v -(L-) L ctLI.H.?

; Q:jq , Q:j ~ctLIR?

------- -
: ----------~---- ~---------:---~---------------------
~ctLI.H.?

Ol~ctLI.H.?

II~E.IOiet II~E.Ii!~LI.H.?
NOlet (ol}i!~LI.H.?
~<JOict ~<J Oii!~LIR?

Qj)...~Oiet Qj)...~~ 7i i!~LI.H.?

2:!-~0IC~ ~~~ 7i i!~LI.H.?

(2) {tcH tgo 12.1 := ::;:.2 'M~ ~ rrH

When the other person uses an interrogative sentence:

~ et ~J:i!LtLIR?
:em -~/~LtLI.H.?
Q:jet Q:j ~LtLI.H.?
NV .... ........ . .
~et ~~ 7iLtLIR?
DI2H I~~ -(.Q.)2 7iLtLI.H.?
Q:jet Q:j ~ 7iLtLIR?
-LtLI.H.?, .l.l.fqLIR?
A
- 0 LtLI.H.? ~ LtLI.H.?. ~LtLIR?

-LtLIR?, 7 ~LtLI.H.? . 7f.!:::.qLIR?

v
-LLtLIR? Q:j LtLI.H.?. Q:j LqLIR?
_...:_._ ----.-:---
Qj)...fO let Qj)...fLtLI.H.?
2:!-~0 iet ~~olqLIR?
NO IC~
~qLI.H.? 2.j)...f0 let 2.l)...f~LtLIR?

_____ __________
..:........._ .:.__ _ _____Ol~qLI.H.?
_ ______________ :..
2:!-~ 0ICf 2t~OI~LtLIR?

* ~~A~ ~XH~2l ~.!?- '-qLI.?.?'~ '-.Q.qLIR?' 2.~7f 71-5-o~Ol. ~A~.Q.j ~XHg '--LtLIR?'~ -~qLIR?' 2.~7 ~ 7f-5-~LICf.
For adjectives in the present tense, both -LIL152.? and - LILI52.? are acceptable, while for verbs in the present tense, both -LILI52.? and
-'=.L~LI52.? are acceptable.

(3) {JCH'2JO I '~iR5:2 ~~~ rrH

When the other person uses a propositive sentence:
- -- - --- - - - - - - - -
. 7fAfLI.H.?
Q:jA~LIR?
v
l:::l::>~:i
7fAI ~A~LIR?
-ro
9::!AI ~AfLIR?
-------------- __ ;.___

108 Korean Grammar in/ zts~ Intermediate

(4) ~cH tgO I ~ ;~HE~ W~~ [H
When the other person uses an imperative sentence:

7 ~2.~LIR?
.::::Z./.:1
00
Q:j 0 2.~LIR?
v ~" .... -' ....- .............. -;-- ................ -..
7~A I ~2.~LI R?
Q:j AI W2.~LI R?
_____ __
___:. -- ----- - - -

7f ,<:.'OJ] -]7)- -2'\--r!oJl ~{:ls.j~rJliL.

I heard Eunhye won the lottery.

Lf -2'\-.:r!oJl ~{:ls.j ~t:}y.ft? .::.llj] J-)-Acl_o]oj]iL?

She won the lottery? Is that true?

7f ~zt;.J ~o] ~::<~] ~7.] oJ--"iliL?

Do you know when the midterm exams are?

Lf ~::<1] ~7.] 0 )-LfY.fL? LJ1~~EJ1 %5J.-OiiL?

When are the exams? They're tomorrow. You didn't know that?

7f ::jJ-)-oj] ~7]-"1] 7)- ~o] L.j-_2__1...]77)- .2.~ 5J-] o]~oJl~ oJ] Oi-{!~ ~.A] oJ-.Ai]iL.
The company's electric bill is really high, so please don't use the air conditioner after 5 p.m.

Lf 5J-] 0 ]~oj] oJ]Oi-{!~ ~ .A] ~2.}-Y.ft? .A1'='lrrJlS:. ~uj-L.j- Gj-:-r-]]Jl.

Don't use the air conditioner after 5 p.m.? But it's really hot in the evening, too .

1 ~Ai-@2.1 ~AH~J!~ J!~7i ~. o 1 2.H ~~

This expression can be used in the form
-qLIR?'~ w~ * ~~ Li q.
-qLIR? not only in the present tense but also in the past and
future tenses.

7f .Ai:::: :1. -"}'if~ % 2.}il...

Lf :1. -"}'if~ .2.-E-t:.ft-lil..? J?-2.1 :i!.} ::8-=JL?J-o}.fl...
= :1. -"}'if~ .2..S.r:ft-1il..?

7f 1;"f .]7} ~-?:!oJl ~-?:!~<>lil...

Lf 1;"f -]7} ~-?:!oJI ~-?:!~r:ft-lil..? {1-7.}7] 2Jlil..?
= 1;"f .]7} ~ -?:!oJl ~-?:)<5}r:fyil..?

7f .AJ\~oj] 2-Eo] 'T~~<>lil...

Lf .AJtJ~oJI R oJ ~~r:fLJil..? <>lu-JJ.-17} woJ 9-1J.-Gfo}.fl...
= .AJtJ~oj] R 0 ] ~<5}qLjil..?
 2 ::
-~s
=~ -qLI'2.J ~EH M():j g ~:CIO!I ~
expression can also be used mid-sentence in the form -ctL/.
* ~~Lj q

7f %~ .]7t :jJ-~ .::L~.!f-~t:H.R.

I heard Yunho quit his job.

q Aa~oJ.R? %~ .J7t :J.A~ .::L~.!f-~t:ft..J ~~ *7r ~oJR. ~c.J :J.AtoJJ.Ai ..2..'9!%~ ~"5t.:il
1it:f.:il ~~:: t:i]il-.
Really? I can't believe Yunho quit his job. He said he wanted to work here a long time.

Tomorrow will be a new year.

Lf ~.i .AH"5H2fl-J .A]{}o] 1J~ ~2.] 7]-2 ~ {[ot.R.
(I can't believe) it's already the new year. It seems that time really flies.

3 ~CH'6f0llll1Ai ~::: gOI <2J5:<2J ~~ .:Z. <2J5:1 ~EH2.f f::: g ~~Q '-qLIR?'~
~~Liq.
When repeating w hat the other person just said, the same sentence form used by the other person is
also used before -CfL/2?

7f ~ir .J7t ~RoJI ~o}.g-t:J1.R. (~.,~.i.g)

Minjun said he's returning to Korea. <declarative sentence>
Lf ~.i ~o}.g_qy.R? ~~oJI1\11j.S:. V.~t:f.:il "9Y.?.f0 }il-. (~.Ai.g)
He's already coming back? (Don't you recall that) he said he'd be in England for a year.
<declarative citation>

7f .!pJ\:Jo] ..2.. ~ o]:.:C"5r2fl.R. (~ 'tj.g)

The department head said to work overtime tonight. <imperative sentence>
Lf ..2.. ~ . 0 ]:-2--5}2.}-y.R? oJ7.i].S:. "9Y.::t;J] .!E -5}2fl.R? (~ttj.g)
He said to work overtime again tonight? (We) worked overtime last night, and now he is telling us to
do it again? <imperative c itation>

110 Korean Grammar iN Us-e Intermediate

1 7~ '-11 ~ ~ 0 1..g.qj....

q 4~oJ1 ~o1 ..g.qyJl? ..8..~ tg--17} :AjW o1.AJ~~1Jl.

LH~ ~o1.g.q 4~0ll ~O I .g.q I R-- 't.UI7f ~'Y Ol.g-Qfq

~ t!H~7 ~ ~~~ ~q ~~~ ~q I Al89-'2! 5H tg-OII.A:j O:jAf ~T-7f ru_q.:il
~q

~ ~.A.i..~ !i!2.i 7fAt 1 .R7f 30'2! !f:!o l oa-Eq

2 7~ ~~ -1.9.1 \f:A} ~-T7l- -fl-~~ <?:!cxJ1<?.J. o1c}~).-lJl?

Lt <?:!cxJ1<?.! 0 1crY..8..? J.lJ ~~~ ":}J-~o] 1fl~1..8... to be apt, prone (to do)

9-~ Ml1 ';:,tAf ~T-7~ ~~~ <i:!oti<2JOiq <c:!oti<2.!0 iq 1 ~\S ~li!:J~ ~{!Jolq
7JI'ti Ml7~ Of-? {g~6lq {g~6fq I Al:z.t:ilt ~61~ ogJ- Q:j~ 6fCf
E/1[! Mj7f O:jAf ~T-.2.f 0110-J~q

(1) 7~ ~~ -], ~A~j ~<fji5lJ.fL?

