A M E R I C A N A R C H I T E C T U R A L

AAMA 1503-09

Voluntary Test Method for

Thermal Transmittance and
Condensation Resistance
of Windows, Doors and
Glazed Wall Sections

M A N U F A C T U R E R S A S S O C I A T I O N

FOREWORD ...................................................................................................... 1
1.0 SCOPE ........................................................................................................ 2
2.0 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS ....................................................................... 2
3.0 SUMMARY OF METHOD............................................................................. 3
4.0 SIGNIFICANCE AND USE ........................................................................... 4
5.0 TERMINOLOGY ........................................................................................... 5
6.0 APPARATUS ............................................................................................... 7
7.0 METERING CHAMBER EXTRANEOUS HEAT LOSS CALIBRATION ..... 8
8.0 PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMEN ..................................................... 10
9.0 PROCEDURE ............................................................................................. 11
10.0 CALCULATIONS ..................................................................................... 13
11.0 TEST REPORT ........................................................................................ 13

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AAMA 1503-09
ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED: 1998
PRECEDING DOCUMENT: 1503-98
REVISED: 1/09
PUBLISHED: 3/09

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FOREWORD
AAMA started work leading to the development of procedures and equipment suitable for the evaluation of thermal
performance of fenestration products in 1972. The first AAMA voluntary standard for thermal performance, AAMA 1502.3,
was published in 1972. It was developed specifically to measure the condensation resistance of aluminum residential
insulating windows and sliding glass doors. Aluminum had long been the most popular framing material for these products.
Architects, builders and users preferred aluminum for its excellent operating and performance characteristics, its low
maintenance, color, style and design versatility. However, one characteristic of aluminum construction that was not desirable
was its susceptibility to condensation under conditions of high inside relative humidity and low outside air temperature.

To provide greater resistance to condensation, many manufacturers had developed thermally improved or "thermalized"
windows, doors and glazed wall products. Such products incorporated thermal barriers in the aluminum framing to prevent
through metal conductance between the inside air and the outside air. In addition, such products were glazed with two or
more panes of glass with an air space between the panes to increase the insulation in the vision areas. Thermal barriers in the
framing members were generally designed to equal or exceed the condensation resistance of the insulating glass. Through
this type of construction the condensation resistance of the entire assembly was uniformly improved.

Since manufacturers used several techniques to make thermalized products, it became important that architects, builders and
users have a reliable method of evaluating thermal performance, in order to properly match products to the climates and
conditions in which they would be used and in order to make valid comparisons of products. AAMA 1502 test methods made
this possible as far as determining a product's condensation resistance was concerned.

The other major area of concern relative to thermal performance is a product's thermal transmittance. It is this property which
determines the heat loss through the product. Lower thermal transmittance means higher energy efficiency since less heat is
going to be lost through the product. Although there is not necessarily a direct correlation, a design which provides good
condensation resistance may also provide good resistance to heat loss. With high fuel costs, reduction of heat loss is critically
important in a building design.

To meet the need for a standard test, AAMA developed, and in 1980 published, AAMA 1503.1, a voluntary standard for the
measurement of thermal transmittance of windows, doors and glazed wall sections. This standard was not limited to
residential windows and sliding glass doors, but covered all categories and types of these products as well as glazed sections
for wall systems. The advent of this standard made it possible to measure the heat flow resistance capabilities of a complete
window, door or wall section assembly in a repeatable and reliable manner. In 1981, AAMA 1502.7, the voluntary standard
for condensation resistance, was updated so that it too was applicable to all categories and types of windows, doors and
glazed wall sections.

The 1988 revision of AAMA 1503.1 included many technical improvements and brought the condensation resistance
evaluation and the U-Factor evaluation methods together in one comprehensive thermal performance standard.

AAMA 1503 has been investigated, researched, restructured and thoroughly evaluated by more scientists and interested
parties than any other thermal performance test method. The revision in 1998 changed some of the test parameters (cold room
temperature and warm room temperature) to be coincident with those used by the National Fenestration Rating Council
(NFRC). This change was made without creating any technical inaccuracies or inconsistencies in the results and allows an
NFRC 100 evaluation to be performed concurrently with the AAMA 1503 test.

Most important, this version of AAMA 1503 contains the latest improvements evolving from over 25 years of thermal testing
by many AAMA accredited testing laboratories. Calibration techniques were changed to reflect the significant improvement
in window thermal performance over the years and sealing against potential air infiltration has been improved. Other
calibration and test techniques were also refined. In addition, a component was added to allow for testing of multiple glazing
options via AAMAs 1505 glass library to provide simple, cost effective and fully tested U-Factor and CRF values for the
industry.

There is every reason to believe that AAMA 1503 is, by far, the industrys most comprehensive and accurate method for
directly testing for the air-to-air thermal transmittance and condensation characteristics of architectural products. It is
equally applicable to products made from all materials and glazing combinations. It is likely to be the foremost method for
testing air-to-air thermal transmittance for years to come; no other competing test method is currently under development.

AAMA 1503-09 Page 1

AAMA invites scientific input and comments from all interested parties for evaluation and potential use in future editions of
this voluntary test method.

1.0 SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the thermal characteristics of windows, doors and glazed exterior wall sections under steady-
state conditions. Specifically, measurements and calculations made using this procedure can be used to determine the thermal
transmittance (air-to-air) or U-Factor, the air infiltration rate and/or the condensation resistance factor, hereafter called "CRF"
for these products.

1.2 This method is specifically intended for measurements on heterogeneous constructions with variations in thickness,
conductivity and surface profile, which are common to windows, doors and glazed wall sections.

1.3 In this test method, a forced convection generated by a perpendicular air flow is established on the exterior (cold room
side) of the test specimen. Cold side surface coefficients are controlled by adjusting the test apparatus to specific performance
conditions using a Calibration Transfer Standard (CTS) panel.

