v-()L /

.
| ve seen an Indian movie

.
|ve never been late to work.

?
Have you ever been to Italy?

Grammar Focus ...... .

-()L / expresses having or not having a particular experience in the past and
corresponds to have done/had in English. When the suect has had an experience , -() L
is used , and when the subject has not had an experience , -()L is used. If the
verb stem ends in a vowel, - L / is added , and if the verb stem ends in a consonant ,
/ is added. Although the form -()L / can also be used to
express the same meaning, -()L / is used more 0en.

Base Form - L Base Form -

g * O

* Irregular form
11. Trying New Things and Elur -
-()L is common ly combined with -/ to form-/ w hic h
means to have the experience of having tried something

I have been (successIy tried to 9 to the U.S.

Ive never tried (had the experience) Korean food.

A . A Yesterday, I met a celebrity in Myeongdong.

B B Wow, I ve never met a celebrity.

A ? A Can you bargain well at the market?

B . B No , I ve never been able to bargain.

-()L is not used when describing things that are often repeated or are everyday occurrences.

(x) . (x)

Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using -()L /.

A ?

A ?

(3)
A ?

l B -

20
 v-()2 ? (3)

v-()2 ?()
v-()
v-()?
v-()2 ?(3)
 v-()2 ?(1)

?

Shall we play some basketball?

?
Why don t we rest over here?

?
Which movie shall we see?

Grammar Focus ..... .

-() ? is used when the speaker wants to either to suggest d ng something together
with the listener or to ask about the listeners preference regarding something. The subject of these
sentences is which is often omitted. The English equivalent is Shall we... ? or Why dont we .. .?
When answering , t he suggestive form -() r-/ is used. (See also Unit 12. Asking
Opinions and Making Suggestions 03 V-() ) When the stem ends in a vowel or -2 ? is
used , and when it ends in a consonant , -? is used.

Base Form -2 ? Base Form -?

? ?

? * ?

* ? ?

* I rreg form
Compare with Unit 12. Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions 02 V-()2 ? @, unit 17. Conjecture
03A'V ) 2 ? @)

210
In Conversation ....... .

A ? A Shall we go sing karaoke over the weekend?

B . . B Okay, sounds good. Let5 gO.

A ? A Would you like to go for a drink after work?

B . . B Sorry. Today, I have other plans. Let s do it next time.

The f lowing is a conversation between Budi and Wang Jing. Look at the pictures and fill in t he blanks
using )2 ? and-/.

: ? (

: (

: (1) ? (
: (2) . (

: (3) ? (
: (4) (

: 3 .
: (5) ? ()
: .
: (6) ?()

: . (7) ()
: .

12. Asking Opinions and Making Suggs:~S .:_

 v-()2 ?

?
Shall I open the window?

?
What shall I wear tomorrow?

?
Would you like (me to get you) some coffee or juice?

Grammar Focus .......... .

-()2 ? is used when the speaker wants to make a suggestion to the listener or to ask the
listener for his or her opinion. The subject is normally | r and may be omitted. In English.
this expression corresponds to Shalll ... ? or 00 you want me to ... ? When responding , the imperative
forms -() or-() | can be used. When the verb stem ends in a vowel or ,
? is used , and when the verb stem ends in a consonant , -? is used.

r-
Base Form - 2 ? Base Form -?

? ?

? ?

? * ?
}

* Irregular form
(Compare with Unit 12. Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions 01 V)? (1), Unit 17. Conjecture
03 AIV-() ? ~)

212
In Conversation -...................................................................... .t
<1 36

A ? A When shall 1call you tomorrow?

B . B Please call me in the evening.

A . A It s my girlfriend's bihday.

What present should 1get her?

?
B . B Buy her some perfume.
Girls like perfume
.

A ? A Where should 1put this computer?

B . B Please put it on the desk.

Use -() ? to ask your partner for advice , a nd then use -() or - to complete t he
appropnate response.

A ? ?
B .

A . ?

B . .

A . ?
B . .

4)

A . ?
B . .

12. Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions 213

 V-()

.
Lets eat Korean food.

. .
Let's not take the bus. Lets take the subway.

.
Lets not see a movie.

Grammar Focus ...... .

-() is used to suggest or propose doing something with the listener and corresponds to
Let's or Shall we in English. The same meaning can also be expressed by -/. When the
stem ends in a vowel, - is used , and when it ends in a consonant, - is used. When
suggesting not to do something, however, either - r - is used.

Base Form -() -

* Irregular form
214
In Conversation -.......................................................................f!
.1 3

A ? A When 5hall we depart?

B 10 B Let 5 leave in 10 minute5

A ? A Shall we go to a club on the weekend?

B B We have a te5t on Monday, 50 let 5 not go to a ub

. Let5 5tudy together

A ? A Why don t we go hiking today?

B B It rained ye5terday, 50 the ground i5 51ippery

Let next week

-() can be used in formal situations in which the speaker is suggesting or inviting a group of
people to do something or when the listener is younger or of lower status than the speaker. It cannot
be used toward someone older or of higher status than the speaker. In such cases, -() is
appropriate.

o When suggesting or inviting a group of people to do something.

. Everyone lets ali study hard.
. It lunchtime. Let's ali have lunch

6 When the listener is younger or of a similar age or status as the speaker.

, . Company Director: Lets have lunch together on Saturday
.. Employee: Okay, that sounds good.

. Jaejun: Yoko, lets go hiking over the weekend

. Yoko: Sure, Jaejun

) When the listener is older or of a higher status than the speaker.

(x)
( Teacher, please go sing karaoke together with us
(x)
. ( Professor, please have lunch together with us

12. A5king Opinions and Making Suggestion5 :

Jisu is planning a trip for summer vacation with her friend , Caro l. Use -() and -/ to
complete their dialogue in which they plan their trip.

0"
O~

:fi
~ r

)~
__)

: ?

: . (1) . (
: ? ?

: .
(2) " (
: . ! . ?
: ! (3) " (
(4) _____ " (
: .
(5) " ()

: .
: . ?
: . (6) " (

216
 V-()?

?
Would you like a donut?

?
Would you like to reserve a room?

?
Would you like sugar in your coffee?

Grammar Focus .....

-()? is used when p itely suggesting something to the listener or w hen asking about
the listener s preference or intention. It corresponds to Would you (mind/ like to) ... ? r Why not...? in
English and conveys a much more formal and polite feeling than -() 2 ?/-()7 . When
the stem ends in a vowel , -7 is used , and w hen it ends in a consonant, -7 is
used.

Base Form -? Base Form - ?

? ?

-
? ?

? ?

k E ? ?

~ Irregular form

12. Asking Opinions and Making Sugges-..oc- -

 f
A ? A What time will you come tomorrow?

B 3 . B I will be there by three clock

A . A Hello, Joel. This is Lila.

Can you talk now?
?
B . . B Sorry. Im in the middle of a meeting.
Wou ld you mind calling me in 30 minutes?
30 ?

A . A I want to buy a traditional Korean souvenir.

B ? B In that case, why dont you go to Insadong?