Lf OJJ.il ~"J~Ii-fl-!.2.? -3f\J A~j ~<fl~oj] .2.11~r:i] 7] ~ ~ LfJ-i].fL?

(3) 7~ 97cl -] ~ .A}i:!J-5} ~ ~ ~0l-.fL.

q _______ ________ ? 9fcl -] ~ ~.g.~ o:j :A}~o}.fL.

Lf _____ _______ ? LJ1 ~0 1J..j'~ <?.!Ell -ti--- ~ w71 oj].fL?

(5) 20,000-%lo1CJI.fL.
7 ~ oi7] ~ ?-]~ ~ ~o]
_ _____ _ _ _____? t:l .!f- l:l].}-l.:]].fL.
1 7~ ~* ;,.q q~ .2?-0UAi~OII .gq~AiR?
q Lil, gtO~R. Oj~Jll <gi~OjR?

CD ..g.q 1-j.B. (g) ..g.q J2 <5}7-] ~c.}-J2.B.

..g.qJI ~~~t:i] ~o}.B_ @ %7-]5:. .2. ~cf~ r!] .A}1lo]oj].B.

2 7~ R~ ~O I XJ:~Ai AECjiA ~O ~R.

q ~H~~ o~~ ~01 HH~~qjl o~rc!Cil ~H~~ ~It! 5HS!AiiR.

CD {to] 1fo]llll}7-]l-j77} (g) {(O j llllj-~ 78~0 ~ ~~~Ejj
{fo]llll}:A] ~ rj] ~1lt>}l-j 77} @ {fo] llll}~q ~ oN7] ~ ~ ~~t:i]

3 7~ 01~~011 ~o I ~LiiR
q

CD ~o1 ~qJl.B. (g) ~Oj ~t:}~.Al.B_

~o] % ~ ~1{-e>i.B. @ ~o] ~qJl t>}~ t:i].B.

4 7~ fPIOII ~c.~Ai gJ~OiR.

q

CD l:l]E}ll! C7} ~7]oj] ~ ~77]- 1i!J-.Al C6> l:l]E}ll! C7} {j?]oj] ~qJI t>}~q]
l:l]E}ll! C7} ~7]oj] ~o} 7}7-]Jl @ l:l]E}ll! C7} {f7]oj] ~7] ~ <5}7-jll}

CD 7~ oj 7.~] ~ ~ ~o j ~ !Llr:f.
q ~o ] ~ 5:jqJI.B.? ~~~o j ~ ~t:i]S:. ~ ]1.B.?
:6: 7~ 1-2-t>}Jl l:l}cf .!I!.c-] ~77]-.B.?
4 l:l}cf .!I!.c-] 7}7-}Jl.B.? {}-7-}7] Qll.B.?
.,.
~ 7~ 41~ .Aj~ o] e>ia:J Jf-qJI t>}~q] ~1]<5] -E-.!f-t>}.Ai].B. .
Lf t;J]. ~3!1 e>i .B..
'7
7~ ~J'6 , 41 ~ ~.f.~ 7.~] 7} ~
<5Rol= 5:jt..}.B.?
!.; ~ t;)lol= !_ql-j.B.? 7-]\:l-Jtioj] %Jf- -]7} <5}7].. ~~~~Bfo}.B..
 ~
7~ o }71 cr -1, -?W~1 -1 w71 oJ1Jl? { 46 ]'

Akira, what will you do this weekend?

q .::I%~ O:j-fl-7} ido-J.A-1 ~0:] * ~~~E11

-?W011~ ~-if~ 711 <?:J ~ oj-~.A-j % ~77} "8flJl.
I haven't had any time to have any fun lately, so I am thinking of
playing some computer games.

What are you going to eat for dinner?

q ~-=r ~JI} ~01 {{{11[~ -=r-~ Q:j ~77} "8flJl.

.::. ~ -1 ~ 0 1 Q:j ~ ell Jl?
I'm planning to have some Korean barbecue (pork) with some
friends. Do you want to eat with us, Hoyeong?

[H .A.f-g.gj-LIq ,
This expression is used to indicate the speaker's vague intention or rough plan that has yet to be finalized
and could therefore still change.

-(0)27}~ ~q

v
~m t>~c~
-(0)277~ 5~q
__________,_ __________
_ ___::......._ ______,________ Q:j ~m t>~q

r:J-% ~E1 .fl..7~ Bfl%77} -&lJA.

I'm thinking of learning yoga from next month.

.2.'il!ILJ-oi] ~~l=IJoj] {{71} '5}-ec]] ~o] ~~.B..?

I'm thinking about going to the sauna for the first time in a while, so would you like to go together with me?

~A~ %~71} '9J.~cjj -%lif0 ] -2f.Ai =z_lJ rfY 7]~ ~Oi.fl...

I had been considering changing jobs, but I got a raise, so I decided just to stay here.

114 Korean Grammar u1 'lise Intermediate

 -~- -----

1 01 E~:= ~Aig-'2.! 71fsoLil 2.1:=:::o1q ~~g ~ii'~Oil::: A~~* ~~LICl EE~ o 12.W~
A~~ -"? ~~LICL
This expression can only be used with declarative sentences and not with interrogative, imperative, or
propositive sentences. It also cannot be used in the future tense.

rj-% ~_!f-Ej *~ ~ '%[77} <5~Jl? (X) rj-% ~_!f-Ej *~ ~ %[77} '5'}J,i]Jl, (X)
rJ-% ~--E1 -"?~ ~ %[77} ~-"lr:f. (x) rJ-% ~--E1 9-~ ~ '%[77t'%[ 7~oj]Jl. (x)
~ t:]-% ~.!f-E1 *~ ~ %[77} is~Jl. ( 0)

2 Ol E~~ !f.~ A~~ rrH ::: ''2.! -( 0 )2 77~ o~cf. '-:AI ~7Jf o~q ~ A~gj'LicL ~2.1q ~
-( 0) 2 77~ o~q ::: A~~-"? ~~Li q.
When using this expression in a negative sentence, either the form 'r! -(.2.)27Jf ofc.f or - fi:l 'MJJf ofc.f can
be used. The form~ -(.2.)277f ofCf. however, cannot be used.

~{l<>ll :::: ":!-"'~ *

6Jt:J-<>j];,i ~~ ~%77} is~Jl. (x)
~ ~{l<>Jl :::: ":!-"'~ 6Jt:J-<>ll;,i ~~ '?l ~%77]- is~Jl. (o)
~ ~{l<>ll :::: ":!-"'~ 6Jt:J-<>l1Ai ~ ~ ~.A] '?{77]- <5~ Jl. ( 0)

DI2.H2.1 711~~ ~~ rrH A~oi-E '-(o)2 7iO!IR', '-( 0 )2-.~ .::il o~cv. '-( 0 )27Jf 0~q ::: 1::1 1~~?..:! ~A: I'2.!
Cf*Jl~ ~::: j:fO IJ~ ~~ LI C~.
The expressions -(.2.)2 710liR. -(.2.)2-til o fCf, and -(.2.)27Jf o fCf, all of which indicate a future plan, may appear
to be similar, but they actually have the following differences.

- ( 0 )2 7iO!IR
- ~ - .......... --- -- ............... ... -
~
.. . -- .... -- _; _____ ------ - ---- --- ____ .,__ _____ ________ __ -- . . . . - . .. . .. . .. h"h ... - .......... . ..... .

DI2.H1711~~ w~ rrH
Refers to a future plan

~-6 .:;:r~JI~~ 711~~ 1::! ~*~~ 711~~

~ rrH W~ rrH W~rrH
Refers to a virtually Refers to a somewhat Refers to a plan that can
definite plan concrete plan still be changed

fi:1-i= -'?'MOil Oi~~ fi:1-i= -'?'MOil Oi~~

~ 710liR. ~7Jf <>H R.
I'l l go on a trip this I'm planning to go on a I'm thinking about going
, weekend. , trip this weekend. on a trip this weekend.
_ ____j _ ______________ _______________ ________________ _____ _:_____________________________ ____ ----------- -----~-----------~--------------- ------ -- ---
1 7~ lf ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 7-joj]Jl?

q ..2..tili_~oj] ~::]-~ ~ ~t:;lJ.i ~i ~771- i>llA.