1.4 On the interior (warm room side), a natural convection is established by the combined effects of the downward flow of
cooler air over the face of the specimen due to natural convective currents, and by optional (if necessary for calibration)
forced convective currents downward and parallel to the specimen. The warm room heaters, fans and blowers are adjusted so
that the resulting warm side surface coefficients are within the calibration specifications.

1.4.1 This test method does not include the effects of air infiltration because operable test specimens will be thoroughly
sealed, and the dynamic wind pressure at the exterior will be balanced to a zero differential pressure with a static air pressure
on the interior side or by insuring there is no air infiltration before and after the test.

1.4.2 While not an absolute value, the CRF is a rating number obtained under specified test conditions to allow a relative
comparison of the condensation performance of the product. It will provide a comparative rating and permit the
determination of the conditions beyond which an objectionable amount of condensation may occur.

1.5 The test facilities must conform to the calibration requirements specified in this test method. However, the details of the
test apparatus necessary to achieve these conditions may vary. The equipment, calibrated within the tolerance outlined in this
test method, will produce results that can be used for comparison purpose under the same test conditions.

1.6 Those applying this test method shall be trained in techniques of temperature measurement, shall understand the theory of
heat flow, and shall have experience in thermal testing. Since it is undesirable to specify the construction of the test facility in
such detail that it would unnecessarily restrict the method to a single arrangement, those applying the method shall have the
technical competency to determine the accuracy and operating variables of their respective test facilities.

1.7 The primary units of measure in this document are metric. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for reference only.

2.0 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

2.1 References to the standards listed below shall be to the edition indicated. Any undated reference to a code or standard
appearing in the requirements of this standard shall be interpreted as to referring to the latest edition of that code or standard.

2.2 American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA)

AAMA 1502.3-72, Standards and Tests for Thermally-Improved Aluminum Prime Windows and Sliding Glass Doors

AAMA 1502.7-81, Voluntary Test Method for Condensation Resistance of Windows, Doors and Glazed Wall Sections

AAMA 1503.1-80, Voluntary Test Method for Thermal Transmittance of Windows, Doors and Glazed Wall Sections

AAMA 1505-03, Voluntary Test Methods for Thermal Performance of Fenestration Products with Multiple Glazing Options

AAMA 1503-09 Page 2

2.3 ASTM International (ASTM)

ASTM C 168-08a, Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation

ASTM C 177-04, Standard Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by
Means of the Guarded-Hot Plate Apparatus

ASTM C 518-04, Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow
Meter Apparatus

ASTM C 1045-07, Standard Practice for the Calculating Thermal Transmission Properties under Steady-State Conditions

ASTM C 1199-00, Standard Test Method for Measuring the Steady-State Thermal Transmittance of Fenestration Systems
Using Hot Box Methods

ASTM C 1363-05, Standard Test Method for the Thermal Performance of Building Materials and Envelope Assemblies by
Means of A Hot Box Apparatus

ASTM E 283-04, Standard Test Method for Determining Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls
and Doors Under Specified Pressure Differences Across the Specimen

2.4 National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)

NFRC 100, Procedure for Determining Fenestration Product U-factors

3.0 SUMMARY OF METHOD

3.1 To determine the thermal transmittance (U), of a specimen, it is necessary to know its projected area (A), the heat flow
rate (Q), and the temperature difference (T). The heat flux and the temperature difference shall be determined under
conditions of steady-state heat transfer. The apparatus shall establish and maintain the desired steady-state temperature
difference across the test specimen for the period of time necessary to ensure constant heat flux and to accurately measure the
desired quantities.

3.2 To determine the heat flow rate (Q), a five-sided metering box is placed with its open side against the warm face of the
surround panel. If the average temperature differential across the walls of the metering box is maintained at a constant zero
magnitude, the net transfer of heat between the metering space and the surrounding guard space will be zero in magnitude.
The energy input to the metering space will be a measure of the heat flux through the known area of the panel.

3.3 Moisture migration, condensation and freezing within the specimen can cause variations in heat flow. To avoid this, it has
been determined that the relative humidity in the warm room must be maintained at, or below, the dew point of the test
specimen. This can typically be achieved by maintaining a humidity of 25% or less. Tests in this apparatus, referred to as a
guarded hot box, shall be conducted on substantially dry test panels with no effort made to impose or account for the effect of
water vapor flow through, or into, the panel during the test.

3.4 A basic principle of the test method is to maintain a zero temperature difference across the metering box wall. Adequate
temperature controls and monitoring capabilities are essential. It is recognized that small temperature gradients could occur
across the metering box walls due to the limitations of controllers and the effect of the convection currents within the
metering box. Since the total wall area of the metering box is often more than twice the metering area of the panel, small
temperature gradients through the walls may cause heat flows totaling a significant fraction of the heat input to the metering
box if the walls are not well-insulated. For this reason, the metering box walls shall be insulated using materials of high
thermal resistance, low heat capacity and high air flow resistance. They shall be instrumented so that the heat flow through
them can be calculated and this extraneous heat flow (hot box heat loss or gain) can be included in the specimen heat flow
calculation.

3.5 As a primary system control, this test method utilizes surface heat transfer coefficients calculated for a CTS from
calibration test results. The test conditions shall be adjusted during CTS calibration tests to obtain surface coefficients with
the tolerance of the standard values specified in this method.

AAMA 1503-09 Page 3

3.6 Test samples of windows, doors and wall sections having irregular surfaces do not have uniform inside and outside
surface coefficients. The utilization of a CTS and the selection of and adjustment to standard surface coefficients provides the
means by which different constructions of the same general product type can be compared under the same test conditions,
wherein the rate of heat flow (Q) through the same area (A) is the only unknown.

3.7 The first intent of this procedure is to measure the thermal transmittance of test samples exposed to the same conditions;
it is not intended to create uniform surface coefficients on the test specimens.

