the RE because it does not correspond to any
physical well-defined quantity that can be determined directly by subjective tests
4. Overall Loudness Rating It is the recognized international standard for measuring customer
satisfaction of a speech telephone connection as recommended by CCITT 9th Plenary Assembly
in 1998.

Traffic Engineering