~~c~ 'C!~~ ~~.A.i ~q

~~!;!q .I!.DICI ~~ !i!q

:res~ 5~~ -B-=?-5~~ ~01 EIILI-6~ };:lq

2 7~ .A-1 ~ ~J.} ~011 ~ w7-joj]Jl?

q .7.]\:l- ~We>ll * -5TIJ.i ~itl ~cJl ~ %f77l- i>llA. to be left undone, to be overdue

AN~.A.~~ Al'd ~'MOll ~ oH.A.i ~'E:! ~2.11~ 5~q

Cf% ~t Al'd ~~IQJIS:. ~ 7~.A.i ~2,1011 7~~

OI.A.~ oHo~ oH.A.i AH 5~~~ ~to~!i!q

'-()2m 5~r.F ~ A~c5HAi c~ [H~ ~~5~AiiR.

(1) 7~ -8~o:j~ ~ Oi~ :Q 7-joj]Jl? (-5]-2}o] 7}c.j-)

q o}-3j ~ _2_ 2 ~.A] ~ t>t-2f01: ' i77r t>HSL.

(2) 7~ J.j~oJ 1lY-Ttl ~ W7-joj]Jl? ({1-T- {loj] ~cj 7}c.j-)

q 6 E cjj A ~ ~jl1t<>iJ.l
-------------------------

(3) 7~ {loj]J.i "&.liL7!}.7.] ~ .A]Jl? (o]J.}-5}c.j-)

q l=Jl. -=r cJlJ.i "&.liL -2-7-1.. ------- - - -- - -

(4) 7~ lf!-AJ-7!}.7.1 oj~Jll ~ 7-joj]Jl? (l:l] ~ 7] ~ E}c.j-)

q .Aj.:jo] ?J-o] ~_Q_L.j 7J}
-----------

(5) 7~ 1f-_2_\:]7J]] E_ ~ ~%.. -i!-<3!. ~ 1[ 7-joj]Jl? (~{}- ~ .A}t:.})

q ~Re>ll J.-1 %~ -5}1-J 7!} _ _ _ _ __ _ __

116 Korean Grammar in 'ltre intermediate

 7~ oj ~.A}-oj] 7-J-%~ o]i}7}- --<3! <iJY77l-?
Why did you apply to work for this company?

q .7.~]7}- ~5:i~ trll--E-1 7}-7-]Jl ~~ i}~ ~ ~

Si.Jl7-}- 7-]-%<5}-711 ~ S>i ~ y -ct.
I applied because I wanted to realize the dreams I've had ever since
I was little.

7~ OJ=7J.]! oj .AjZ}-oj] 'T~ ~o]oj]Jl?

Yang Gang, why are you calling at this hour?

q ;z-1, 12J-~ ~ ~ JI;zl- ~~ Xi~Y-ct.

I'm, um, calling to ask you a favor.

: =~::: ~1-E .A.~OI ~~~2.1 ~ 6~ 51-E .Q.j.s=_q ~~:JO I ~~~011 <llg~ qE~~ [[jj .A.j~Liq. O l.!l~

:: c::!~O iq ~g:il~ ~::: ~6.1~<2.! ~01q ~011 ~~ .A.j5~[Jj <fJ~O iq i:! I-2:16.J~<2J ~%,f0ii.A.-J .A.j5~\:!:! ~5

:-~~LI Cl
- -s expression indicates that the preceding clause contains the speaker's intention o r purpose for doing the
~..on stated in the following clause. It is mainly used in official situations, such as when giving a speech or
~uflg a report. Thus, it can sound a bit awkward when used in casual conversation or in informal situations.

~q.:il:;q
v
~.j.:ilA:~

~a lf !::= J.H* ~.7.~2.1 ~ ~~ii~.:i!..7.~ ~1Jiil ~~ii~.=il ~~Yet.

The government is working hard to create new jobs.

---2.\:l7Jll c 2-l .:iiA~ o1%{! ~ .:r-~ ~ ~ Y cr.

I bought this item to give to my parents.

The two countries signed an agreement to maintain good relations.

 ------- -- -- -
~l

1 Ol .R~::: -t:j~~:ilf .-~~2.1 ~Opf ~OfO~ ~Lief.

The subject of both the preceding and following clauses must be the same when using this expression.

Y.:: ~.3115}27.} %;,~o] ~{l15] ~.!f~ ~-;;,yq_ (x)

- Y.:: ~3115}.Jl7-} ~{l15] ~~ ~-;;,yq._ (o)
2 '-jl;J;:f' ~Oll~ :ilf7-jQf DlcH~ qEfLH ~ -~/~-':ilf '-~-~ ~01 ~ 4- ~~Lief.
The forms -'UI'XJ.- and -~- for expressing the past and future, respectively, cannot be used together
with - .:L!.:Af.

Ljj~llj-7.] ::1. ~~ ~~Jl7.} ~{li>] ~~r:f. (x)

41~77]-7.] ::J. ~~ ~41.]!27.} ~{li>] ~"9ict. ( x )
- LJ1~77]-7.] ::1. ~~ ~Ljj.Jl7.} ~{l15] ~"9ict. (o)

3 '-jl;J;:f ofef'1 ~EH ~~ of'21 ~ol-E .A.fE:!"1 15:.~ qEfi::\!Lief.

The form -.:L!.:Af ofCf expresses the speaker's intention.

oj Ai]i}o] 7.]4:f-3cj.2... ~.'?. ~g ~ '?;!Jl 'XJ.o-J.Ai ;,~-02J'% ~c.j27.} ~Yet.

This product continues to get good reviews, so we plan to increase production.

Ol .H.~Q .!-2:1-.~ '2._1-~ [[H~ ''2._1-'0iq ~01 -5-l.!-Oll ~Ol7f'21 ~~Lief.

When used in this form, the negative particles ~and ~cannot be inserted.

.q-c.j ::: ::J. ~J-}9.} ~j Q{% 15}Jl7.} <j- ~y ct. (X)

.q-c.j;: ::J. _zjJ-}9.} ~]Q{~ 15}27.} *~Yet. (x )
~ .q-c.j;: ::1. _zjJ-}9.} ~]Q[% 'j-15}Jl7.} ~Yet. (o)
~ .q-c.j;: ::1. -Zl""l-9.1- ~lQf% t>J-7.] ?/27.} ~Yr:f. ( o)
I_ -

1 7f ::jJ-} qy ~ g wo1 o}J-17-1Jl?

J-}1{~ ~

q lo]l, A EtJV- ~ ~Jl7-} g wo1 o}J-1 ~ ~ :Q-~yq_

AE2.il!:o.~ ~q I~ '2JO I Of,qq

~.21 AJ.I7f ~Oi~ ~ilf>l ~5fq ~Q'1Af7f !Lief I ~ilol ~-ofq

~* AJ.Il= :All!011~JIJ :AfCf o~011 ~JIJ ~Oi LfAi g:;~ ofcf 1 ~JIJ :;qq

2 7f ~~011 {[ rrJ1 lf 2 71 ~~ E}e;J.JI WY77}?

Lf J-}7-J\:J g .2.l-1.Jl 7}71 rrR011 KTX~ E}Jl7-} WL-1-ct. to receive/entertain guests

.gj-~011 ~ rrH.!:f-2 7 l j:~ EfCf Al{t\3~ 2.AI.Jl 7f71 rrHgOII KTX~ Efq
::J. ~:AI~ w-olllil ~q ~~%!" O:j:Af ~-=?-OIIlil ~q
:All!011 .2.1~ tHAi ~\3~~ CH~f>fcf

11 8 Korean Grammar in U1e- Intermediate

 (1) 7 ~ Jl~ J-}7-J\:Jo1-!f-<3!~ ~-5R x~-5}.i!. ?i1J-11Jl? (~ J-}~~ 71~ ~711 ~~q)

q ~"r .ll-!flll~ 1=-111 o.t%27-r x.~-6}.i!. Ji1{JYL.f.

(3) 7~ 01 ~ ~ J-1Zl-011 ~~.. ~~ ~~Jl? (R~ ~ 0 1 <V_o-]J--i% Oif-15!.1:})

q ~~~ ~YL.f.

_ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ 7}1:';].i!. ~YL.f.

(5) 7~ ,<:_<5~011 r+GJ%~Jl? (~~~% -6}1:})

q l:J1. L.f13J%~YL.f.

2 -.:u.:A~ 5~cr ~ q:; cH.~ ~~5~AiiR

AI-<SHAi

(1) 7~ --<3!011 LJ1~ 011=71 ~ -6}aj.i!. ~Y llr? (~R9.J x. ~ .g./\11 011 LJ1-6R 011=71'6rr.f)
q .2.~ ,c:. t>~.2.1 .!I:.OJ ~t-11011 1:ffc5H o!Ofllc5r.llf.r ~.tL.rc:r.