Find the most appropriate response from the choices given , as shown in the example.

@
?
?

(1 ) ? . @ . .

(2) . @ .
?

(3) .
. @ .
?

(4) .
. @ . .
?

218
 v-()2 ?CD

?
00 you want to go hiking?

?
Would you like to have a cup of coffee?

?
Would you like to go ride a boat on the Han River?

Grammar Focus ....... .

-() ? is used when asking about the listeners preference or intention or when gently making
a request. It is used often in spoken language among close friends and thus does not convey as polite
a feeling as -? It corresponds to Want to ...? r Howabout...? in English. When asking
a question in the form of -() ? the answer can be given in the form of -() ? or
-()2 . -()2 ? can also be replaced with - ?( -()2 ?) which
means the same as -() ? even though it is a negative form. When the relationship with the
listener is ciose but the speaker still wants to show respect , -()? can be used. When the
verb stem ends in a vowel or 2. - 2 ? is used , and when it ends in a consonant , -? is
used.

Base Form -2 ? Base Form - ?

? ?

?
LX} ~ ?
EEg

12. Asking Opinions and Making Sugges-..cr;s

 ? * ?

? * ?

* Irreg ar form
(Compare with Unit 13. Intentions and Plans 03 V-()2 ~)

A . A I 11 have doenjang stew.
What will you have , Hami?
?
B . B 1' 11 have beef rib soup

A ? A Yuki , what do you want to do after we finish our tests?

B ? B Shall we go see a movie?

A . A I want to see a night view of Seoul

B ? B In that case, how about going to Seoul Tower this

evening?

Choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each blank using ) ?
" .... .. . ... ........ ... ..... ....... ... ............

.................................... ..... , .................... ............... ....................................... ..... . ...... ....... ........ ..... .......

(1) A ? ?
B .

(2) A . ?
B .

(3) A .

B ?

(4) A .

E ? ?

5 i . ?
B . .

220
. AN- @
V-()2
V-()2 @
 AIV-@

.

This year, I m going to stop smoking.

.
| 11 go on the business trip.

.
We will soon arrive at Incheon Airport.

Grammar Focus .....

1 - is added to the ends of verbs t o express the intention or wil l of the speaker. It

corresponds t (1) wil l/am going to r (1) plan t in English. It is made by adding - to the
verb stem. The negative form is made by adding - r -.

.
I plan to exercise every morning.

.
I wont drink alcohol any more.

When- is used to express intention or will , the subject cannot be in the th ird person.

. (x)
- . (
Kylie will start her diet (from) tomorrow.
- . (
l 11 start my diet (from) tomorrow.

222
2 - can also be used to convey information t hat something is abo ut to occur. In this se.
corresponds to should r w ill in English.

. The train will arrive shortly

It shd rain tomorrow.

+ - + - -

Base Form - Base Form -

(Compare with Unit 17. Conjecture 01 AIV- ~)

A ! A Wang Dan, lets not be late to class!

B . BI m sorry. 1 11 arrive early staing tomorrow

A A 80me foreign guests are here,

so 1 need someone to interpret.
.
B . B In that case, Chief, 1 will interpret for you.

A A Professor An Junho will give a

lecture on the Korean economy shIy
.
B ? . B Good afternoon. 1m An Junho.

o - i s used i diomatically in the following cases.

. .Its a pleasure to meet you. 0Ne meet for the first time.) I'm Lee Minu

. Thank you for preparing this food. (1 will enjoy this food.)
. Mother 1 m off to school.

f} - is a1so used when the speaker wants to be 1ess assertive and more gentle and p01ite when
expressing a thought.

A . ? Everyone, do you understand (what 1 ve discusse so far?

B . No 1dont quite understand.

13. Intentions 'ld ?'!E.."':S

1 What have the f lowing people decided to do in the new year? Look at the pictures and fill in t he
blanks using -.

(1)

(2)

(3)

( x)

2 The weather forecast is being shown on television. Look at the weather map below and fill in the
blanks using -.

. (1)
2) . (3)

224
 v-()2

.
l 11 an5Wer the phone.

. .
Sorry. 1have work to do, 50 1 11 be leaving now.

.
1'11 call you in the evening

Grammar Focus .....

-() is used when the speaker wants to express a decision or intention to another person
similar to a promise , and also when actually making a promise to do something w ith the other person.
It is also used simply to express that the speaker wi ll do something. It thus corresponds to (1) w ill (d

in English. This expression is used in colloquial language mainly among intimates. When the verb stem
ends in a vowel or 2 , then - 2 is used , and when it ends in a consonant, - is used.

Base Form -2 Base Form -

___.

-

.
s

* Irregular form

13. Intentions a'1C ? =

This expression can be used only with verbs that express the will of the subjec t.

. ( x)
he blowing of the wind is not due to the will or intention of the wind.)

. (x)
(It cannot be used with adjectives.)

Only subjects in the first person can be used.

. ( x)
- . (
Budi will call in the evening
. (

This expression cannot be used in questions.

?( x )
? (
Li la, you won t be late in the future, will you?

A ? A Did you bring my book?

B . 8 Sorry. 1forgot
1'11 definitely bring it tomorrow

A , A Eric , do you know Kylie s email address?

?
B , . 8 Yes , 1do. 111 write it down (on pap for you

226
 What s the Difference?

-(1m ~ IE 1
A relationship exists with the listener, and No relationship exists with the listener, and
the subject's intention or thought is expressed the subject thought, intention, or plan is
while taking the listener into consideration expressed unidirectionally.
A . A .
B . B
(Speaker B hears what Speaker A says and states the (Speaker A had already been planning to stop smoking ,
intention to follow the advice.) which was a decision unrelated to the relationship with
A Speaker B.)
B . A .
(Speaker B intends to call under the assumption that B | .
Speaker A expects it.) (Speaker B plans to call Speaker A irrespective of
Speaker As wishes.)

_ook at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example.

A . ?

B . m ,
()

(1)

A
()

B . .

2)
A ?

B
(

3)

A .

B .
( x)

(4)
A .

B .
( x )

13. Intentions arc ?i.'":5

 v-()2 @

. .

l m 50 ful l. 1 m not going to eat any more.

.
1'11 have coffee (to drink).

.
Thi5 vacation , 1 m going on a trip.

Grammar Focus ...... ..

-() 2 expresses the fact that the speaker has the will or intention to do something. It is
used often in colloquial language among intimates , and does not confer a feeling of p iteness. This
meaning corresponds t be going t r will in English. Used in questions, it is a way to ask the other
person his or her intention (See also Unit 12. Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions 05 V)

? (j)) When the verb stem ends in a vowel or 2 , - is used , and when it ends in a consonant,
- is used.

Base Form -2 Base Form -

* I rregar form

228
1 This expression can be used only with verbs.

. (x)
- . (
1 wish 1 were tall

. ( x )
-> . (
1 wish 1 were pretty.
See also Unit 8. Expressions of Hope 02 NV-/

2 Only subjects in the first person can be used.

. (x)
. (
Hoang will go to his hometown next week
. (
l 11 go to my hometown next week.
Compare with Unit 12. Asking Opi nions and Making Suggestions 05 V-() ? Q))

m COMersatMn.
A A Hami , do you want to see an
action movie or a horror movie later?
?
B . B 1 don t like horror movies.
1 want to see an action movie.
.

