Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
OBJMCTA
9, Ull plates we~re cross rolled, but most had been rolled in one dir-
ection predominetely. All plates except the Firth Brown, Ltd. 412plt1ae f
satisfactory steel soundness in regard to freedom from pronounced laminat ions.
Bevere segrega~tions of small ovJ. shaped nonmetvallic inclusions present in
this polate would be excpected to cause spalling under obliqjuity penetrptions by
matching e--nd overmatching -projectiles,
*lCC:iNTiS JRV.
Six rectangular samples, each flme cut from a corner of a plate, were
submitted by Aberdeen Proving Ground. Dimensions cf each sample were plate
thickness x 7V approx. x 14" approx. Descriptive information about the plates
is as follows:
Watertown
Arsenal Plate Nominal* Measured**
Dengantio Manufacturer . Ng. Thi-clknes Theknss
DATA AV DISCUSSION
1. Fracture Tests
given below.
- ,-
indicates, in a general sense, that the ipact tougbness of these plates is
at
Ll-IOlt Case -DMpth
b. Additional ?ract-areTests
- -
The fibre charLc tritWes of thee( frvotnu-r are identical
to those of the facturod Aberdeen leam
e,: Since the frzacturew, progressed
Pcootbd platte thicknessi the disrl,.Witton of cystllinity in the secticm
* n~r.1i xn sorne canoe now e correlateti with the variations In irrpact strength
throug~hout the seto5 It 3se now (,vident that Flato 73* `Pos-6&sV poor
impact a`%rength throughout most of the secti on; that the Impact toughness of
Nb. 9 ic sozawhat,poor from face to fp~oel &:aid that the im-pact to~ughness in the
*half of the section ad~jacent to Frtoe 3, in Plate 50, is infori.-r to that of
the opposite 1-4lf,
2. Natur~e
a tg Cse f the
Pa eeHardened. Plgatas
Sections throurth the thickniess were cut from the face hardened
plates, annealed in neutrapak- at 1700OF for 3 h-ouxsv -nd furnace. ciooled, "The
specimens were. ground to remove Odecarburizatic~n, polished, ran& emanined
Microscopically,
From the variations in microstructuaras between the case mnd core
regions, Including the presence in ea-,h plate of a carbid~e grain boumdary
network adjacent to Face 3 only) it was seen that, Plates 1~41 4*5, and 49 h d
been carburized prior to har-ening. The depth of carbon penetration determinted
for each plate Is as followss
De-pth of Carbon
PLAteOI~o ~ ?eaetrat ion
)45 .59
5, In. ttornsd trnnsiti.on zone fractures of not-,he& bars the canter crystalline-
zorie Is in-rroun6ded by a fibrout ed~ge, Hovever,, if thoe metal is free of
laniaV~othis crysta)line area ohoui6. be at the center and shouldl
occupy a gvoo proporcion of the width of the fracture, *Areas of cryst'al-
.-linity Ahich are not qvmmetrioally locate(! or which are narrow in relation
to ths tkrecinen *idth are theref ore indicati-va of a variation of impact
properties across tho soction revilti~ng from anomuniforn-itv of atractureo
(*Prom "N~otched B3ar Irmaoat Test~' Treens. A.'aM.o Iron and Steel -D.~vlsion,
i94 ,T
H.aonon: li.
rr. conpar.ison of the above data with the case depths revealed by
the fracture testa (see Table I) it Is seen that the fracture case depth of
each plate is appreciably grenter than the corresponding depth of carbon
penetration. This euggests that the hp'rdoned cases had been achleved by sore
method involving Cifferential heating of the plate* In Section 10, "Microscopic
Examination", it will be shown that each plate had been heat treated by the
following process: (1) hardening and tempering of the entire plate; and then
(2) awplication of heat to the case faoe only, follo-wod by dither quenching
of the entire plate or spray quenching of the case.
3. Cheni.cej Anaiyse_
The chemical e x-i!ysos of the six plates are given in Table II.