The second intent of this procedure is to determine a rating factor to predict the condensation forming characteristics of the
product under test. This CRF is calculated from temperature data taken by prescribed location and roving location
thermocouples under stabilized test conditions. Locations of the thermocouples are important factors as their placement is
intended to provide representative temperature readings. Four thermocouples are used to monitor the coldest sash or frame
surfaces. Incorporation of these data points provides a penalizing weighting factor in the calculations.

3.7.1 A primary concern in the thermal evaluation of these products is their air infiltration characteristics under pre-specified
(wind) pressure loading conditions. This procedure negates the effect of air infiltration by sealing operable panel perimeters
and by either balancing the dynamic wind loading on the cold side with a static air pressure on the warm side or testing both
pre-test and post-test air infiltration to ensure it remained at zero. This test method does not include heat loss due to air
infiltration. The performance of a given window, door or wall section will vary in regard to air infiltration. Consequently,
heat loss due to air infiltration is a separate determination based on infiltration characteristics of the construction and
environmental conditions.

3.8 It is important to achieve precise calibration of cold side and warm side surface coefficients to ensure consistent and
reproducible test results. A pressure difference across the test specimen and variations in the water vapor content of the warm
side air can cause errors in measuring heat flow. These variables must be reduced or eliminated to ensure reproducible test
results. Pressure differences across the test specimen must be kept to the absolute practical minimum, or the air infiltration
from the cold side to the warm side must be kept to zero to ensure valid test conditions and results.

3.9 Facilities which incorporate a metering box must be capable of maintaining warm side and cold side surface coefficients
with the metering box in place. Facilities which utilize a temperature controlled room enclosure as a guard box shall be
constructed and instrumented to control and measure heat flow with the same stability and accuracy as those facilities which
use a metering box. Calibrated Hot Boxes and other types of hot boxes can be used as long as required conditions are
obtained during calibrations and tests.

4.0 SIGNIFICANCE AND USE

4.1 This test method applies only to vertically oriented construction and is intended specifically for representative sized
windows, doors and representative glazed wall sections.

4.2 Due to changes in the ratio of materials for different size specimens having the same construction, the thermal
transmittance and/or CRF could vary with test specimen size. For these reasons, this test method sets forth specific sizes for
product test specimens and their installations.

4.3 The test procedures and equipment may not accurately compare glazed exterior wall sections which have deep exterior
projections in relation to test samples with smaller or no exterior projections. The exterior incident air pattern on a small test
sample may be seriously disrupted by projections which deflect the air movement. Interior convection also may be affected
by large interior projections. These conditions may change the heat flow and thus, the outside and inside surface
temperatures. Consequently, the size of the test specimen of this type must be sufficient to minimize these conditions. The
areas of glass and/or panels, as well as the size and placement of mullions, must be representative of the full size wall.

4.4 This test method provides for repeatability of results within a given facility for a given test specimen. The method of
calibration of test facilities also ensures that test results for a given test specimen are repeatable in different facilities when
these facilities meet the calibration requirements.

4.5 The outside surface coefficient is based on the ASHRAE winter conditions of air with 6.7 m/s (15 mph) velocity and of
-17.8C (0.0F). The inside surface coefficient is based on natural convection on the vertical plane.

4.6 Many conditions can influence thermal transmittance and the formation of condensation; they include the following:

AAMA 1503-09 Page 4

4.6.1 Type of wall construction and materials used.

4.6.2 For cavity walls, location of thermal barrier in framing members with respect to the cavity.

4.6.3 Absence or presence of drapes and/or shades.

4.6.4 Depth of reveal (recess at sill, jambs and head).

4.6.5 Location of heat sources and air flow rate.

4.6.6 Positive or negative pressure within the building which may cause an increase in air infiltration or exfiltration.

4.6.7 Outdoor wind velocity.

4.6.8 Location of surrounding buildings and type of surrounding terrain.

4.6.9 Variations in window conditions due to installation height on building elevation and direction of elevation.

4.7 The thermal transmittance value (U) can be used to compare similar products of the same test size. Comparison of test
results of different size products, for example 915 mm x 1220 mm (36 in x 48 in) with 1220 mm x 1830 mm (48 in x 72 in)
windows, may not be appropriate due to the differences in the ratio of sample area to glass edge between the two test
samples.

4.8 The CRF may be used for comparative analysis of similar products of the same general configuration.

4.8.1 Refer to Figures 13 and 14 for determination of winter design temperatures, recommended maximum inside humidity
levels, and minimum recommended CRF's for these conditions.

4.9 The U-Factor determined by tests at the standard test conditions can be used in estimating design loads for heating and
cooling equipment of buildings since the surface coefficients are intended to be the same as those recommended in the
ASHRAE method of calculating residential loads. Any use of test U-Factors should be determined by a competent engineer.

4.10 The test U-Factor determined by this method does not include the effects of lower or higher average wind speeds, and
does not account for solar heat gain. Consequently, the test value should be appropriately evaluated when used in estimating
seasonal product performance.

4.11 The most direct application of the CRF value is its use in the prediction of what set of exterior temperatures, interior
temperatures, and interior humidity conditions will initiate condensation. Note that the test method and rating system are
based on the assumption that a relatively small amount of condensation in comparison to the overall area is tolerable and will
not result in a less accurate prediction of the overall thermal performance of the product.

4.12 This test method does not include heat loss due to air infiltration. The performance of a given window, door or glazed
wall section will vary in regard to air infiltration as indicated in Section 3.7.1. Consequently, heat loss due to air infiltration is
a separate determination based on infiltration characteristics of the construction and environmental conditions.