A ? A What would you like to drink?

B . B I d like some coffee.

A ? A Aren t you going to Li las birthday party today?

B . . B NO , I m not going. 1 m tired , so 1plan on resting at

home.

13. lntentiors'c ~Z'

Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using ).

( ,. )
.
A .

B
()

(2)

A 12. ?

B
()

(3)

[ ?

B
()

(4)

A ?
B
( x)

230
e AN-()L/ @

G v-() @
 A1V-()L/ @

?
It s cold , so shall I close the window?

.
Its raining , and I don t have an umbrella.

.
My little sister is a student , and she studies really hard.

?
Youve bought a lot already, so shall we go?

Grammar Focus .............. .

-()L/ is used when the first clause expresses the reason or background situation for the
second c lause and also when the first clause provides content introducing the second clause. It
corresponds t so/therefore and and in English. When added to adjectives , - L is added t
stems ending in a vowel , and - is added to stems ending in a consonan t. When added to verbs ,
- I is added to the stem.

232
 -/
--








l |

|

{
-
Base Form -() Base Form -()

-
71

|
- ---

-

-

.. Irreg ar form
Compare w it h Unit 4. Li sting and Contrast 04 AIV-()L/ CD)

In Conversation

A ? A Is Yoko employed at a company?

B B No , shes still a student , but she is going 1

gradte this year.

A ? A Wher

e'
's a go
od r
est

al
u
B B
T
h1e
r<e
sl
a
uj

9 00
d s

1s
ugge
1
s yo
u go
t

h e
ere

A A I boughl lhese clothes yeslerday, bul I m nol

pleased with lhem.

B ? . B Why? They look fine on you (Jisu)

14. Background Information and ExplaratJOf1S

Look at the pictures and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each blank using )L/.

( 1)

A ?

B .

(2)

A ?
B .

(3)

A .
B .

(4)

A ?

B ?

234
 v-()@

.

I arrived home to (discover) the smell of something tasty.

.
When I woke up in the morning , the gift had already arrived.

12.
When I arrived home, it was midnigh t.

Grammar Focus .....

-() expresses the d iscovery of the fact described in the second clause as the rest of
performing the action described in the first clause. It corresponds t when or (do something) only to
discover If the verb stem ends in a vowel , - is used , and if it ends in a consonant , - is
used. This form of-() denoting discovery taches only to verbs

-
Base Form

-+- I

|
l
-

:


||
I

|
Base Form

-t-


|

I

|
-

| I ':' |

- -7----: --1--- LI
* Irreg ar form
~~ -

14_ Background Information and Explanations (

When -()LI expresses the result of an action (discovery) , - and - cannot precede it.

. ( x )
- . (
I arrived at the office only to discover that nobody was there.

. (x )
. (0)
When I arrived home in the evening , my mother was there.
(Compare with Unit 9. Reasons and Causes 02 NV-() CD)

In Conversation

A ? A Did you call Jason on the phone?

B . 8 Yes , but only to find he did not answer.

A ? A How much was that hat?

B . 8 10,000 won. When I went to the department store

yesterday, they were having a sale.
.

Connect each phrase on the left to the most appropriate phrase on the right, and write sentences using
the phrases as shown in the example.

K . @ .
(1) '-.... . @ .

(2) . @ .
(3) @ .
(4) . @.

71 l

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

236
 V-() /
V-()
V-()
N/ () V- ()
V-
 V-() /

'tracK
153
.
We re going to Dongdaemun Market to buy clothes ,

.
I came to Korea to see my Korean fans.

.
| m going to the bank to withdraw some money.

Grammar Focus
-() / expresses going or coming to a place to perform an action , with the action stated
first and the p lace second. It corresponds to (in order) to in English , When the verb stem ends in a
vowel or , then- / is used , and when it ends in a consonant , -() / is
used ,

+ - + - _,

-
- (-

-,--

1$@
}
Base Form B ase Form
-I Z

/ /
- +

/ /
... ---- ----+
/ /

.. Irregular form

238
Only m ovemen t verbs such as (to go) , (to come) , and (to attend/commut are us

after -(

. ( (1) go to the market to buy clothes.

. ( x)
. ( (1) withdrew money to buy clhes.

Fl

uj
r

n
oc
oome

1e
) (to 9
e up

) n
9
down) (to e
nter) (to leave .
(to trave l), and 0 I (to move/change residences).

(x ), (x ), ( x ), - ( x )

In Conversation . (t~
\154

A -? A Did you move (change residences)?

B . B Yes , 1 moved last week

Please come to visit over the weekend
.

A ? A Are you busy these days?

B B Yes, 1 m a bit busy.

| m attending an academy to learn Korean dance
.

Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using -() /.

A ?

B .
()

(2)
A ?
B . .
(

(3) ______
n l'Jf:-=-
A ?
.., ~ - 0 l">t' t> !A

B .
.'0 ...... . . .
"'. " . .
F

15. Purpose anc le1"..!:a' _

 v-()

.
1exercise three hours a day to try to lose weight.

.
1bought a present to give to my wife

5 .
1drank five cups of coffee so that 1wouldn t go to sleep.

Grammar Focus .....

-() expresses the intention or plan of the speaker. Specifically, it indicates the speaker w ill d
w hat is stated in the second clause to accomplish what is stated in the first clause. It corresponds to (in
order) to or so that in Enish. When the verb stem ends in a vowel or , then- is used , and
w hen it ends in a consonant , - is used.

Base Form - Base Form -

* 1 egular form

240
In Conversation
~
A , ? A Jeonga do yo

u tend an acadermy t
B B Yes, I go to an academy tearn how to use
computers

A ? A We just met a little while ago , so why are you calling

again?

B . B I called so that I could hear your voice.

A . A Even though I ve lain down in bed , I can t go t

sleep.

B B In that case, try drinking a glass of warm milk

What s the Difference?

II!) 1 II!) 1
o Used with movement verbs, such as o Can be used with all verbs.
and . (
. (x) (1) 90 10 lhe coffee shop 10 meel my friend

( (
(1) 90 to the coffee shop to meel my friend.
Present, past, and future tense verbs can all
follow-().
. (
(1) 90 to the coffee shop to meet my friend
(1) am waitin9 10 meel my friend in lhe coffee
shop.
Present and past tense verbs can follow -(
but the meaning becomes awkward
when used with a verb in the future tense.

. ( - . (
(1) went to the coffee shop 10 meet my friend . (1) 90 10 the coffee shop 10 meel my friend

. ( . (
(1) will 90 to the coffee shop to meet my friend. (1) wenl 10 lhe coffee shop 10 meet my friend.
- . (x)
E) -() and -() can be used in
combination with this expression. E) -() and-() sound awkward
. (0) when used with this expression.
Lets 90 to the restaurant 10 have a meal . ( x )
( . (x)
Please 90 10 lhe reslaurant 10 have a meal

15. Purpose and Irntion 2.c.-

Why are the f lowing people studying Korean? Write the answers in the blanks as shown in the
example.

| .