Except for the presence in the aubject plates of boron, which is probably a
residual element Judging fron +fhesmall emgunt, all of the plate compositiots
are similt.r t, those listed by the British ' as beein typical anayses that
are used for proof of shot.
a. Homogeneous Plates
_0 _Mn i Ni Or Mo
70mm Plate, No, 9 .31 .60 .22 3.27 ,71 q52
S0mr I-late, No.50 .33 .61 .19 2.82 .76 -56
6 See Appendix B.
7. V,.A. 4t. 710/023 . British Secret Abstract - "Minuates of the 20th Meeting
of the Technical Coordinating Committee or the T'nk Almour Held at
Adelphi on 27th January 1944 at 21-30 P-M."
5q
andappreciably nore chroniLuri. The abbreviated analysis is:
.25/.35 .15/.4o .40/-9o0 .05 i',c,,- .05 Ma<x. .4/1.o 1.o/1.9 .301.6o
(1.) or-iMo-V
Plates 14 --nd h -?--e fabricated from steel of this type
analysis, Except for a higher chrocd.i content in No. 14, the two analyses
are almost identical, as shown below:
C Mn Si Fi Cr Mo V
5Oto Platet No.14 .35 .49 .20 .- : 3.52 .49 .24
70mm Plate, No,45 .35 .50 .25 .46 3.13 .56 .26
(2) Nit'r-o,l.oV
- 6-
I
4. Hardenability
Since it was oonsidered aesirable in the hardenability determinations
to austenitise the steels at the sane temperatures used by the British for
similar plate analyses, all of the British reports and abstracts available
in the laboratory files were perused for these data. Except in the case of
plate No. 73, the only data that could be found pertained to compositions
only roughly sinila~r to those of the subject plates, and these temperatures
appeared to be lover than optimum. Therefore it was decided to make two
Jominy bar hardenalility determinations for each plate, in one instance using
the temperatire that the British probably used (judging from the eata that
could be sacured), and in the second instance using a temperature that
previous experience had indicated would be ample for achieving complete
solution of the carbides. (This was not strictly true in the case of the
vanadium bearing carlourized plates. The temperatures chosen for these plates
pertained to complete carbide solution considering only the contents of C,
Mn, Ni, Or, and Mo.) All of theqe austenitizing data are given below:
Austenittzing Temp. Austenitizing Temp.
Plate Used by tritish for Used to Duplicate Austenitizing Temp.
No. Somewhat Similar Analyses British Practice Choseu by W.A.
Homogeneous Plates
9 1516-15620 P 1540F 1650cP
50 1516-1562OF 1540 OF 1650'Y
73 16i6P 1616F 1675F
Face Hardened (Carburized) Plktes
14 16o7-16520 F 1650OF 1700&F
45 ].6o7-1652F 1650F 17C1?
49 1516-1562oF 1540F 16750 -
Jom,ny bars were machined from the region adjacent to the center
of the plate sections, austenitized for 4 hours at the temperatures. iven
above, and enid quenched in a standard fixture. Hardness surveys were made
on ground ffats at the bar faces adjacent to the plate centers and then tale
sMIne flats were examined metallographically.
a. Homogeneous Plates
From Table III it is seen that for each steel the hardness
distributions along both Jominy bars are identical. This iniication that
in every instance hardenability was not improved by the higher austenitizing
tempe-ature was verified by the metallographic surveys, Microscopic
- 7-.
examination also disclosed the explanation for the lack of improvement,
since it was found that carbide solution was essentially complete in the
bars austenitized at the lower temperatures as well as in the bars end
quenched fr6m the higher temperatures.
5. Hardness SuyVeys
a. HomoGeneous Plates
a. Material As-Received
(1) Homogeneous Plates
9-
cross sections as shown in Tigure 7. All specin.3ns oere transverse (i.e., their
fractures were longitudinal) and were notched parallel to the thickness direc-
tion, The temperaturos at which the specimens were broken end the results of
the tects are included in Table VII.
b. Suscepti
tilitZ to Tomier 3brittlement
A modified form of the Greaves and Jones standard test was
The cwase of the poor irrpact stron thi which occurred f ram
austenitizinp- the N~o* 124 and, No. 245 Flpecimens at ),7009 1 is not knoxm.