(2) 7~ 211 ~Ro-] ~ ~1J-61 .:g.lf-~Yllr? (~R011 <U~ LJ1-&JlL011 ~-&-6}1:})

q 15R~ __ O:l.Al -61 2 ~=~-6RJ--i
'-'- 2. 2t:J 0 1

(3) 7~ .~ W"01 ~o-]J--i ~~711 -aj.i!. ~Y771-? (%L.f)

Lf .%01 ~_g_~ J-}~ ~ ~

(4) 7~ ~<i:l ~011 ~ ~ ?i1 ~'?JY771-? (Qj-=r;-.Q.. *-& ~ 71-L.f)

q

(5) 7~ .2.~,<:. --<3!~ ~7H-6R ~;.1~~ Y llr? (.i!.15J=9.J *~~ g~ 011 LJ1-6RJ--i ~7fl-6}q)

q S>_...'=-.0
2.-;::::-
 7~ 7--j ~~7} ARo1<V_qJl -o}~T:11 7--j ~~ f;).
~tR iL?
People say that movie is interesting, so do you want to see it?

q %'-O}_R. -=:1. ~ 7-1 <(Jo}s:_ L}s:_ _!i!_ e1 ~ {to1~ o:j Jl..

Sounds good. Even if you hadn't asked, I had been planning to see
it anyway.

Jaya, what are you doing?

q l:lR7} Jlll}l--j 2.}~ ~ ~ 0 1 Cl~ {1-~ql ~ 0 1

o:t...Q..:Jll _R?
-, 2 '-11
I was just about to cook some noodles. Do you want to
have some with me?

01 .H.~~ q~ -"~'SOl~~ 0~;;:~jl Xil~~ 't:J~ .::1 -"ll!"OJI' EE ~ ' 7~7JJ-g oJ2.H'Oll Oi't! '!~ o~2.~jl ~~.&j~
o ~7~ q 2.1.s:. ~ o~jl ~ ~ rrH .A.~gt-LJcL o1 g~~ -5--"~'2..!" -"~~ 4 ~~ LJ cL
This expression is used to express the fact that not only had the speaker been intending to do the very
thing the other person is suggesting, but that he or she was either just about to do it at that very moment or
intended to do so very soon . It can only be used with verbs .

~ - ..____';~' - --.c=, ,_;p. ~~ --~--~ -,;'1;;.~ ...:..=.. ..o;...--~~- --- ..a:;............_ _

' '

7 ~2.~'2:! ~oJq
v
~ o2.~'2:! ~o J q

7~ ~if .If.-Ajo]2]1.=z.~.R? Whysucha(surprised)face?

q rr1~<5B!.-J ~7ll- ?1 ?1~ ~<?.lt=Jl !.}7-J\31 ~Oi.5!..J.:l!.-J ~~<5BJ.-J .=z.~.R.

I was tired and about to take a break, but the company president came in, and I was taken by surprise.

7~ .. ~ ~1-oj-o]: ~~r:i] L-j_lf- l:l}llll}J.-j ,<:_~oj] ~ J.j;jo] ~Oi.R.

I need to withdraw some money, but I'm so busy that I can't get to the bank.

Lf .=l.~Jl? 7-i]7} 7<]i5- ,<:_<'>~oj] 7]PJ~ ~<?_lt;j] ~1-o }cf C~7J}Jl?

Really? I was just about to go to the bank, so shall I withdraw some money for you?

1 20 Korean Grammar i;, 'll.s~ Intermediate

7~ ~~ -] %1 i>~JI. ~o-]ii.?
What are you doing, Suyeong?

q 7-Jii] ~ o~.A] a:j"'fl ~o]~~nll ~o] o}1!eJl.R?

I was just about to have some coffee, so would you like to have some with me?

1 '-( 0 )2.~'2! O iq'Q~ '-( 0 )2.~'2! OI~q:: ~0 1 .A.I-5H.s=. t!!fi"~ Li q. .:J.~:A I '2J '-( 0 )2.~ '2! Oiq'
:: l::l~ :AI-5 ~~o~2.~.::il ~q :: A.~~ qEf~ rrH. '-( 0 )2.~'2! o l~q:: oti~JEi .:J.%17-11 ~ ~z,r
~ 7f:AI.::il ~~g~ qEf~ ITH .A.I-~Lic.f.
While both --()2112! ~01q and --()2.~12! ~O I <ltq are acceptable forms of this expression, -(2.)2.~12! ~01
c.f is used to indicate that the speaker was just about to do the action at that very minute, while -(2.)2.~ 12!
~OI<ltq is used to indicate that the speaker had already been intending to do the action.

CD 7-]~ :J ~~ .A}ajtB ;g.o]oj]ll...

:J ~ ~ .A}aJtB ;g.o]~o-Jll...
: Ol ~~ (j)g .::1. ~~ 1::1 ~. Xl5 A~2.~.:il Cii-E ~~ qEfLH.:il ~.:il. ~ Oli ~Ef.Ei ~~ Af2.~E ~Zj"~ Cif.:il ~<lt
qE ~~ qEf~Li q.
Here, G) means that the speaker was just about to buy the book at that very moment while means
that the speaker had been planning to buy the book from before the time of the conversation.

2 Oi't! -?.:!~ o~2.~.::il ~Z/"O~.::il ~~:: cil .:J.ITH q~ .A.fiE:!"O I .:J.-?.:!~ ~0 1 of:Af.::il ;I;il<2.!"~~ rrH o ~~. '.::1.~
:AI ~o f.s=.', '<2..1" .:J.cH.s=.' ~~ .A.I-5H.A.i cH Et~ ol-2 ~~7f t'i~ Lic.f.
This expression can be used along with phrases such as Of~ . .::J.~:X:I ?;tO ~. and ~ .::J.2H when
responding to someone who has suggested doing something that the speaker had already intended to do.

7 ~ ~o ] 6j.A}W2Jlll..?
q oj-~ ~% 9:j..2..aj tB ;g.o] ~o-Jll...

'li :J2jj.X. ~ ~ 9:J..2..aj tB ;g-o1"illl...

.:::L~?-1 ?.foJ-.s:. ~~ 9:J..2..3JtB ;g.omo-J..a.

3 OIE~ ~ olc.H .A.I;I;il:: .A.I-of:AI ?i'~Lic.f.

This expression cannot be used with the future tense.

~~Oil ~;@il}cj 7}3JtB ;g.~ ~oj]ll... ( x)

~ ~~"11 ~;@il}cj7}3JtB ;g.omo-J..a. (o) I ~~Oil ~;@il}cj7}3JtB ;g.o]oj]ll... (o)

4 ~~~011 ~ rrH:: '-( 0 )2.~'2! OII'.s=. .AI-~-* ~~ Li ef.

When used at the end of a clause that is followed by another clause in the same sentence, the form
--()2.'112! ~011 can also be used .

lJ17} ;@~ ii}aJ tB ;g.oj] o-jDj y 7} ;@~ ii}1io-Jll...

When I was about to make a phone call to my mother, I got a phone call from her.
 '-(0)2.~.:il5~c.f~ '-(0)2.~'2! gojc.f ~ c.rg.:i!~ ~~ x~l7~ exl~Liq.
The forms -{2)~.:il 5fC.f and -{.2.)2.~'2.! ~fOICf have the following differences.