(5)

(3)

(1) .

(2) .

(3) .

(4) F.

(5) .

242
 v-()

C
ira::>
Z
.
I plan to travel during the summer vacation.

.
I intend to have two children once Im married.

.
.
I had planned on learning how to drive during the vacation.
But I injured my arm and wasnt able to.

Grammar Focus .....

-() expresses the subject s intention or plan that has yet to be acted upon . It means

plan to or intend t in English. When the verb stem ends in a vowel or 2 , - is used , and
w hen the stem ends in a consonant , - is used. Moreover, while-() is the
past tense form of -() it is used when the intended action or plan did not materialize as
expected.

Base Form - -

;t
,
+
| I

* Irreg ar form
15. Purpose a;x.: l-::e:~ -
In Conversation '..'

(fr
rac
R
....

.




















.
.
...
.




























j5

A ? A What will you do once you get your bonus?

B . B I plan to buy a new car.

A ? A What do you plan to do after you graduate?

B . B I intend to continue my studies at graduate school.

A . A I plan on getting a job at a company.

Carol plans to travel during her vacation. Look at the contents of Car s suitcase and write what you
t hink she intends to do during her trip as shown in t he example.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

244
 N/ () v- ()

.
I take vitamins daily for my health.

.
Soldiers are people who work for their country.

.
I practice hard to become a great skater.

Grammar Focus
This pattern is used when performing an action for the sake of something or to accomplish something.
Specifically, it indicates the speaker w do what is stated in the second clause for the sake of what
is stated in the first c1ause. In the case of a noun being the reason for the action , / is
used. is the shened form of . Further, can also be omitted , leaving . It
corresponds to for the sake of r (in ord to' in English. When used with a verb , - is
added to the verb stem

+ -
-

-
-
-

M

-

v-

-

Base Form

15. Purpose ano I rr.-=-~;"'



- -
- -

|
-
- cannot be added directly to a djectives. However. if -/ has been added to an
adjective. making it a verb. then it can be used with - .

. (x)
. (
(1) exercise to be healthy.

A . A Its nice to meet you. 1 m new recruit Lee Minu

B . B Pleased to meet you. 1trust you 11 work ha

for the company.
.

A ? A What do you do for your family?

B . B I pray for my family eve day.

A . A Congratulations on buying an apament.

B . B Thank you. We both worked hard to save money

to buy this home.
.

=:~) al - 1
Cannot be used with -/ .-() Can be used with -/ -()
-() or-()2 ? -() and -()2 ?
( . (0)
(I)studi hard to enter the university (1) studied hard to enter the university
(x) (
(x) (1) have to study hard to enter the university.

. (x) . (
Lets study hard to enter the university.
(
Please study hard to enter the universi!y.

246
Look at the pictures and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each blank using either /
() or - ().

. ,,-

(1)

A ?

B .

(2)
A . ?

B
.

(3)

A ?

B .

(4)

>
n
P

15. Purpose and Intem. -

 v-

.

i made the decision to stop smoking for my health starting this year.

.
I decided to go hiking with my friend over the weekend.

3 .
We ve decided to get married three years from now.

Grammar Focus ..... .

1 - expresses the making of a prom ise with another person and is made by adding -
to the verb st em.

A . .
Jeonga, I love you. Let5 get married next year.

B . . Okay. Let5 get maied next year.

- . .
Jeonga and I love each other. We decided to get married next year.

2 - can also express the making of a p romise with oneself. That is , it can express a
dec ision or resolution to do something. It is m ad e by adding - to t he verb st em

.
I resolved to exercise every day starting this year.

248
 + - + - -

Base Form - Base Form -

E
A ? A Jaejun , why are you in such a good mood today?

B B Carol and I have decided to go on a date this weekend

A ? A Who will bring the camera tomorrow when we go

B B Budi decided to bring one.

A ? A What plans do you have for the new year?

B B Ive decided to write in my journal every day

before going to sleep

Wh ile- is mainly used in its past tense forms of - / it is sometimes used in

it s present t ense form of -71 . 1n such cases , it refers to the speaker and listener making a prom ise
to do something.

A ? What shall we do tomorrow?

B . (= .) Let's (decide to) go hiking.

....~

15. Purpose and Intention ~~

What have the f l owing people resolved to do in the new year? Look at the pictures and choose the
appropriate word f rom below to fill in each blank using - .

(1)

(2)

(3)

4)

(5)

250
e NV-()
v-()

NV-/
 A1V-()

.
If you spend too much time on the computer, you 11 hurt your eyes.

.
1dance when 1 m in a good mood.

.
If 1make a lot of mone | mg ng to buy a house.

Grammar Focus ..... .

-() is used when stating a condition about some fact, daily occurrence , or some repetitive action
mentioned later in the sentence , or when supposing an uncertain situation or a situation that has not
yet been realized. It means if, when , or once in English. When exp ressing a supposition , adverbs
such as and can also be used . When the verb stem ends in a vowel or 2 , - is used ,
and when it ends in a consonant , - is used.

--
IL Base Form

|
k I L
* Irreg ar form

252
Information about something that happened in the past cannot come before -() in a sentence
Fuhermore when an action only occurs once , -()2 is used

. (x)
. (
Yesterday, when I watched a movie, I cried

. (x)
--> . (
Yesterday, when my younger brother/sister was not home, my friend came.

ln Conversation .---------------------------------------------------------------------Fa
..1 6
R
A ? A What do you normally do on the weekend?

B . B If the weather s nice , I go hiking

But if it rains or snows , then I watch TV at home.

.

A . A I m going back to my hometown next week.

B ? . B Really? That s too bad

Please stay in touch when youre back home.
.

A ? A Where will you live once you get married?

B . B We plan to live in an apament near the company.

When the subjects of the first and second clauses are different, the particle fi lowing the subject of the
first clause changes from / to 0 1/.

. (x)- . (0)
When my brother tells a story, his friends laugh.
. (x)
- ( When Tiruen does not go to work

16. Conditions and Suppositions '-' -

Connect the pict ures that go together, and then select the words from below to fill in the blanks using --{)

(1)

(2)

. @

(3)

. @

(4)

. @

11 .

~'j ^i 3 .

-.' .

- . .

~:;-
 v-()

trac"

.
If you want to play basketball well , you have to be able to jump high.

4.
If you re trying to get to Dongdaemun , then please take subway line 4.

.
If you want to meet with teacher Lee, then come to school on Monday.

Grammar Focus .....

-() is the shortened form of -() It is used with verbs to express a plan or
intention to do something in the first clause , with the condition required to fulfill that plan or intention
given in the second clause. For this reason , it is common for the f lowing grammatical forms to be
used in the second clause: -/ / -() -() 01/ and
. This expression means if you w ant to or if your intention is to in English. When the
verb stem ends in a vowel or 2 , - is used , and when it ends in a consonant , - is used.