5.0 TERMINOLOGY
5.1 Thermal conductivity (): The time rate of heat flow through unit area and unit thickness of a homogeneous material
under steady-state conditions when a unit surface temperature gradient is maintained in the direction perpendicular to the
area. Materials are considered homogeneous when the value of the thermal conductivity is not affected by variation in the
thickness or the size of the sample within the range normally used in construction. It is calculated as follows:

Q
= (1)
A (t1 - t2) (L)

5.2 Thermal Conductance (C): The time rate of heat flow through a body per unit area from one of its bounding surfaces to
the other for a unit temperature difference between the two surfaces, under steady-state conditions. It is calculated as follows:

AAMA 1503-09 Page 5

 Q
C= (2)
A (t1 t2)

5.3 Surface Coefficient (h): The ratio of steady-state heat exchange between the surface and its external surroundings to the
temperature difference between the surface and its surroundings. It is expressed in terms of time rate of heat flow per unit
area of a particular surface by the combined effects of radiation, conduction and convection for a unit temperature difference
between the surface and the air. Subscripts I and II are used to denote indoor and outdoor air spaces, respectively. Surface
coefficients are calculated as follows:

Q
hI = (3)
A (tI t1)

Q
hII = (4)
A (t2 tII)

5.4 Thermal Transmittance (U): The time rate of heat flow per unit area under steady-state conditions from the air on the
warm side of a body to the air on the cold side, per unit temperature difference between the warm and cold air. It is calculated
as follows:

Q
U= (5)
A (tI tII)

(U) is referred to as the overall coefficient of heat transfer. It can be calculated from the thermal conductance and surface
coefficients as follows:

1/U = 1/ hI + 1/C + 1/hII (6)

5.5 Condensation Resistance Factor (CRF): The numerical value determined by the lower of either the weighted frame
temperature (FT) or average glazing temperature (GT) in relation to cold side air temperature tII and warm side air
temperature tI. The weighted frame temperature (FT) is determined from the relationship of the average of 14 predetermined
thermocouple temperatures (FTp) and the average of the coldest sash or frame temperatures determined by four roving
thermocouples (FTr). A weighting factor, W, ratios the average predetermined thermocouple temperatures with the average of
the coldest sash or frame temperatures determined by four roving thermocouples. The weighting factor is calculated as
follows:

FTp - FTr
W= x 0.40 (7)
FTp - (tII + 10)

Where:
tII = temperature of cold side air
10 = arbitrary temperature adjustment
0.40 = arbitrary weighting factor

The weighted frame temperature, FT, is calculated as follows:

FT = FTp (1 W) + W FTr (8)

The average of six pre-determined thermocouple glazing temperatures (GT) and the weighted frame temperature (FT) are
used in calculating the CRF for the glass and frame as follows:

GT - tII
CRFG = x 100 (9)
tI - tII
FT - tII
CRFF = x 100 (10)
tI - tII

Where: 100 = A multiplier to make CRF a whole number

AAMA 1503-09 Page 6

CRF numbers shall be whole numbers only. Any number 0.5 and greater shall be rounded to the next whole number. One
number, the lower of the CRFG or CRFF, shall be reported as the product CRF. At the manufacturer's option the second
number, CRFG or CRFF, may be reported with its proper subscript and clearly indicating its alternate significance.

5.6 For other definitions relating to thermal insulating materials, refer to ASTM C 168.

5.7 Symbols: The symbols used in the foregoing and subsequent paragraphs have the following significance:

A = Area normal to heat flow, m (ft2)

ACTS = Area of the Calibration Transfer Standard in m (ft)
C = Thermal Conductance, W/(m k) [Btu/(hr ft2 F)]
Cg = Conductance of glass
CRFF = Condensation Resistance Factor for the frame
CRFG = Condensation Resistance Factor for the glass
FT = Weighted frame temperature
FTp = Average temperature of 14 predetermined thermocouple locations on frame and sash members
Average temperature of 4 roving thermocouple locations on the 4 coldest locations of frame and sash
FTr =
members
GT = Average temperature of 6 predetermined thermocouple locations on the glazing
hI = Inside surface coefficient, W/(m k) [Btu/(hr ft2 F)]
hII = Outside surface coefficient, W/(m k) [Btu/(hr ft2 F)]
L = Length of path of heat flow, mm (in).
Q = Time rate of heat flow through area A, W (Btu/hr)
QCTS = Measured Calibration Transfer Standard heat flow in W (Btu/hr)
QS = Net specimen heat flow in W (Btu/hr)
QT = Total measured heat input into metering room W (Btu/hr)
t1 = Average temperature of warm side surface, C (F)
t2 = Average temperature of cold side surface, C (F)
tI = Average temperature of warm side air, C (F)
tII = Average temperature of cold side air, C (F)
T = Lower of FT or GT
U = Thermal Transmittance, W/(m k) [Btu/(hr ft2 F)]
W = A weighting factor for calculation of FT
= Thermal Conductivity, W mm/(m k) [Btu in/(hr ft2 F)]

6.0 APPARATUS
6.1 The thermal test facility is intended to subject a test specimen to differential interior and exterior temperatures and a
standard wind loading condition, and to accurately measure the thermal transmittance, air infiltration rate and surface
temperatures of that specimen.

6.2 Construction details, energy metering apparatus, and controls are the responsibility of the test laboratory. Details of
chamber design and construction, instrumentation and operation manuals shall be documented. Refer to ASTM C 1363 for
more details. See Figure 1 for reference use.

6.2.1 When the thermal test facility is used to conduct air infiltration tests in accordance with ASTM E 283, the cold and
warm chambers shall be capable of withstanding internal and external pressures required by the test. All joints, corners and
other openings of the test chamber shall be carefully and completely sealed.

6.3 COLD CHAMBER

6.3.1 The cold chamber shall include a means of generating a uniform perpendicular air flow sufficient to provide the
required exterior surface coefficients prescribed in Section 7.4. The plenum discharge shall be positioned and the air baffles
adjusted such that the cold side hII coefficient is within the tolerance specified in Section 7.4.4.

AAMA 1503-09 Page 7

6.3.2 A refrigeration unit and controls are required to automatically maintain a temperature of -18.0C (-0.4F) within
0.3C ( 0.5F).

6.4 WARM CHAMBER

6.4.1 A metering box or room with heating devices and controls are required to automatically maintain a temperature of
21.1C (70.0F) within 0.3C ( 0.5F).