7, Tensile Tests
8. lacrostrructure
a. Homogeneous Plates
a. Homogeneous Platos
.. 1
bainite (the brown etching carbide structure in Figures 11A and 12B). There-
after an abrupt transition begins, the amount of bainite increasing an6 the
ferritic constituent decreasinq so that at the center of the section the bainite
predominates In the structure (Figures 120 and 120). The ferritic constituent
persists up to about one 'nch from Face A. Continuing toward Face A, tempered
martensite appears, as evidenced by aclcularity at low magnification (XI00),
and at .35 " from Face A the structure is entirely or predominantly tempered
martensite (Figures 12E and 12F), Grain size throughout the section is ASTM
No. 6-7. The above variations in microstructure reveal that following austen-
ization Plate 50 had been quenched elther at Face A only or more severely at
Face A than at Face. B (this was undoubtedly acrz.dental) and that quenchinz
efficiency had beei poor besides.
Sb. Face Hardened (Carburized) Plates (Figures 13, I4, and 15)
- 14-
10. Such a method of hardening the case of a heav, carburized plate (60mm. or
thicker) is described in detail in the Biitish document1 1 fmlor for Fighting
Vehicles" - The Ministry of Supply - June 1941 (0.0. 461/26 Aberdeen Proving
Ground(c) - WA. 461/5188(c) Incl# It The British procedure consists of
placing the plate on a furnace bogie, with the carburized face up, and carefully
bricking in the plate so tha4 the hot gases haveateass only to the tpp (ike. car-
burized) surface, Followlng the heating cycle, the plate is removed from the
furnace and a water spray is applied to the face,
141," Plate, No. 49-- Microstructure at the center of the section
consists of light and dark etching bnnds. Ferrite patches are present in the
light bands (Figure 15E),,indicating that some high temperature austedte
decomposition products of the type seen in the 154O0 F Jominy bar of the:pate
are present. The dark ban.s at 11000 resemble tempered martensite or ,tempered
low tepperature bainite. Microstructure adjacent to the back surface of .the
plate (Figure Z57) is not banded -nd has en appearance which is between the
two types detected at the center of the section. The plate possesses a f.ine
grain sire (ASTM#6.)
A. Homogeneous Plates
12. Wtn 350.05/g01(s) - British Secret Abstract - "Artiour and Bullet Proof
Technicsl Committee No. 1; Subcommittee No. 2 - Tankst Special Meeting
to Discuss Heavy Tank Plates, held at Ifillipm Beardmore ana Co,, Ltd.,
Glasgow, on 10 October, 1944."
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TABLE VI
1,92"
24 61.5 1/4=6.25" 5/16"'=.31" 13/3/13.5i" 71/"=-81" 1435/1
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*See Figure 7
**Hardness values are inclosed in parentheses for clarity in reading the table.
***Sizes of the redrarn samples were thickflessx2.3"x.6". The draw cycles were
as follows: Plate 9, 11250 ,"or 2 hrs; Plate 50, 11500F for 2 hrs; Plate 73
1l50OF for 242 hrs; and Plate 45, 12000F for 4 hrs.
All Oharpy specimens are transverse - i.e., their fractures are longitudinal.
and all notches are perpendicular to the plate faces.
****Symbols denote descriptions of fractures as follows:
F - Fibrous Fc - Fibrous matrix with spots of crystallinity Cbf - Bright
crystalline patch sur-ounded by fibrous border Ob - Bright crystalline -
(comnlete)
NOTE: Charpy fractures of Plates 9 and 50 are somewhat "woody" and those of
Plato 45 are very Iwoody",
TAB3L3 X
Y.S.
Location Direction 0.1% Offset T.S. BEN
of peimen* of Snecimen Aa I1T bi ROnZO
*See Figure 7.