Base Form - Base Form -

--- -

* *

* *

* Irregular form
16. Conditions and Suppositlons 2:5
m COMersatim.
A . A 1want to be able to speak Korean well.

B B If you want to speak Korean well ,

then only speak Korean every day
.

A . A 1often lose my pen.

B B If you dont want to lose your pen,

then write your name on it
.

A . A Mr. President , 1want to work at your company.

B B If you intend to work at our company, you have t

be able to speak Korean and use computers wel l.
.

.~-

Look at the pictures and connect them with the appropriate sentences.

@
.

(2)

n

. @
.

@
.

(":)
r-

@
.

256
 AN-O~/

.
Grandma can t hear you even if you speak loudly.

. .
I like these clothes. I want to buy them even if they are expensive.

.
Even if I listen to the news , I cant understand it.

Grammar Focus ..... .

-/ indicates that the situation in the second clause occurs regardless of the action or state
described in the first clause. It means even if or regardless whether' in English. When the verb stem
ends in ~ or ...1... - is used , and when the verb stem ends in any other vowel , - is used . For
verbs that end in the form changes to .

Base Form -/ Base Form -O t/

* Irregar form
16. Conditions and si::x:s::o:
In Conver.tion
A 3 . A We have to be in Myeongdong by 3:00.
Lets take a taxi.
.
B 2 50. B Its 2:50 right now. We won t make it by 3:00 even if
we take a tax i.
3 .

A . A I m so busy these days I don t have time to eat

breakfast.

B - . B You have to eat breakfast even if you re busy.

Its unhealthy not to eat breakfast.
.

le meaning of -/ can be emphasized by using in front of the verb, giving the expression the
meaning of no matter how (much)'.

-
Even ifl m busy I eat breakfast No matter how busy I am , I always eat breakfast
01 .
| 11 buy those clothes even if they re expensive. - No matter how expensive those clothes are, I 11 buythem.

Look at the pictures and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each blan k using -/.

A ?
B .

A ?
B .

A
?

B x
- .
( ;
-

 A/V- @
G A/V-()2 @

D
A/V-() ? @

A/V-()L//()2
 A/V-@

.
Wow, that looks delicious.

. !
Look at that poster. It looks interesting

.
That looks refreshing.

Grammar Focus ............... .

- is an expression of supposition about a certain situation or state corresponding t looks
like , sounds , or appears in English. It is formed by adding - to the stems of verbs and
adjectives. In the case of past tense supposition , -/- is added in front of - to form-/
|
AA AA, - I ..LL.

+ - - + - -

Base Form - Base Form -

|Ijlj I!!8

(Compare wiLn U 13. ,., tentions and Plans 01 A/V- () l

260
In Conversation ................. .

A . AI m planning to take a trip to Jeju Island this wee

B . . B WOW, that sounds nice. I want to go , too.

A . A These days , I study English every day after getting

ff work.

B ? . B Every day? That sounds tough.

A A This is the book Ive been using to study

Korean lately.
.
B . B It looks difficult.

Choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each blan k using -.

E
I-

-r1 -o L-
-E

(1) A .
B ?

(2) A 5 .
B

(3) A .
B

(4) A 1 .

(5) A 1 .
B ?

(6) A .
B

17. cor ::.:: -

 A/V-()2 @

.

You 11 be hot if you wear that

.
I think Hayeong willlook good in a violet shirt.

7 .
I think Dane has already left work because it's 7:00.

)rammar Focus ..... ..

-() expresses the speaker's supposition based on a personal experience or something
seen or heard that provides a basis for the belief. It corresponds t think r will in English. When
the verb or adjective stem ends in a vowel or 2 , - is used , and when the stem ends in a
consonant , is used. In the case of past tense supposition , -/ is added in front of
-() to form-/ .

e Form - 2 Base Form -

- -_...---

'" Irregular fm

262
When used to ind icate supposition , - cannot be used in questions. Fo r ques~ o~s
-()2 ? is used

A ? ( ? (x) )
Do you think these clothes wil l look good on me?

B .
Yes, 1think you11 look nice in them.
(Compare with Unit 1. Tenses 04 V-()2 (1))

In Conversation . ft
j7

A ? A Is there a bus that goes from here to school?

B B Yes , there is , but it doesnt come very often ,

so the subway may be more convenien t.
.

A CD A Do you think Dane would like it if 1gave him

a music CD?
?
B B He listens to music every day on the way to school,
so 1think hed like it.
.

A ? A Is Yoko married?

B B She has a ring on her left hand , so 1think she's married.

17. C ecture ---. ...:

c


Choose the appropriate word from below to 11 in each blank using -(.2.)2 .

( 1) A ?

(2) A . ?

B 11

(3) A ?

B . .

(4) A ?

(5) A .

(6) A .

(7) A ?

81 A ?

26
 AN-()2 ? Gi

?

00 you think the weather will be hot this weekend?

?
Will Carol show up today?

?
00 you think Oan has read this book?

Grammar Focus ., .. ,
-()2 ? expresses in quest ion form t he supposition of an actio n or state that has yet to
happen. It corresponds t I wond er if .. . or Do you think ...? in English. In response , -()2
and -()L/ are often used. When the verb or adjective stem ends in a vowel or 2,
-2 ? is used , and when the stem ends in a consonant , -? is used. In the case of a past
tense supposition , -/- is add ed in front of -()2 ? to form-/?

Base Form -2 ? Base Form -?

|1111 ? * ?

? 1 ?

? 1 ?

* Irregular form
(Compare with Unit 12. Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions 01 V-()2 ? (D, 02 V ) 2 ? ~

17. Con;ect'. ;,.; ~C:


A ? A 00 yOL
u
th
i
n1

B - B It5 graduation time, 50 I think they're probably

expen5lve.

A ? A Who do you think will get promoted thi5 time?

B B Oane i5 a hard worker, 50 I think he 11 be promoted

thi5 time.
.

A ? A 00 you think there will be much traffic if we go now?

B . B No. There5 not much traffic thi5 time of day.

Choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each blank using )?

(1) A ?
B .

(2) A ?

B .

(3) A ?

8 1 .

(4 ) ?

- .

(5) A ?

8 2 .

266
 AIV-()L/l()2

jfracR

75
.
(It) looks like it rained yesterday.

.
( looks like its raining right now.

.
(It) looks like its going to rain.

Grammar Focus .....

1 This expression is used w hen supposing that something happened in the past or when supposing
the occurrence of an action or situation that has yet to occur. It corresponds t looks/ sounds like
r appears that' in English. For present tense adjectives and past tense verbs , -()L is added
to the stem , for present tense verbs , - is added , and for future tense verbs , -() is added.

A . ?
Dane , you look like you re in a good mood today. Did something good happen?

B .
Yes , yesterday, my wife had our daughter.

2 It is also used to express the speakers opinion or thought about something indirectly in a polite ,
nonassertive , and gentle manner.

A ? How does the food taste?

B It seems a little salty.

17. COnj9C


Bas e Form Past Tense Present Tense Future Tense

Adjectives

Verbs

'" Irreg ar form

( The past tense forms of adjectives are introduced at the advanced leve l.)