:APc t:l~2.j ~ ~~ 7PJj.g OJ2.HOll AI~ :AlE- t:l ~2.l ~ ~~ 7PJj.g DI2.HOll AiW-'?
-"? exl~Liq. 'V~ Liq.
~~~ Can be used for actions the speaker will Can be used for actions the speaker will do
do from now or in the near future. from now or in the near future.

'2:! DI2.H2.J ~Oli.S:. AIW-"? 'V~Li q '2:! DI2.H2.J ~011 ~ AI~ -"? ~~ Liq.
Can be used for actions the speaker will Cannot be used for actions the speaker will do
do in the distant future. in the distant future.

Y.:: 4l\1oJI oJ.;:- o:Jti~ ~ 5}aj.I!. i>H..R. t.f:: Ljj\:!oJI a].;:- o:jt;}l ~ 5}ajJt! {}ojojJ..R.
(o) (x)
---'----- - ---------- - - - - ---------------------------------------- -------------

1 7f t;J-5f-1-j7J} ~ g % ~.A] q, .~.

q _:F~l :A] ?o}s:_ .g g ~ allfl {1-o]ofl..R..

C-jSf-LilJf ~ - 'i!Cf
~~ofLJ7Jf ~Cflt:JI~~- .!i:!.Cf ~ C!I t:JI~~ ~~q

Al:c._l-0 I gj,,2.LJ7Jf - Ai-9-E.Cf :AJE- q 7fCf

2 7f <2.f-4f .Aj{}o] q ~ ~ 1:1] :A] ~ ~~W7!}..L?

q ~o}..ft. Cd' -=z.~s:__ :A] ~ ~~}311fl {1-o]~<>lA.

<2,1'~ AJ:Uo1 q ~ec1J :AlE- ~~ofCf :A JE- ~~fq

~* .UJ. ~in.J ~Ef DfAJ2.i 7fCf ~in.J ~~OJ qAi DfAJCf

~1-il- R2.l~ ttHSf-2.~.:il ofEC1J ?JO I ttHSf-Cf :Ai. ~1-il- R2.J~ ttH%1 5:!.Cf

122 Korean Grammar ri1 'l!de Intermediate

 (1) 7~ ~.A~\:J . ..2_~ 4i'-1-~1 ~ -1oJ1Jl? (0101=71o1-q)
q ~ ~~ :A1~ O[Ofl[~~t:"j_ 7-.;o[01[5l.

(2) 7~ q-2.] _2_<ili~<>l1 Ho1-cJ ~7!}? (~ '8 ~ oj-q)

Lf ~o}. 1-]- _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __

(3) 7~ f{l_..o]:, ~#-Elll1<El ~~-&-1-.:il 0 1 7-~1 -H---oR 01=:AJ. (~#-cJ ~ nq)

q ~~OiJl. :A1~

(4) 7~ ~~t:~1.2J1 ti-j~~ ~OiJl? ("1JA1 ~ E}q)

Lf ti-j-"71- 2.]-J.,-j ~\3= ~Oi Jl .

(5) 7~ 0 1~-1-&-1-.:il ~0 1 1fll1~~OiJl? (01;._}-&-j-q )

q 1;]1, a}{j 0 1 ~ -1 0 1 ;._~ <5}7]1 ~7-] ~Jl.

2 '-(0)2.~12:! ~O[~q ~ .A.f*c5H.A.i qg CH~~ .gt~f;~AiiR.

(1) 7~ ~~ <2{1;~ *:A] ~~ ~~t:~1 Oi~ll1 <5j-:A]Jl? (<2{1;~ a1Jf-t:f)

q J8!U"o}Jl. 1-j- if~ ~o] .A~F-1;._-1 0.\'1; ~ Dl~~t:"j_ 7-.;o[OJ_Oi5l.

(2) 7~ 0] .g.~~ cf 0 ]oR~ Oi Jl? (~.g.<5j-q)

q o}yJl, ~ %ct;._-1

(3) 7~ ~~ -] ~::}~..~ 0}.Ai1Jl? (q;:: ~.:rz-<>117]1 %0i.!i!.cf)

q o}yJl, :A1 %ct;._-1

(4) 7. ~~ lfr ~7~ o]; ~ cf Qjq-.Jl ~OiJl? (-H-:311<>11-q)

q o}yJl, q * QJ%1;._-1

(5) 7~ l:IJ-~<>11 7-i1~<>11 ~ ~~Jl? (r:f% l:IJ-~oJl 7}t:.j-)

q ~:A]Jl. ~~:A] ?J-0}
 Why did you come to Korea?

q ~R ~.:r-.5:. J.}~ ~ ~RW Bfl% ~ ~RoJl

~Oiii..
I came to Korea to make some Korean friends and also study
Korean.

7f _g_ ~ f11-T:J..s:_ ~ Bfl ~.Jl 9J OiJl?

Are you learning taekwondo these days?

q l:Jl. .g% ~ ~ ~R~ {!~ ::c~.s:. Bfl% ~ "5f!J.i

Bfl ~.Jl 9JOiii..
Yes. I'm learning it to get some exercise and also learn about
traditional Korean culture.

Ol .R.~:=
!f. / ~:AI Ol.g2.J --~O i q ~-- .2.-Ef.~ 5~~~ 51-e 2.l.!:e.~ 7f:AI.:il <U ~ ITH .A.~~Liq Ol .R.~~
~~ rrH::: 'N.!:e. -(o)2 ~ N.!:C. -( 0)2 ~. 'N.!:e. -( 0 )2 ~ N.!:e. -( 0 )2 ~ oH .A.i'2.1 ~EH~ t'tl"O I .A.~~Liq.
This expression is used to indicate the speaker's intention to do at least two actions or behaviors. It is most
often used in t he forms N.S:. -{.2.)2 -f'l N.S:. -{.2.)2 -f'l or N.S:. -{.2.)2 -f'l N.S:. -{.)2 -f'l 5H.A.i.

'2Iqq, .:C:::~5~q '21'2'" ~ .:fr.~W ~

v -(0)2 ~ -(0)2 ~
~q, ~.!5~q ~~ ~ ~ ~.!W ?4
--~ ----

N
=----~--- - --- - - - - - -
~5:. ~ ~ ~ .:g..!f-5:. %[ ~ .:J.i~l 7}-aj.Jl "5~..9...
I'm planning to go to the library to read some b ooks and also study.

7]~ ~~.: %[ ~ 11:~ 5:. %[ ~ ~%oJl n-oJ..s..

I went to Myeongdong both to relax and do some shopping.

These days, the number of restaurants where you can eat both breakfast and lunch has increased.

124 Korean Grammar i/1 Use Intermediate

 ::>I IE~~ V-( 0 )2 .f3 (oHAi)'1 ~EH~ AI~* ~~c-11 OlrrH~ .:I~~ ol-E 0:12-i 7f.AI1.s:. g.~ 7f.AI
3~ -t:!loHAi w~ rrH Al-gj-Licf. .::J.~.AI'2.!" ~~ ,q~~ q:= I.S:.7f ~q~ -3:!~ ;;;::~~*~~Lief.
' lis expression can also be used in the form V-()2 ~ (~H.Ai), but in this case it means that the speaker is
::~oosi ng only one of two or more intentions to do something. This expression allows the other person to infer
:nat the speaker has other intentions even though they are not explicitly stated.

: Ol g:g.g ~oh'= .Af'ENI ~~ '.!!ll 2.1.5~'2!~ ~~XI'2.! ~:::: .Af'EJ".g ~~ '.!!ll 2-I.S:. 2.10ii.S:. Cf. Qj.S:.7 f ~:; ~
?~~ *
~gLICf.
Here, the speaker has only stated one reason for exercising, but the hearer can infer that there are other
reasons besides just losing weight.

~
7f ~u j -], _~ o~ 2B~o jE ~ <5H.R? { 53) 1
1
~ 'i!~ Cf to make some spending money
q l.:j], . ~ ~ 7S~ '%} ~ ~ ~gj~ ~tq to accumulate experience

i::! f'Ef~ !tiCf to enjoy a cool breeze

0~ 2B~OjE ~ i;~.Jl ~o]Jl .

OfEI::! fO I.S.~ ofef %-.s:. ~q 1 ~gJ.s:. ~q 1 OfEI::!fOI..~ ofef

~ttH.5f.Cf .ag. ~~ol-E .s:. ttH.5f.Cf 1 AE2.il~ ~q 1 ~ ttH.5f.Cf
~Oil Xf-9- 7fef l:lf~~ ~ICf I ~.z.t.s:. ~2.l ofef 1 Xf-9- 7fef

2 7f 0 ]Zf lf-JO:j].R?
q ~-AJ- ~ 61~_2__ l-1--i>H=- 71a:j].R.
Ol~.!f,JOICf ~~I 6J~2... .AIoi-E ~O I Cf

OI~OiCIOICf 7-l~ I ~.!i;!J~,fQ.. .AIoi-E ~OICf

Xi .A~g. ~o ICf