6.4.2 A system for controlling the humidity of the warm room air shall be provided. Relative humidity of the warm room
shall not exceed 25% at any time during the test. A measurement instrument for measuring and recording the relative
humidity is required. The instrument shall be accurate to within 5%. At no time shall condensation be allowed to form on
the test specimen. This may require lowering the humidity levels below the allowed range for high U-Value test specimens.

6.5 A fixed wall or removable surround panel of very low thermal transmittance shall separate the cold chamber from the
warm chamber. All joints shall be sealed. This wall or panel shall have a nominal opening designed to receive a calibration
transfer standard panel as described in Section 7.1. The surround panel material shall be characterized by using ASTM C 177
or ASTM C 518 apparatus at three different mean temperatures. The correlation between material conductivity and mean
temperature shall be obtained from the test results and used for all hot box tests including CTS calibrations to obtain net heat
flow of the specimen or CTS.

6.6 TEMPERATURE MEASURING EQUIPMENT

6.6.1 All thermocouples shall be fabricated from the same lot of premium grade 24 gauge or lighter copper constantan type T
thermocouple wire.

6.6.2 The cold room air temperature shall be determined by a vertical grid network located 75 mm (3 in) from the surface of
the surround panel. The minimum thermocouple density, for the grid, shall be defined in ASTM C 1363-05.

6.6.3 The warm room air temperature shall be determined by a vertical grid network located 75 mm (3 in) from the surface of
the surround panel. The minimum thermocouple density, for the grid, shall be as defined in ASTM C 1363-05.

6.6.4 The instrumentation shall indicate temperature readings of the thermocouples within 0.06C (0.1F).

6.7 PRESSURE MEASURING EQUIPMENT (FOR PRESSURE BALANCE APPARATUS ONLY)

6.7.1 If required, cold room air pressure detection shall be accomplished by measuring the total pressure 150 mm (6 in) inside
the plenum as shown in Figure 1.

6.7.2 If required, the warm room pressure detection point shall be representative of overall room conditions and not located
near known sources of air movement.

6.8 DATA ACQUISITION/CONTROL SYSTEM

6.8.1 The thermal test chamber shall be equipped with an automatic data acquisition system capable of reading and recording
all temperature and heat flow data every five minutes (maximum). All five-minute data shall be recorded and later processed
and averaged based on these data points. The system must also be capable of measuring and recording humidity and pressure
differential at five-minute intervals (maximum). This information is necessary in order to determine the stabilization and
evaluation periods as defined in Sections 7.3 and 9.3.9.

7.0 METERING CHAMBER EXTRANEOUS HEAT LOSS CALIBRATION

7.1 The metering chamber extraneous heat loss includes heat losses through chamber walls, wall edges, interface between
metering chamber wall perimeter and the surround panel surface. This heat loss shall be subtracted from the total heat input
to the warm side to obtain net heat flow through the test specimen. Follow the detailed procedure and conditions as specified
in ASTM C 1363-05.

7.2 The thermal test facility shall be calibrated with at least two CTS panels, constructed as shown in Figure 3 to establish
cold and warm side surface coefficients. These two CTS panels shall cover approximately the smallest and largest sizes of

AAMA 1503-09 Page 8

test specimens expected to be tested. The CTS panels shall be positioned in a 100 mm (4 in) thick surround panel, recessed
25 mm (1 in) from the exterior surface. Surface thermocouples shall be positioned on the interior and exterior surfaces so as
to satisfy the minimum density requirements of ASTM C 1199. See Figure 2 for required locations for a typical CTS panel.
The conductance of the CTS core material shall be measured by ASTM test methods C 177 or C 518 and practice C 1045.
The facility shall be calibrated prior to initial testing and periodically, at least semiannually, thereafter. The facility shall also
be recalibrated if changes or adjustments are made to the equipment or if test data appears questionable.

7.3 AIR LEAKAGE AND PRESSURE BALANCE

As an additional precaution to minimize the potential for air leakage through and around the CTS panel, means shall be
provided to measure and equalize the pressure difference across the CTS panel or ensure there is zero air leakage both prior
to and immediately following the thermal test. This shall be accomplished by balancing the cold side total pressure to the
warm side static pressure within 0 10 Pa (0 0.21 psf). The pressure sensors used shall be in compliance with Sections
6.7.1 and 6.7.2 of this test method. Air Leakage test shall be conducted prior to, and immediately following, each CTS
calibration test to ensure there is no air infiltration.

7.4 THERMAL STABILIZATION PERIOD

The stabilization period shall be determined by either four consecutive 1-hour and two 2-hour time periods, or five
consecutive time constants as determined by ASTM C 1363, Appendix 10. In either case:

7.4.1 The warm and cold side ambient air temperatures did not vary from standard conditions by more than 0.3C (
0.5F).

7.4.2 The total heat input QT in Btu per 1/2 hour (or time constant) interval did not vary by more than 1.

7.4.3 The average for each individual CTS panel surface temperature did not vary by more than 0.3C ( 0.5F).

7.4.4 The last 2-hour average measurement (or last two time constants) data shall be used for calculating test results.

7.5 CALIBRATION FOR STANDARD CONDITION

7.5.1 For this test method, standard conditions are defined as -17.8C (0.0F) cold side, 21.0C (70.0F) warm side,
perpendicular wind cold side meeting the requirements of Section 6.3.1, natural convection warm side and 0 10 Pa
(0 0.21 psf) pressure differential across the test sample, or zero air leakage through the CTS panel.

7.5.2 The cold side surface coefficient (hII) shall be calculated from data as follows:

QCTS
hII =
ACTS (t2 - tII)

Where:
QCTS = Measured CTS heat flow in W (Btu/hour)
ACTS = Area of the CTS (ft2)
t2 = Average cold side surface temperature of CTS (F)
tII = Average cold side air temperature (F)

7.5.3 The average outside surface coefficient over the surface of the CTS panel shall be 28.97 W/m2 k (5.1 Btu/hr ft2 F)
10%.