E
A A It seems like the week is just flying by

B . 8 YOl

A A Th
at
rees
tau
j
B . l 8 Yeah , she always gives us lots of and the
se ce is good , to

A A Please he some more to eat

B . 8 1m sorry. I'm quite fI and don t think I 11 be able
to eat any more

268
-()L is a more direct expression and thus is used when the speaker has a clear and d e finite
basis for the supposition. -()2 on the other hand, is more indirect and therefore is used when
making a vague supposition.

. It looks like the weather today is warm

(Supposition made after either seeing others experience the hot weather or after experiencing the heat d irectly.)
. 1guess the weather today will be warm
(Vague supposition made on the basis that yesterday was hot, so therefore today will likely be hot as wel l.)

What t he Difference?

l E- -E~ lgU~E.

I m m nm

m nS
U

3

Supposition based on

s m n & m a Uk O m VJ
intuitive , subjective reasons

.Ue aK

that can be used in all cases ,

reason or basis.

A
A ?

regardless of whether there is

u m
k

Do you think this restaurant has a r eason or basis.

b ?
good food? A ?

B }

B . (x) Do you think this restaurant has

good food?
1imagine its good because there B CD ( )
A . .
are a lot of customers .
1made it. Please give it a try
B (
(1 m not s ure , but in my view)
It looks good
)
(At the same moment B sees the B (

food) Wow, it really looks tasty. .

Seeing how there are many
customers, it seems to be
good

Used to state something

indirectly in a n o n -assertive
manner.
A
?
Can you come to my birthday
pay next week?

B

I want to go , but I dont think I
can make it because I have a
business trip next week. 1 m
sorry

17 . Coec""'..J'
Look at the pictures and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each blank using -() L //()

E .

\
\
./

(1) A ?

(2) A ?

(3) A ?

(.!) A ro~ ?

2- 8
 -()LJ-J-()2 N
NV-
A-
A-/
 -()L/-/-()2 N

. . @
That purse is pretty. I want to buy that purse.

.
I want to buy a pretty purse.

. ?
Theres someone sleeping on the sofa. Who is that person?

?
Who is that person (who is) sleeping on the sofa?

.
?
We 11 have a Korean dish for dinner today. Whats the dish?

?
Whats the Korean dish (that) we 11 have for dinner today?

Grammar Focus .....

Th is pattern is added t o verbs and adjectives to allow t hem t o funct ion as noun modifiers. The English
equivalent is that or w ho For present t ense adjectives and past tense verbs , -() L is ad ded to
the stem , for p resent t ense verbs , - is added , and for fut ure t ense verbs, -() 2 is add ed . The
negative forms are made by adding - to the stem for adjectives , and - to the stem
for verbs.

--
/
 Base Form Past Present Future

-L- H

i
L-a- EC-} =
c
Ca
-f

* Irregular form

In Conversation .....
j 7 8,

A ? A What kind of movies do you like?

B B I like funny movies

A ? A Who is the person (who is) drinking coffee?

B B My friend

A ? A How was the restaunt (that) you went to yesteay?

B . B It was nice because of the good service

A ? A Whycant you meet up during the weekend?

B . B I have so many things (that I have) to do that I cant

meet up.

When two or m ore adjectives are used in succession , only the final adjective is conjugated to a n oun
modifier form.

. . Of. (Someone who i sincere. And pretty. I like that kind 01 gir1.

- . (x)
. ( 0 ) I like a girl who is sincere and pretty.

18. Changes in Parts of Speir

1 Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using -()L/-/-()2

A ?

B
(.)

(2)

A ? ?

B
()

2 Read the flowing passage and fill in the blanks using -()-/-()2.

. .

. . (1)

. . (2) .

. (3).

. . (4).

. (5).

. .

. (1)

. (2) .

(3) . .

(4) . .

(5) .

274
 AN-

.
Studying Korean i5 difficult.

.
My hobby i5 c<ing.

.
My leg5 hurt , 50 walking i5 hard.

~rammar Focus ...... .

- functions to turn verbs and adjectives into nouns and corresponds roughly to -ing in English.

In a sentence , this form can be used to represent various parts of speech , including subjects and
bjects. The noun form is made by adding - to the stems of verbs and aectives.

1 Examples of single verbs used as nouns

-
to speak speaking big slze st rong strength
- -
to listen listening br ht brightness jump jumpmg
AA - AA - -
to write writing thick thickness run runnlng
- -
to read reading quick quickness throw throwing

18. Changes in Parts of Speech ~ ! :.

2 Examples of entire phrases used as nouns.

. My house is far way, so coming to sch is diffict

. I like listening to Korean songs.

. I don t like eating meals by myself.

+ - - + -

Base Form - Base Form -

71

In Conversation

A ? A Whats the most difficult pa f studying Korean?

B . B Speaking is most difficul t.

A ? A Whywon t you buy this outfit?

B . B Wearing it is uncomfortable.
So I m not going to buy it
.

A ? A Shall we take the bus?

B B No , taking the bus from here is inconvenient.

Lets take the subway.
. .

276
 - can be combined with a number of particles to form subjects , objects , and adverbials in a sentence.

-() /
-() /
-() h//
- ////////

-() /

If you can speak Korean well , then living in Korea is easy.

Dane I wish for your successful admission into university.

The printed text of this book is large, which makes reading it easy.

.J

Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using-.

(1)
A ?

B .
(

(2)
A ?

B . .
(

(3)
A .

B .
()

(4)
A ?

B .
()

18. Changes in Parts of Speecr ~

 A-

.
I cut my hair short.

.
I woke up late today.

.
Please read it loudly.

Jrammar Focus .....

-I functions as an adverb in a sentence and expresses the purpose , basis , degree , method of, or
some thought about the action that follows. It corresponds to in a.. . manner or -Iy in English. The
adverb form is made by adding -I to the stems of adjectives

+ - + - ->

Base Form -| Base Form -|

tq

278
In Conversation .....

A ? A Dear, what should I do now?

B . 8 Please tidy Up the bathroom. Make it clean

A . A Your necktie really looks nice

B . . 8 Thanks. I bought it cheap on sale.

A ? A Mom , will the weather be cold today?

B . 8 Yes , its going to be cold , so dress warmly.

o Although the adverbial form of an adjective is made by adding - to the stem , in the case of
and the forms and are used in favor of and

A Thank you for the food (idiomatic) A . 1m sorry for being late.
B Please eat a 101. B Please come early tomorrow.

o There are also cases in which both the adverbial form - and a d ifferent form are used.
- 1/ 1 / - 1/

. . . .
The plane goes by fasl. Onlya little salt, please. My watch is slow.
0 1 . - ? .
Come this way quick Wont you have a little more coffee? Please take your time eating (t $.CW1

18. Changes In Pa'tS c' 50c:r

Look at the pictures and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each blank using -.

; |

(1)

A ?

B .

(2)

A .
B .

(3)

A .

B . .

(4) ()
-

- - - -
@

0
A . .

B ~.

280
 A-O~/

.
The children are hungry.