1 '-(o)2 ~ -(o)2 ~~ A"*c5HAi qg tH~~ ~{:j5~AiiR.

(1) 7~ .::?~ -l, l!ll~~oJl 7}2;j.Jl <5~..9..? (-=jL~S:. '5}q I ~-=r- ),~~ {!%.5:. A}q)
q 1.:]1, .:pg. ~ fi ?.J-lL f..~O.l f.."J%.!2. f..J: fi 7}2;j.Jl <5~..9... ~o] ~~..9..?

(2) 7~ ~77}::Z.] ~o-JAi ~ ~oj]Jl? (J:::~S:. Aj7]q I ~tl -=r-~s:. "5}q)

q 1.:]1, J:::~7} Cj Qj).i ~ o-J 7}Ci.Jl <5ll..9...

(3) 7~ ~1lQj J:::~ %~o-J..9..? (~~7].5:. l:lPfl-t:f I 78S::.s:. -5)-q)

q 1.:]1, ~7.] ~ l::l}~o-]..9...

(4) 7~ ~R ~A~]{!~ g ~.Jl ~o-]..9..? (~A~] ..:g-lf-5:. "5}q I ~Ro-J ..:g-lf-5:. -5)-q)
q 1.:]1, A~j ~_:g-o j 7Cj A~j ~o ]2.}).i ~

~o-]..9...

(5) 7t ~~"5}7] ~ oj] ~ g fJ-o] oj-J.~.fi.? (Zl~-s:. ~q I ~.5:. ..!f-E-.~7-]] -5)-q)

q 1.:]1, woJ oj-J.~Jl.

21 1

(1) ;g~ 77Hq gll!'*lq

... ... .... ... ..... ............. .... ..
(2) if~ 0~q

(3) . ~7 ~ '2,!qq

(4)

(5) :

(1) t-6' ntt 'i t-snJ-.t?l 'i '5Hf..i 71~% D~f.-1~2 i5Ji-lt:f.

(2) - - - -- - - -- - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- - - -- -- -- - - -- -- -- -

(3) -------------------------------------------------

(4) - -- - - - - -- -- - - -- -- - - -- -- -- - - -- -- - - - - -- -- -- -- - - -- - -

(5) - - - - - -- - - -- -- - - -- -- -- -- -- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- -- - - - - -

1 26 Korean Grammar u1 'lte Intermediate

 Jii>J= g ~ 0 1 t-i..!f- ~ JI-itr.t.
q g ~J~Oi1 ~ J2i>J=Oi1 7 t-"i ~ u t7 t <5] ?-8
~ ~ 1l~ ~ c>lOf:AL
I really want to eat some food from back home. During the next
vacation, I'll have to visit home and stuff myself with mom's
cooking.

7~ :3f\:!Oi1 ii!.~-8~ ~ c>l7i -"i ~-5 ~ Et0 1:&:A1Ji_?

Last year, you ran a traffic light and paid a big fine, right?

q l:J1. %<5].!J!-Ej ~ ii!.~-8~ ~ ~ :A1?-l0 l=:Al.fl.

Yeah. From this year I've got to obey traffic signals.

Ol .A.fEtOI :Af71:Af~:i!f Q{~~ 5f7-JLf 0-J't! ~ ~ W 3:!0I2.f::: ~~~ ~ rrH. ~::: .:::J.2.-j~ 1:AI
R~::: ~51{::-

~ LfEf~ rrH A~IDLiq. ~:Af ~:z.t~ 5f7-j Lf ~~~~ 51{::- ~~011~ A~5f!J:j OIITH ::: 5!.~ '-O f/0-JO ~:AI'Qf
~0 1 ~~ .A.~g)"Liq. '-O f/0-JO ~.~.' ~Oj.A.i .A.~5f71~ g)-Lief.
This expression is used whe n the speaker is making a pro mise to on ese lf, making a decis ion to do
something, or simply expressing such an intention. It is also used when thinking or speaking to oneself,
but in such cases the informal form -Of/OJO tXI is used. This expression is also used in the shortened form
-Of/OJO t.fr..

-OUO-JOP~IR

.:::UC-i
7fq 71-Ct:X:IR
00
9:jCf 9:j 0-JO ~:X:I.R
v
7f:X:I ~OI'Ot:X:IR
9:j :X:I 'MOfO~:X:IR
____________ ____ . ---- ------- _____ :________ --_;______________________ _
....:....

7f o-J7.1] '{j ~'2f:= ~~ t:f-"] ~:= t:l] .Aj~ 7.Ho] ~~o-J .

Yesterday, I saw the movie "The Way Home" again, and it was really good.

q \:[ 0 }-315:. * ~:=t:i] .:1.~/l] 7.H 0 l ~o-J? .:L~ '-1-5:. li!.]-<>]:7.1.

I haven't seen it yet, but is it really that interesting? If so, I'll have to see it, too.
 7~ .:l~~~ 7-Pfl 7-]Z,l-i>j-q7R::- ~~"8-j-7] Oiaj% 7-jO~.
It'll be difficult to get a promotion if you keep coming in late like that.
q LJ1~.!f-Ej ~ ~ qj ::j.A]-ol] 7-]z{-8"]-7-] ~]-<>}:7-]A.
Starting tomorrow, I won't be late to work under any circumstances.

7~ ).i]o]LJ-on ~ 7]-o~ ~?
Do we absolutely have to attend the seminar?
q -=z.~A, Jf-2.] .Jl!..er\3o] ~.H.~ <5]-.A]Ljll]- ~ 7]-<>}:7-]A.
Of course. Our professor is giving a presentation, so we have to go.

01 IE~ ~ ~= .A.f~O I Lf q:= .A.f~OI OJC.:! '!~ ~ <SHO~ ~ere ?A!~ LfEf~ rrH.s:. .A.~~Lief. :!!~7~ ~EH
'2.! '-<U/~~O~AI'~ .A.~<S"~~ ~~ '! ~ <SHO~ <51-ECil <S"~AI ~<Ug~ :r:!Eroi-E L ;gjOI CX}~Lief.
This expression is also used to indicate that the hearer or some other person should perform some act ion
or behavior. Moreover, when the past tense form -'1t/'X;!Oiot;q is used, the expression conveys a sense of
scolding or rebuking the other person for not doing something that should have already been done.

7f .R~ oJ7} ::<]4 o}n}.R. My teeth really hurt these days.

q ::1. 'El. ~21 :7-J.:i!.}oj] 7}oj:::<J.R. Then you'd better go to the dentist promptly.

7f %OJ~ ~~ciJ ~ ~oJ <V_~ A1 ~~ 1!l_r;j y u-]21 ~::<J~..ll 78~ ~.SJ;j].R.

I wasn't feeling well, and then I stayed up all night to get things done, so now I feel dizzy and am
really tired.

l
_ _
q %OJ ~ ~.2..'B .!f-21"6}::<] ~Jl ?J~~oj:::<].R.
If you weren't feeling well to begin with, you should have rested instead of pushing yourself too hard.

1 7~ %<5~ ~ <5~oF3:Qq.JI "~ Zf~ ~ o ] <XJ.Ol.R?

q '%<5~ ~ ~ if.'f;l.2.. l:lfl\:J-01~ ~ 7} 0~A]'2}.JI l-~Zf~OlJi..

~~ t1H'aO:l~~ 7fC.f
'at!H~aq

]!l2.ill:ll~ .!:2.-E .A.I~ ~o 1q

2 7~ \31 ~RoJl.2...A] l(! f-71- ~Lli ~ W 71oJl.R?

q Jf- \3 ] .2_.Aj :: I:i] '8-<?1 -6] :Ai] 7} ~tli ~ t>llO~AlJl.
2.'c!OI ~~12AI~ .!r7 f <zlLH~ 5fq
LH~ 2.~0il :~;Fg~ ~..11.7 fq %.~ 2.~ 'C.!Cil '5~51 ~~~ ~q
.2.-- .2.~0ii-E ?jq .2.-- .A. I ~.S:. ~x,t-E:Cil '8<2:!51?jq

128 Korean Grammar in 'Ike- Intermediate

1 AHc5H7~ Al~10lAi A~Et~OI q;;:c.~ ~01 ~~~ ~~Liq. Ojtt! q~cz.!AI [5!7I]OIIAi ~2.~Ai
~AiiR.

(1)