7.5.4 The warm side surface coefficient (hI) shall be calculated from data taken during the evaluation period as follows:

QCTS
hI =
ACTS (tI - t1)

Where:
QCTS = Measured CTS heat flow in W (Btu/hour)
ACTS = Area of the CTS (ft2)
t1 = Average warm side surface temperature of CTS (F)
tI = Average warm side air temperature (F)

AAMA 1503-09 Page 9

7.5.5 The average inside surface coefficient over the surface of the CTS panel shall be 7.67 W/m2 k (1.35 Btu/hr ft2 F)
+ 5%.

7.5.6 During the evaluation period, the U-Factor for the CTS panel shall be measured and shall be within 5% of the
calculated U-Factor for the construction of the CTS panel per:

Calculated:
1/U = (1/28.97) + (1/Cg) + (1/C) + (1/Cg) + (1/7.67)

Measured:
1/U = (1/hII) + (1/(Qcts/Acts (t1 - t2)) + (1/hI)

Where:
C = Conductance of CTS core, determined by means of ASTM test methods C 177 or C 518 and practice C 1045.
Cg = Conductance of 5 mm (3/16 in) thick glass facing

The determination of (Qcts), time rate of heat flow through area (Acts), must take into account heat losses through the CTS
panel, separating wall or panel, metering box or chamber walls. Heat gains from fans, lights, pumps, dehumidifiers and
controls must also be included in the calculations.

8.0 PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMEN

8.1 The preparation of standard test specimens for comparative U-Factor ratings and/or CRF ratings must comply with the
size requirements specified in Section 8.3 for the product categories into which they fall. They must also conform to the
configurations shown in Figures 4-9. Test samples must be installed in surround panels constructed in accordance with
Section 8.2.

8.1.1 For a test specimen not specifically addressed in this test method, it is necessary to select a size and configuration that is
representative of the construction.

8.2 SURROUND PANEL

8.2.1 A surround panel shall be provided for installation of the test specimen per the details shown in Figures 5 and 6. The
surround panel shall consist of a stable homogeneous thermal insulation material with a thermal conductivity not in excess of
0.48 W/m k (0.28 Btu in/hr ft2 F) at 24C (75F) and having a very low gas permeance. The surround panel may be
faced with a support material having a very low gas permeance and stable thermal and dimensional properties. A suitably
aged sample from each lot of material used for surround panels shall be tested to determine its conductance value by means
of ASTM test methods C 177 or C 518 and practice C 1045. The heat flow for each surround panel can then be accurately
attributed for net specimen heat flow calculation.

8.2.2 The surround panel thickness must not be less than 100 mm (4 in) or the depth of the test specimen, whichever is
greater. It shall not be more than 25 mm (1 in) thicker than the test specimen frame depth. Surround panels shall have
thicknesses at the exact dimension 1.6 mm ( 1/16 in); (e.g., 100 mm, 125 mm etc. (4 in, 5 in, etc.)).

8.2.3 Mount the test specimen into the surround panel with a configuration that simulates the actual installation as closely as
possible. Products which are not designed to be mounted to the exterior surface of a rough opening shall be mounted flush
with the exterior surface of the surround panel and no greater than 38 mm (1 in) from the interior surface of the surround
panel. The test specimen shall be sealed to the surround panel with duct tape as shown in Figure 7. Duct tape shall not cover
more than 6 mm (1/4 in) of the exposed specimen frame. Total installation clearance shall be no greater than 3 mm (1/8 in).

8.3 Standard test sizes are shown in the following Table; however, this test method may be employed to test any size
specimen for qualification of specific installations. To be considered standard size, exterior frame dimensions should not
deviate more than 25 mm (1 in) from the nominal dimensions given.

AAMA 1503-09 Page 10

 Specimen Sizes 1
Single/Double/Triple Hung 1200 mm x 1500 mm (47 in x 59 in)
Vertical Slider 1200 mm x 1500 mm (47 in x 59 in)
Vertical/Horizontal Pivoted 1200 mm x 1500 mm (47 in x 59 in)
Top Hinged 1200 mm x 1500 mm (47 in x 59 in)
Horizontal Slider 1500 mm x 1200 mm (59 in x 47 in)
Casement 600 mm x 1500 mm (24 in x 59 in)
Casement/Fixed 1200 mm x 1500 mm (47 in x 59 in)
Projected 1500 mm x 600 mm (59 in x 24 in)
Fixed 1200 mm x 1500 mm (47 in x 59 in)
Fixed/Projected 1200 mm x 1500 mm (47 in x 59 in)
Glazed Wall Systems 2000 mm x 2000 mm (79 in x 79 in)
Single Door With Frame 1000 mm x 2000 mm (39 in x 79 in)
Double Doors With Frame 2000 mm x 2000 mm (79 in x 79 in)
1
Select size type based on manufacturer's average standard size and intended use of product.

8.4 The test specimen shall be representative of the manufacturer's production units or identified as a prototype design. The
manufacturer shall provide a complete set of detail and assembly drawings and bill of material descriptions.

8.5 Accessory exterior or interior trim systems are not to be used unless they constitute an integral inseparable member of the
specimen. Non-Integral nailing flanges shall always be removed prior to installation. Blocking, fastening and installation
hardware must be typical of manufacturer's standard recommendations. Frame perimeter voids may be filled with insulating
products that are typical of manufacturer's recommendations and good installation practice.

9.0 PROCEDURE
9.1 The standard test conditions of this test method correspond to ASHRAE winter design conditions as follows:

Cold room temperature = -17.8 (0.0F)

Warm room temperature = 21.0C (70.0F)
Cold room = 6.7 m/s (15 mph) perpendicular wind air velocity
Warm room = natural convection with 0.5 m/s air velocity
Zero Solar Flux

9.2 Standard tests shall be made in a facility which has been calibrated in accordance with the requirements of Section 7.0.