.
Recently. my father has been tired

.
The child is bored

Grammar Focus ........... .

-/ is added to the end of some adjectives to change them into verbs to ex press the
speaker's feeling or observation about some action or outw ard appearance. It corresponds t appears
(to be) or seems in English. If the stem ends in the vowel ~ or ..L, then - is used. Otherwise
- is used. As for verbs ending in the form changes to -.

tem n mg m owel
- or ._

ml'
han ..
1-1filjjI:rffirmTjlTlm'Ilfl
or ...L
"JJW'l'J1
I T:Tii1lmIi

+ -
- -

Base Form -ou Base Form -/

.

-_

18. Changes in PaS of Speech ~ ::

 * *

* Irreg arform

When adding - to the adjective stem , the pattern becomes -/ .

. ( Dont be afraid. . ( x )

. ( Please don t take it so hard. . (x)

A ? A Whyisn t Budi ding the roller coaster?

B B Budi is afraid of roller coasters

A ? A Do children like this game?

B B Yes, they find it amusing

When-/ i s added to and | to form and | the meaning becomes to

hold dear' or to treat with love and affection:

. My grandfather treats me with much affection.

My little brother/sister adores our dog

C'rcle the appropriate words as you read the f ollowing passage.

(1) (
/ ) (2) (/
(3)

( /) . .
(4) (/)
.

282
 v- @
v-/
A-/
v-

v-@

.
| m wearing a necklace and earrings.

.
| m wearing a blouse.

.
| m wearing a ski.

.
l m wearing boots.

/ .
| m wearing glasses.

.
| m wearing gloves.

.
| m wearing a suit

.
| m carrying a briefcase.

.
| m wearing shoes.

Grammar Focus
When used with verbs that express putting on or t aking 0 something , such as (t o wear clot hes),
(to wear shoes/socks) , (t o wear a hat/glasses) , (to wear a ring/gloves) , and (to
take 0 - means t he rest of the actio n has continued in t hat stat e until the present.

It corresponds t is -ing in English . The same meaning can also be expressed by using the past
tense ronn -/ to indicate a st ate of com pleted action.

= Im wearing a skirt.

= Im wearing glasses.

28L1


=~

*



--
~

l

A

.../

R
|

k R :
~3. 1

z
"

19. Expressions 01 State

In Conversation
A ? A Who is Hayeong?

B . B That person (over there) is Hayeong. 8he s weanng

. a red dress.

A ? A Why are you wearing socks inside your house?

B . B Our house is cold. 80 1m wearing socks.

A ? A Is Lee Minu married?

B . B Yes, hes wearing a wedding ring.

What is the person in the picture below wearing? Look at the picture and fill in the blanks as shown in
the example.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(8

(9)

286
 v-o~/

.
The teacher is standing. f
.
The students are sitting.

.
The patients are Iying down in the hospital.

.
His name is written on the umbrella.

Jrammar Focus .....

-/ expresses a continuing state of a completed action and corresponds t is -ed/ -ing in
English. It is often used with passive verbs , such as (to be opened) , (to be closed),
(to be turned on) , (to be turned o ff) , (to be dropped) , and (to be put , to
be placed).

| Stem Endin9
} or ...L
. . Stem Ending in Vowher
than ~ or ...L
Verb Ending in
Verb E
H:~
+ - | + - - ->

Base Base Passive

-/ -/ -
Form Form Verb

AA (= ~A )

| e

* Irregular form
19. Expressions 01 &a:

A . AI ve lost my wallet.

B ? B What will you do? Was there anything inside it?

?
A . A My money and cards were inside.

A ? A How did you find your boarding house?

B . B There was an advertisement put up in front of school.

A ? A Why don t you go inside the restaurant?

B . B Its closed.

o For verbs meaning to put on or to wear: such as and - is added to the stem
to form and instead of and .

(x) - . ( (1) am wearing a coat.

(x) - } (0) (1) am wearing running shoes.

. (x)- . ( (1) am wearing a hat
.(x) - . ( (1) am holding a bag.
.(x) - . ( (1) am wearing a necktie.

-/ is used only with verbs that do not require a direct object

. . (0) 1opened the window. Therelore. the window is open.

. (x)

What's the Difference?

- 1 li9 a
Expresses an action currently in progress. Expresses the continuing state of a completed
- action.
j So mebody is] in the process 01 sitting in a chair.)
. ([Somebody] continues to sit in a chair.)
19 fIowers are in the process 01 blooming.) .
(The Ilowers have bloomed and remain in that state.)
J)o.-e:r- i in a state 01 dying gradually.) .

([Something] has died and remains dead.)

288
Look at the f. lowing pictures and choose the appropriate verb form for each sentence that follows.

( 1) 1" (/) .

(2) (/) .

(3) (/) .

(4) (/) .

(5) (/) .

(6) ( / ) .

(7) (/) .

(8) (/) .

(9) (/) .

(10) (/) .

(11) (/) .

19. Expressions of State 289

 A-O~/

&

w .
%
g The balloon became bigger.

.
* My elder sister became thinner.

.
Pinocchio s nose grows longer when he tells a lie.

Grammar Focus ..... .

-/ expresses a change in state over time and means become r turn in English . If the
stem ends in the vowel ~ or ...L, then - is used. Otherw ise , - is used. As for verbs

.[
ending in the form changes t .
--

s em -mg .m V 0 k e
t

~i n

m1

l } lr

-- - 4 L'i.e"I:'iIiIIilIWii
- - - - -

n + - |
Base Form -/ Base Form -ou

: l aa

l':

* Irregular form

290
In Conversation ......... .

A ? A Is your company far away?

B B It used to be, but s ince 1 ve moved , it has

become c loser.
.

A ? A Is the weather really cold?

B . B After it rained , the weather turned cold .

A . ? A My vision is bad. What s hould 1 do about it?

B . B If you eat a lot of ca rrots , your vision will get better

o This expression is always used with a ectives and cannot be used with ver bs.
. ( Yoko had become pretty.
. (x) . (
Yoko has begun speaking Korean well.
(See also Unit 19. Expressions ofState 04 V -| )

@ le past tense form -Of/ expresses a ch ange resulting from an action performed in the past
while the p resent tense fo rm -/ is used to d escribe a chan ge that generally occurs when a
partic ar action is performed.

. (x) - . (
1ate a lot 01 ice cream, 50 1have become lat.
.(x) - . (
1I you eat a lot 01 ice cream, you will become lat

19. Expressions 01 State 29~

Look at the f lowing pictures. What has changed? Choose the appropriate word from below to fill in
each blank using -/.

( 1)
.. (2)

(3)
| 2

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

- --
/
 v-

.

I became good at cooking.

.
I came to like soccer.

.
(Its been decided) I will go abroad on a business trip.

Grammar Focus .....

-| expresses a change from one state to another or a change in a situatio n as a result of
someone else s action or the environment , regardless of the will of the subject. It is made by adding
-| to the verb stem. It corresponds to became , came to (be/d and has been decided' in
English.

.
I used to dislike soccer, but after I began dating my boyfriend I came to like it.