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FACACE
FACE A FACE A
E. S. Co. 70MM PLATE E. S. CO. SOWM PLATE
NO. 0 23003-3609 mo. 022487-3350
W.A. NO. 9 W*A* NO. 5
FACE B
FACE A
FURTH4 BROWN LTO. 120MM PLATE
NO. 23873-A-I
W.A* NO. 73
WATERTOWN ARSENAL
BRITISH HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR
MAQ. Xf WTN.710-2281 FGR
FACE 8
FACE A FACE A
SEAROMORE
B O. 70MM Pt.AY
70M-2945T
BEARDMORE 50MM PLATE NO. 6A304--4ST
NO. 3762B-2314T
W.A. NO.&
W.A. NO. 14
#lACE 8
Cl
W.A. NO. 50 FC
FACE
BR I T 1 SH rACE HARDENED A A
MOR
FURTH BROWN LTD. 4?" PLATE
NO. 5448 J
BEARDMORE 70MM PLATE - i
NO. 6304-2945T I
"FACE B
nFIGURE
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WATERTOWN ARSENAL
BRITISH ARMOR PLATE - MAC. XI - WTN.710-233I
0GgO-OLNRA"VE106G. F PER SECOND AT 13 0 ' F
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LENGTH OF TEST
SECIMEN SPECIMEN
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U PLATE FACE A
/7 FACE 8
SURFACE
S17
Si
,-'FACE B V
':i
PLATE FACE B I
SPFCIMEN
,-LENGTH
P'IE
OF TEST
7,7 CENTER
7
"
FACESA
"'"0.
//FAACEA
CCENTER
L ' ENE
It 0 J FACE A
CENTER
-FACE A
' SURFACE
- ' ____
-~ -' -
W.A. NO. 468 FURTH BROWN LTD. 4j" PLATE NO. 54465
5N?.~
0 0
- 01,
Plite 45 X-
100 Placte 48 200
Many eidphi doe in short stringers Ov*l, iightpFrkInciisionfs -in
throughout the section. Cause of long stringeir-s throughut he sec-
extremely "woody" fracture. tion, Cause of poor steel sound~ness,
WTN.639-7731 M ~ -
Microstructure of Pla-tes 9 and 73
All. photomicrographs Taken after Vitching in 4% Picral
"1.2" from Face B -A- X100 tame location as -A-. -B- X1000
Banas and scattered needles of Dark structure is tempered bainite.
dark etching constituent in light Light matrix is ferritic austenite
etching matrix. decomposition product.
.35" from Face A. -I- X100 Same location as -1-. -.- X1000
Slight banding. Acicular structure, Premominantly or entirely tempered
Grain size in whole of section is martensite.
ASD( No. 6-7.
WTN .639-7733
I4icrostracture of Plate 14
Core - .95" below case- surface. -4 Oore .*55 from back of plate. -r
Peculiar structure detected tbrougb- Predominant attucture. Tempered
out the core. martensite and/or tempeged bainite.
Grain size is &SW No. 5-6 in en-
tire core.
WYN .639-7734
4Iycrostructure of Plate 45
rm
WTN.639-7735
lHicrostructure of Plate 48
0. _ -1
P-
lv1 W .
I44
'.-1 , 1.' 9
WTN .639--7736 12 U
APPENDIX A
Basic Correspondence
* Cop o
WAR DEPARTIMNT
OFFICE OF THE43 CHIEF OF ORDNANCE
WASHINGTON
0.0. 4oo.112/10033(s)
P0TB 6 November 1943
Special Steel and Welding
G,
Col.,LKINS
Ord. KNABLE
Dept.
Assistant
1 Incl.
cc: Director
The Proving Ground
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md,
Appendix A Page 1
APPMNMIX B
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1+44
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APPNFDIX 0
I.-
(This page is unclass]mec,
%Mary
~~~~~dr.t__ed 259 ofSeptember
British Secret Report, "Firing Trials on American Rolled Plates",
: 194 0-1AL, 7!1-11) . . -. . ...
The results of firing trials show that all the American plates meet
the ballistic Pnd overmatching requirements of Epeafiications I.T. lOOB
(tentative) and I.T. 0E with t-he exCeption of some of the 41" plates which
were aepraciably softer than the British plates of the same thickness, Pnd
failed I.T. 0E by a few feet/sec.
Appendix 0 - Page 1
I/--~ S(Thnis