9.3 TEST PROCEDURE

9.3.1 Inspect the test specimen for suitability for thermal testing. Where it can be done satisfactorily, repair any damage
incurred in shipment. Do not test a specimen if satisfactory repairs cannot be made.

9.3.2 All test specimens submitted for thermal testing shall be mounted by the laboratory in a surround panel as described in
Section 8.2.

9.3.3 Install surround panel, complete with the mounted specimen between the two chambers with the outside face of the test
sample toward the cold room. Operate each operating sash or movable element through its complete operating cycle once to
ensure a representative functional specimen is submitted for testing. Securely close and lock each operable element.

9.3.4 Seal the test specimen with tape or caulk of similar surface emittance to that of the adhering surface. For a vertical or
horizontal sliding specimen, the specimen shall be sealed at the interior or exterior location nearest to the primary air seal. All
other specimen types shall be sealed at the interior. Apply as minimal an amount of sealant or tape as is possible to achieve
the desired elimination of air leakage.

9.3.5 The contraction of gases in a sealed insulating glass (IG) unit due to temperature, elevation and barometric pressure
changes can increase the heat flow through the IG unit, particularly those with inter-space dimensions 10 mm ( 3/8 in).

AAMA 1503-09 Page 11

For this reason the relative dimension at the center of the IG unit versus the edge of the IG unit shall be measured prior to
testing and at test conditions, and the results of this measurement included in the test report.

9.3.6 U-Factor and/or CRF Test Procedure

Carefully apply the 20 pre-specified (24 gauge or lighter copper constantan) thermocouples on each test specimen located as
indicated on the particular window design in Figures 4-9. When determining CRF, apply a minimum of 10 cold point seeking
(roving) thermocouples in accordance with criteria defined below, to areas of the framing members that can be anticipated to
become the coldest. The four coldest of these will be used for determining the CRF as per Section 5.4.1, Equation 7. The
facility operators experience and understanding of thermodynamics must be relied upon to locate the four coldest points with
the thermocouples available (a pre-specified thermocouple location may be used as a cold point). Locks and hardware are
excluded. A cold point is defined to be any single area a maximum of 2600 mm2 (4 in2) size or less. Cold point thermocouple
spacing on sash or frame is defined as the greater thermocouple separation of either 2600 mm2 (4 in2) or 100 linear mm (4
linear in) on the given member. Thermocouple locations on wall sections and other windows and doors shall be selected to
determine stabilized heat flow conditions. All thermocouples should be checked for proper function prior to test initiation.
The thermocouples should be applied in the following manner:

NOTE 1: On windows containing hinged panels for access to internal venetian blinds, pre-specified thermocouples should
not be applied to the access panel frame. Cold point thermocouples may be attached to the access panel frame.

9.3.6.1 Clean the surface area where the thermocouples are attached with alcohol.

9.3.6.2 If necessary, preheat area to which the thermocouple is to be affixed with a portable heat-blower until all evidence of
moisture is removed.

9.3.6.3 Attach the thermocouple with the lead wires at a right angle to and in the plane of the frame at the desired location
with a 25 mm wide x 100 mm long (1 in x 4 in) piece of flat painted foil tape. The tape shall have an emittance
approximately equal to the surface to which it is applied. Apply pressure to the tape with a small roller, back of finger,
screwdriver or other suitable tool until it is evident the thermocouple is in direct contact with the surface.

9.3.6.4 Secure the thermocouple lead wires to the surround panel with tape.

9.3.6.5 Attach the lead wires to the data acquisition/control system in the order shown on Figures 4-9.

9.3.7 Adjust temperature controls for the warm room and cold room to the standard test temperatures of 21.0C (70.0F) and
-17.8C (0.0F), respectively. Maintain maximum relative humidity in the warm room at or below the lesser of 25% or the
dewpoint of the test specimen. Turn on refrigeration system, cold room fan(s) and heater circulation fans. Adjust the pressure
controls to provide a net pressure difference between the warm room static pressure and cold room total pressure of 0 10 Pa
(0 0.21 psf), or conduct air leakage tests prior to and immediately following the test to ensure zero air infiltration occurred
during the test.

9.3.8 Conditions of thermal stability must exist for a four hour stability period prior to the determination of CRF and/or U-
Factor during a two hour evaluation period. The stability period is defined by either four consecutive 1-hour and two 2-hour
time periods, or five consecutive time constants as determined by ASTM C 1363, Appendix 10 where:

9.3.8.1 The warm and cold side ambient air temperatures did not vary from standard conditions by more than 0.3C
( 0.5F).

9.3.8.2 The total measured heat input QT in Btu did not vary by more than 1%.

9.3.8.3 The average for each individual specimen surface temperature did not vary by more than 0.3C ( 0.5F).

9.3.9 The evaluation period begins at the conclusion of the stabilization period, and shall include the temperature, pressure,
relative humidity and heat flow data from two consecutive 2-hour intervals, or two time constants, where the conditions
specified in Sections 9.3.8.1 through 9.3.8.3 continue to be met.

9.3.10 Shut the unit down, remove the test specimen from the chamber and verify that the sample conforms to the drawings
and specifications.

AAMA 1503-09 Page 12

10.0 CALCULATIONS
10.1 Calculate the time rate of heat flow through the test specimen, QS, and the resulting thermal transmittance (U) of the test
specimen, as determined using procedures outlined in ASTM C 1199-00. Calculate the CRF per the formula in Section 5.4.1
of this test method, using symbols and definitions as needed in Section 5.6.

10.2 For fenestration products with multiple glazing options, the U-Factor and CRF of the tested product with those options
may be calculated via AAMA 1505.

11.0 TEST REPORT

11.1 The test report shall include the following:

11.1.1 Location of test site, date when test was completed and date of issuance of the report.

11.1.2 Name of manufacturer.

11.1.3 Series name, model number or other identification of product tested.

11.1.4 Weatherstrip; Type and size.

11.1.5 Weep Holes; Number, size and location.

11.1.6 Glazing; Type and thickness of glazing (each lite employed), spacer width or separation dimension, spacer material if
used, presence of desiccant materials, coating or tinting of glazing, presence of gas (other than air) inside insulating unit, and
presence and nature of glazing films, if used, and any other distinctive characteristics that may affect the thermal performance
of the unit.