.
I didn t want to go on the business trip , but I had to because my boss ordered me to 9

+ - - + - -

Base Form - Base Form -

19. Expressions of State 293


A ? A 00 you get up early these days?

B B Yes , after starting to work at a company, I became an

early riser (came to get up early).
.

A ? A 00 you know the movie star Jang Oong-gun?

B B I hadnt heard of him before coming to Korea ,

but after coming here , I learned of him.
.

What changed after Lee Minu got married? Choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each bla nk
using - .

(1 )

(2 <

(4)

(5)

(6)

294
 A/V-()LJ
v- /
A/V-?
 A/V-()L/

?
00 you know how to get to Myeongdong?

.
I dont know who that person is.

.
I can t remember what I did yesterday.

Grammar Focus .............

-()L/ is a connective ending used when connecting a clause requiring additional information
to the following verb. It corresponds t who/what/where/when/how/whether + Clause in English.
It generally precedes one of the following verbs: (to know), (not to know, be unaware
f) (to be anxious or curious about) , (to ask a question , to inquire) ,
(to investigate) , (to look into , to recognize) , (to recall , to remember), (to
speak , to say) , and (to teach).

?+ ? ?
Will tomorrows weather be good or bad? + 00 you know?
00 you know whether tomorrow s weather will be good or bad?

?+ -> .
How do you get to Myeongdong? + Please tell me.
Please tell me how to get to Myeongdong.

For present tense adjectives , when the stem ends in a vowel or 2 ,- L is added , and when it ends

in a consonant, - is added. For present tense verbs , - is added to t he stem For past tense
adjectives and verbs , -/ is added while for future tense verbs , -()2 is added.

296
 -L - - -/ - 2 -

Base Form -( )L/ Base Form -() L/

c>-tTj-
H~^|

* Irregular form

In Conversation ........................................................................ftc
(1 9

AU
A Jason is in the hospital. Do you know whats wrong?

E
--

Pu <
8 Hmm. No , I don t know what s wrong.

.

A A Dear, is our son studying now?

?
B 8 Hes in his room , but I don t know if hes studying
r sleeping.
.

A . . A I made this. Please take a bite.

B . 8 WOW, this is delicious. Please tell me how you mace :-....

20. Confirming I nformau. ,-

 - i s used in t h e following forms.

o Interrogativ e + Verb-() L/
I don t know what our son/ daughter is doing in his/her room
? 00 you know what country that person is from?

f} Verb 1-() L / Verb 2-()L/

.
I don t know if our son/daughter is sleeping or studying in his/her room
? Do you know if that person is Japanese or Chinese?

Verb 1-()L/ Verb 1-()L/

. I don t know if our son/ daughter is studying (or not).

I don t know whether that person is Japanese (or not).

W h at do y ou know abo ut t h is person? Use ) L / to ask quest ions about h im .

(1) A ?

B . .

(2) A .
B 22 .

(3) A ?
B . .

(4) A ?
B . .

(5) A .
B .

(6) A .
B .

298
 v- r.~/

.
It took (me) two months to learn to drive.

.
It took (me) an hour to finish my homework.

30 .
It cost (me) 300,000 won to repair my car.

Grammar Focus ....

- / is added to the end of verbs to express how much money, time , or effort is
involved in doing a task. It means takes/ requires/ costs to (d in English. This expression is made
by adding- / to the stems of verbs. - is used when expressing an
amount of time required , and - is used when expressing an amount of money requ ired.

. 30 30 .
I will repair my car. It costs 300,000 won. - It costs 300 ,000 won to repair my car.

+ - - + - -

Base Form -

ime)
+
(Money)

* Irregular form
20. Confirrrllng I"foc::a:-oc _
In Conversation . f tracK
-1 9

A A How long does it take to get to Myeongdong

from here?
?
B 40 B If you go by bus, it takes 40 minutes, and if you go
by subway, 20 minutes.
20.

A ? A Did you move (change residences) last week?

How much did it cost to move?
?
8 150 . B It cost about 1,500 ,000 Won.

How much time or money does it take to do the f lowing things? Look at the pictures and fill in the
blanks using - /.

A .

B 10 .
(f

A ? 10 .
()

(2)

A ?

B .
()

(3)
A ?
(

B 6
() (

A F . ?

B 20 000
( ()

300
 AN-?

?

You re Chinese, right?

?
Isnt bulgogi tasty?

?
You study Korean , don t you?

Grammar Focus ...... .

-? is used when the speaker wants to confirm with the listener or to obtain the listener's
agreement about something already known . It means Isn Aren t...? r Don Doesn t ? in English.
For present tense adjectives and verbs , -? is added to the st em. For past tense adjectives
and verbs , -/? is added; for future tense verbs , -()2 ? is added. In colloquiaJ
speech -? is sometimes shortened to -?

+ -? - ? + -? - ?

Base Form -? Base Form -?

? ?

? ?

? ?

? ?

? ?

? ^~ c -!

20. Confirming In~()r.";"".zr


A 10 . A Our son/daughter is already 10 years old.

? Ooesn t time just fly by?

B . B Yes , time really does fly by.

A ? A Hoang , you stayed up all night last night , didn t you?

B ? B How did you know? 0 0 I look tired?

A ? A You 11 attend the meeting tomorrow , won t you?

B . B Yes , I will most definitely attend the meeting

Look at the f lowing drawing of Carol , and complete each of the questions based on what you see usi ng
-):17.

(1) A ?
B .

(2) A ?
B .

(3) A ?

B . .

(4) A ?
B .

(5) A ?

B .

302
 NV-/
NV-|
 AN-/

.

Your vision is bad indeed.

.
You really like ice cream!

Grammar Focus .....

-/ is used t o express surprise or wonder upon learning something new either by direct
bservation or experience or by hearing about it from someone else. It corresponds t 1 see (t hat),
indeed , how , or simply an exclamation point (!) in English. For adjectives , - is added to the
stem , while for verbs, - is added. This expression can also attach to nouns by adding -( 0 1)
To express the past tense, it is added t o the past tense ending to form -/.

Base Form - Base Form -

IK)

* Irregular form
304
In Conversation ..... .

A . A Budi ha5 changed vehicle5 again.

B ? . B Really? Budi really does have a lot of money!

A A Dane , please say hello. Thi5 is our company

pre5ident.
.
B . . B Oh , the company pre5ident! Nice to meet you

A ? . A Do you have an umbrella? It5 raining out5ide now.

B . B WOW, it5 really raining! 1 dont have

an umbrella, 50 what shall 1 do?
?

In the i nformal plain style, - changes to-j- in the case of adjectives , -/- in the case
of verbs, and -1)() in the case of nouns

A . That boy/girl is my little brotherl sister.

B () . oneself) Oh, so thats his/her little brother/sister.

A Mom , today I was busy at sChool, and thatswhy Imlate.

B . . kay so (1 see) that s why you re late.

Read the f lowi ng dia logu es and fill in the blan ks using -/.

( 1) A .
B ? . (

(2) A .

B . (

(3) A .

B . (

(4) A ?

B . (
_ ......--
21. Discovery and Surprise