t.R~ ~ Ll1 2.17,:! g ~ l i~ -5}2 1! ~.

(2)
...2 ..:5112:=.. :51..
e n~ ' ------- - - -- -- -------- ------

(3)
:51..
' --------------------

(4)
...2..."511..!:=. :51..
e n~ ' ---------------------------

2 q ;; [.SDI]OIIAi <MW~ .H.~~ ~o~ -o~/OlO~AIR'~ A~f>HAi cH~~ ~~-o~AiiR .

................................. . _____---- ........ ------ .... -------------------)

Gfb ~77~AI c5H.s:!q ~Ol .s:!q 2~ ~ .s:!Oiq ~5~q I

_________.!

(1) 7~ ~o] ~ ~ -3:! i{A] ?J,c:>_r:-j] .:::l~T ~ /1] ~A] ?jg 77]-.fL?
q .:::rt!lJs:. ;.]~~.Q.L-]77]- ~7W7-I <> ~~f-1.2. .

(2) 7~ J.]-7-J-\:J 0 ] ~ :71] ~ 2 "5}J.] Y 77]- -3J ~ ~5:. .2...-f- ~ :711 ~"5}-E -3:! :Q-0]-.fL.
q ~J.}if:to] ~A-j . .:::rt!lJo} o]-tJiJ.]-if:t~S:. u:]-c.]--5}A].fL.

q .!f- J.]-if:t 0]0}7] ~ .2...-f- --------------- ~ J.}if:t 9~ ~Jl 3?:ftd--5}Jtj_

<?]-~.fL.

(4) 7~ o]-~ J.]{}o] q !C1~.Q.L.j77]- ~~ 7<1]*"5H01=3!l.o-J.L.

 1

CD u]-~ i:1 (f) u]-A] alL} ~"Gj]

@ u]-~ -3:! ~~ t:i] @ u}A] aj.Jl c5H=-t;lJ

CD 7J~s:_ ~JI # ~7] q.j"6JJAi (f) 7J~ ~ i1"7] q.Ji>RAi E ~ ~24JI

7J~~ i1"_2_24~ Eo] ~.fl..i>RAi @ 7J~~ i1"_2_24~ -E 0 l ~.1..97!} 1;!}

3 7~ .I.A.~ ~{.! qci LI .:::1.'<5' .:::1. .2:I .A.~OU qLI.Jl ~OiR?

q

CD ~A~ %~7!} ~:::"Gll ~if-~ %24?-JAi .=:L'(f cfY7]. ~oj.1..

(f) ~A~ %7] 24~ ~ojj ~ \:}~ %24?-JAi .=:L'(f cfl-j7]. ~~_a
@~A~ %7]24JI ~:::"Gll ~if-~ %C;j?-JAi .=:L'(f cfY7]. ~oj.1..
@~A~ %7]Jl {i~ ~~o]] ~if-~ %C;j?-JAi .=:L'(f cfY7]. ~oj.1..

4 7~ Ol ~:= .A.I?!Oll -'f:!!~ ~~ ~OiR?

q ~%o~X I '2l.
------------------------------------------
CD --~~ 9 'ill"Gll ~~ ~~yq
(f)--~~~ E.~Jl::Zj- ~~ ~~yq
@ --~~ ~ E.2.]C;j.JI ~~ ~~yq
@ -!f-~~ ~ <5]-Jl {ioj).i ~~ ~~yq

5 CD ::Zi ~oJ] ~).]- A]-~~2} ~~ ~ 97!]- i}A] cf.

(f) t:l-% ~--E-1 .1..7~ ~ l:lftq_j ~7/t 9 Fj oj].1...
@ %e:J ~ oj] e:j <5~ ~ ~7/]- ~-Et:i] ~0 1 7]-::: 711 oj lilJil.1..?
@ 0 ]~ .5Ul~oJJ:::= ~7 ~2} ~ 0 ] -;-::z]~~ ,!il_t':j ~7/t ifYcf.
6 CD ~B- ).j-3f~ ~ ~ {f7lj-::Z] <5)J ,!il_o}:::z].1...
(f) q_]AJ-~oj <il._2_1-j7l} " ~ uj-~::zj wo}o}:::zJ.
%OJ <i} i='_2_~ -!f--2.]-o]-::z] WJI :J:lq.jo}:::z].1...
@ LJi~ Aj-AJ-\3 ~ ~Lf ~ :::"GlJ t:J-~<5] A,pJ-~ <fJojo}:::z].1...
.

130
 7f ~RoJl "'i 7} ~ ll!-~ R~ ~ 4-~t>H
9-"'l ~~.R?
Can you recommend any places in Korea worth visiting?

q ~ <?.f{}o J ~rrfl .R? .AJif 7J-%0 12.f"'i B%0 1 Aaw

o}~l:f% ~oj].R.
How about Mt. Seorak? Since it's autumn now, the fall foliage
should be really beautiful.

7f ~jo] od .]7} '?.}~ g~ oj ~ ~~.R?

How's the food Wei Ming made?

q ~jo] 0d -]7} .R~ ~ ~t>HJ-i .2. '3!-~<Ji.Aj '?.}

=; -oJ ~'i:f1} ~ :AaW l2:J ~ ll!-~Oi.fl..
Wei Ming is a good cook, so all of it was good, but his Vietnamese
rice wraps are really worth trying.

Ol If.~:= Oi't! APE!"O iq A~O I .-:J.2.i~ ~~ W n~ll~ 9}7-j q Oi't! ~sO l ~01'2'" ~~ 7 ~5::17~ 91:;~
qE~~ ITHAfgj"Liq_ ..::::1.2./lAi 5!.~ q::: A ~'E,I"OJI.7JI ?~~ rrH Algj"Liq_
This expression is used to indicate t hat somet hing is worth doing. Thus, it is mostly used to recommend
something to someone else.

~ ~~q
-(0)2 ~~q
9:j ~ ~~q
--- --- -- ................... --- ..
7~q ~ ~~~[.~
v !':. -(0)2 ~~~q ,.,_,. ., [.L
...., I 9:j ~ ~~~q
... '"! .................... - ------ ............. ......... ............... ------- -... ...
i 7~q ~ ~W ~O le~
., ol2./l 1 ~~ ':. -(0)2 ~w ~o1q :_ ,.,_,
...,cL
...., 1 9:j ~ ~w ~o1q

~9-]~ ~ ~ tfr~ A}'E[o] y ll}- ~~ ~o] ~~~.!JL~ .!i!.J-i]iL.

Yeongsu is trustworthy, so you can ask him to help you out with difficult tasks.

132 Korean Grammar ,/,, Ure- In termediate

 :J_ ~~ .JlA~W 'H-~ 7}:7.]7} ~_Q_y7J} <5"}:7.] r.f:: 711T~OiJl.
That job's not worth the effort, so you probably shouldn't do it.

~ 7 ~oj]/1] .JI<5J=oj] t:Jli>JlA-j ~7H~ tll-~ -3io] ~_Q_~ i>H ~Ai]Jl.

If there's anything about your hometown that is worth telling your friends, please do so.

: R~:: Ef.~ Df%011~~olE.::: ?-:!::: O~LI:A:I~ .:J.iE:!CH. f!lf'tt~ rrH ~::: Oi'C! ?-:!~ )..~"0~7 1011 0~~
-=:fl~ rrH;._~ID"LI Cl
-.... s expression is also used to indicate that while the speaker is not completely satisfied with something,
: s still worth doing or paying attention to.

AJI~% AjlEjoJI 7}tB o}-3j ~Iii"~ ~Jl 7HJ.7-il~o] ~o] ~"-Yt:f.

If you go to the recycling center, there are a lot of serviceable used appliances.

oj : ~ 10\1 ~oJ]--8- *'r]t:-l] o}-3j ~% lil"~A-j ~ 1:1-];:l.o-j.R.

I bought these clothes 10 years ago, but I didn't throw them out because they're still worth wearing.

t9~ ~oj] ~:: g6j'(lt:i] o}-3j~ Qj% ~~ -5! ~o}.R.

This food was made a few days ago, but it still seems edible.

~
1[ 57 )

~~project
Oi ~7l}.fL? ~AI7'1C{ to make (someone) participate
~~<5fi:f to be sincere
Lf ~-9- -] ~ -"cJ{JcS-~ J-1 4:-~W ~~ l-}'[o]oj].fL.

Olttl E~011 ~* .UI~ ~O:lAI7Iq ~* .UIE- {:j~<'iHAi ?~t;fq I AfWO lq

Olttl O:l~OII EH~ ():j~~ 7fq EH~ ~~l7f o~q~Ai O:l~~ 7fq 1 ~o1q
c~ -9-~011 -cHgAI.g .fr~~ 7fef -cHgAI.gg ~-c!O I t'10fAi .fr~-ofq 1~o1q

2 7f AR. 7RJ8-~ ~~7} :A~ o] ~q~J-1.fL?

Lf 1.:]1, :AcJW ~ ~Ofl.fL. ~Jti ..!i!.A-j].fL.

AH 7H-*~ <i?:l~Pf J.:Ho I<L!q S!.q I ~ttl S!.q