11.1.7 "Inside" surface finish.

11.1.8 "Outside" surface finish.

11.1.9 Screens, if used during the test, shall be described in the test report, including frame size and material, screen cloth
material and weave, and whether full or half screens.

11.1.10 Detailed assembly drawing(s) and components list relative to type, size, shape and location of materials used to
reduce thermal transmission in sash, ventilators, panels and/or main framing members. (To be provided by the manufacturer
and verified by the testing laboratory to conform to the sample tested.)

11.1.11 A statement that the test specimen was sealed per Section 9.3.4 and the net specimen air infiltration was determined
to be zero prior to the commencement of the thermal test. Include a description of the sealing technique.

11.1.12 The relative thickness measured at the center of IG units versus the thickness measured at the IG unit edge, in
accordance with Section 9.3.5.

11.1.13 Thermal transmittance of test specimen, if required.

11.1.13.1 CRF number, also values FT, FTp, FTr, W, GT, tII, and tI, if required.

11.1.13.2 At the manufacturer's option, report second CRF result as CRFF or CRFG in accordance with Section 5.4.1.

11.1.14 A statement that the tests were conducted in accordance with this standard test method and a list of any exceptions to
standard conditions, sizes or other specified criteria.

AAMA 1503-09 Page 13

 Varies
COLD ROOM WARM ROOM
Tape Seal
-18.0 C (0.0 F) 21.0 C (70.0 F)
Surround
Panel
DISCHARGE 75 mm
PLENUM (3 in)
150 mm (4 in) 75 mm (3 in)

TEST SAMPLE
Warm Room TC
& Shield
Air Flow Horiz. &
4.7 m/s Test Sample
(15 mph)
Cold Room
Total Pressure TC &
Sensor on Shield As Required
Pitot Tube

890 mm (33 in)

Overall Chamber Length May Vary

FIGURE 1 Thermal Chamber Diagram

AAMA 1503-09 Page 14

 FIGURE 2 Typical CTS Thermocouple Locations

NOTE 2: 2a. 150 mm (6 in) from edges of panel critical dimension.

2b. Thermocouples evenly spaced no less than 305 mm (12 in) and no more than 380 mm (15 in) apart.
.

AAMA 1503-09 Page 15

 FIGURE 3 CTS Sizing

NOTE 3: The CTS shall not be smaller, in either direction, then the largest test specimen with a minimum size of 1220
mm x 1830 mm (48 in x 72 in)

AAMA 1503-09 Page 16

 FIGURE 4 Vertical Slider

AAMA 1503-09 Page 17

 FIGURE 5 Casement Window & Projected Window

AAMA 1503-09 Page 18

 FIGURE 6 Fixed Window & Glazed Wall System

AAMA 1503-09 Page 19

 FIGURE 7 Single and Double Doors

AAMA 1503-09 Page 20

 FIGURE 8 Fixed/Projected Window & Casement/Fixed Window

AAMA 1503-09 Page 21

 FIGURE 9 Vertical, Horizontal Pivoted, Top Hinged Window

AAMA 1503-09 Page 22

 FIGURE 10 Window Placement within Surround Panel

AAMA 1503-09 Page 23

 FIGURE 11 Surround Panel Construction

AAMA 1503-09 Page 24

 FIGURE 12 Typical Window Installation within Surround Panel

AAMA 1503-09 Page 25

 FIGURE 13 Winter Outside Design Temperature

NOTE 4: During the months of December, January and February, based on normal conditions, the temperature typically
will not be at or below the temperature gradients identified on the map above. It is always recommended to check with the
local weather monitoring station for more accurate information.

AAMA 1503-09 Page 26

 FIGURE 14 Condensation Resistance Factor Curves

AAMA 1503-09 Page 27

 Changes from AAMA 1503-98 to AAMA 1503-09
- Various editorial changes were made
- Added reference to AAMA 1505 in Foreword
- Added the option of using AAMA 1505 to determine U-Value and CRF for multiple glazing options
- Added a humidity requirement of 25% or less to Section 3.3
- Added that wall boxes are to be insulated in Section 3.4
- Removed statement regarding construction recesses in Section 3.7
- Added testing both pre-test and post-test air infiltration to ensure it remained at zero in Section 3.7.1
- Added statement regarding Calibrated Hot Boxes to Section 3.9
- Removed statement regarding interpretative allowances may need to be made in Section 4.8
- Added reference to ASTM C 1363 in Section 6.2
- Changed accuracy requirement from 1% to 5% in Section 6.4.2; also added that condensation shall not be allowed to
form on the test specimen.
- Added reference to ASTM C 177 and ASTM C 518 in Section 6.5
- Removed statement of minimum of one thermocouple junction surrounded by a radiation shield from Section 6.6.2
- Removed first three sentences of Section 6.6.3
- Deleted Section 6.7.3
- Changed 1/2 hour intervals requirement to 5-minute intervals in Section 6.8
- Added new Section 7.1
- Added requirement of two CTS panels in Section 7.2
- Changed requirement from eight 1/2 hour intervals to four one-hour intervals in Section 7.4; also added reference to
ASTM C 1363
- Changed variance allowance from 2% to 1% in Section 7.4.2
- Added new Section 7.4.4
- Deleted old Section 7.4.2
- Changed Specimen Size Table measurements in Section 8.3
- Added requirement either four consecutive 1-hour and two 2-hour time periods, or five consecutive time constants as
determined by ASTM C 1363 in Section 3.8
- Added new Section 10.2
- Revised Figures 1-12 (formatting)
- Removed reference to ASHRAEs Handbook of Fundamentals in Note 4
- Revised Figure 14
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