J.:il-9-7f O~'aq -=?-~tifef I ~ttl 7f S!.q
.:1 6D f..go 1~ofef AI-<5H S!.q I ~ttl AI-<5HS!.q
1 '-(2.)2 '215~Cf~ ..q~5HAi q~ CH.2:~ ~~5~AiiR.

(1) 7f Al q3~7} o-JIIJl..ll_? (~Jti ~.'cf)

(2) 7f o-J~.. o:j~ ~ 7}Jtl. i= ~77}2_? (7} ~q)

q 78.2?-7} Q:)J-}i~ s=_;_] cfAl - - -- - - -

(3) 7f o] ~ ~ ~Jti <tj<>j ~77} <5H=--c-J] ojiiJl..ll_? (<tj<>j ~q)

q .Jli.~i~ O]Of7]7} EfO}Al - - -- -- -

(4) 7f 7'-1 .: ~ '&]] -1 i>~1,) 2.... o]A}'5}t:!;j.:ll t>H=--c-J] 7']-E" '5~1Jo] <>jiiJl..ll_? (1[q )

q '5~1,1 o}-?u-J Y7} ~~t;TI;_1 _ _ _ _ _ _

(5) 7f ~ ~ ~\3 ~ &I:Jl~::t;Jl <>llt! g ~ ~ I:Jl ~-5]-Jtl. l ~77}2_? (~q)

q ~Jl7 ]1-} ~l:l ] 7} _ _ _ __ _

(6) 7f Ei]cj]A} 9t=J:: 7}\~ ;_]-~~ ~ -'fltiTIA1 ~).~ ~ ~';&qJt!;_1 _g_? (.e?cJ ~ ~q)

q l.:il. Aaw ___ _ ___

(7) 7f o] ~~ f-.::r-oJl:Jll ~7] ~ f~77}2_? (~q)

q 9c:3 -]7]- . ~'t! ~7-1 ~).ilit.

(8) 7f o}o] ~o ] ~~ ~~ ~::1-*-4'-~tiTI -?;_ilit. (~q)

q o] ~~ o}o] ~ o] .2.~ ~ 15H=- o]o]:7]2}A1 o}o] ~ o]
- -- - - -

134 Korean Grammar '~' 'lise Intermediate

J ~3. .UI7~ .:il~Oli.A.i ~.:r'-7~ .gcp~.A.i ~01 ~ '2.!~ ~ ~ ~~5H ~~~.:il gJ-LICL c~ [5!7I]Oli.A.i
~g,t:= 8-0i ~ ~o ~ '- (0)2 '2.!a~cr ~ .A.~5H.A.i cH:~ .@!-~o-~AiiR.
~---------------- -------------- --- - -- -- - --------,
9:j 0j 5!q
~-------------------------------------------------------------- ...................................... ____________)

7~ ~~ -l, Jl<5j:oj]J,.-j ~-=jL7~ _2.~-ci] ;,.-j%oJJ;..-j -=jL?(j~ ~~ *o] Ol t:-17~ 'V_g77~.B..?

4 \:f~~~u}%o] OirrJ1.B..? 't.RQl ~~ ~ ~ 0 ] <V_Oi ;..-J (1)~'3"5-.t 0!'5H.2..

q '\E}'~ OirrJ1.B..? 5l..:il <;U_s>_~ go] LfAl .Aj~ (2)- - -- - - - -

7~ .=l~~.ft . .=L'EJli:~ ~ ~q oj] 7~Al '0~~% g77~.B..?

q <?_1;..}%-o] ~ rrJ1 .B..? "t.RQl ~~ ~212};,.-j (3) _ _ __ _ %~o] -gfo~.B...

q ~~~o] ~rr]1.B..? ~%o] -gf.:ll 3!-<V_Oi;..-J (4)- - - - - - - - -

.=l~~.B... Al] ~-=jL7~ ~_s>_~J,.l O]OF7]'0~~ ~ g ~O~'OH::-"Gl] ~7]oj] ~~ .AJ~~

01 q cxj].B..?
 I have a fever and (resulting) headache because I caught a cold.

Please take some medicine, and then get some good rest for a few
days.

7~ Q{4f J.l{}o] ~:Ai]c.}.Jl <5}-jj_A].R?

When did you say the appointment was?

q % ~ if .R ~ 2J-1~].R. %.R~ Q{4fo1Y77}

~A] W~ <51-J-i].f.L.
Next Friday at 2 o'clock. It's an important appointment, so please
don't forget about it.

Ol Jt.~::: ~~ .A~EtOlllll Oi't! ~~ ~~f>p-jq -E!~~ UH .At~Liq. '-0~/0i S!AiiR'S!.q~ ~5 ~~lll.

'-{ 0 )J..i l.'!2q~ ~5 .lE~lll ~~ ~ <5~7-jq -E!~~ [H .At~Liq.
This expression is used to instruct or suggest a course of action to someone. It is stronger than -oVOJ .!i!.Ail
B. and is used w hen a person wants to give advice or make a suggestion a bit more softly than what can be
expressed using the form -{.)Ail.?..

7 ~.5:.~ f>~q
Q:I.S:.~ f>~q
v
7 ~ J:l ~.s:.~ f)~q
Q:I J:I ~.s:.~ f>~q

{!7J-<>j] ~ ~~1.-jllj- ~BH ~ -it.~ "3-}J,i]Jl..

Please stop smoking because it's not good for your health.

~'tj Lt] ~ 10;_]<>1] ::JQ.j-3"}.5:.~ ~;_lq.

So let's have the meeting tomorrow at 10 o'clock.

Ltl~.!f-E-j ~.:il<>j] :A]Zf-3"}:Al ~.~ "3-l-J.ilA.

Starting tomorrow, please don't be late to school.

136 Korean Grammar uz ctlse Inte rmediate

 1
01 .H.~:=: ~ ~~ o 1q ~~~Oil~ AI~Liq. ~~P I rrH@Oll 01~~ WW rrH~~~Oil '-OUOiAf~
Alo~.A I cri~ Li q.
This expression is only used in imperative and propositive sentences. Thus, it cannot be preceded by
-0f/ Oj.A:j to express a reason in the same sentence.

7]{l o] {l"8jj.J,.i <2.)'% T;!j~ ~Pil.. (x)

~ 7]{lo] {l~}Lj77} <2.)'% Qj~ ~}).il. . (o)

2 Ol .H.~ ~ rrH -s:.~ o~~~LICf2.~.:il CH'B'W * cu:::cil OlrrH::: ~~Pil o~~q::: 2.I.AI ~ LfE~
~qq
When instructed to do something in this form, the hearer can answer using the similar form -.S:.& o f~

Lief, meaning that he or she will do the action being requested.

7f 7l~A~ ~ ~ .!i!}oF ~if~ 9 91..2..LJ77} '11l~l -t'-lf-~}~ ~r).il.fl...

You have to do well on your final exams to advance to the next grade, so please study hard.

Lf I.:Jl. ')_{)~] -t'-lf-15}~ ~})i~LJt:f.

Okay, I will study hard.

7f 1f-Oj ~ 7-} 2 rf7} ~ojj ~g li1J:$_o-]Jl.

~ I!{IOICf to cut one's hand
Lf o:j~ % <?.} Q.}g E_J-j JJ.. ~JJ..~ AJ 7.-j ojj ~.:il~ tlf.SCI to apply ointment
~7f -"'!::2.1Cf to have heart burn
~~ medicine for an upset stomach

\_ *AI frequently; often -

~0 1~ :q.sCf7f W>!l ~ 1111~Cf ~ s_...q.::il CZ'l.::il~ {tx~011 ::q~ l:lfCf

!fll f 7~ M2.l.::il Of.!!.Cf !fl~~ EAI.::il-6.1A~ XiiAI.:C..fOil ofCf
t:-o I 7 f~.::il of.!!.Cf <2J'O~ 4-AI i!:-011 ~q

2 7f ~cJl oJl %5:t ~ ~n ~ 0 11l 7}DJ %JR .

~i!iiOII ~2.1Cf to be bitten by a bug
Lf ~Jl.~ E.~ tl]LJ77t l:I} 2 Jl. "if:Al ~.5:.~ '8'}-A~Jl. ~q to scratch

~.6G- <51Cf to wear a cast

~2:11011 ~~f::.Cil WOI L:l.!? 7f~Cf CZ'l.::il~ E~ EiiLjlJf l:lf.::il ?,Cf

(;7~ c5fCf7 f Cf~Ai WOI !p2.m q -f,J.6.~ '5f.::il LfAi ~~ -V W MCf
~~I ():jE~O I 'rJOI ~q .2.- xl.si.~ 'E:!.::il LfAi ():j~ -V ~ c5fCf
 (1) 7f ~g .2...9...Jl1i ~ -c1] o-]~7-1] i>}l(! *g77]-.R? (oRtg ~ t>~oj] :A1~i>}q)

Lf ~-B-~oJ2.f nH-c-t ~~~otl 7-i~t>r~ t>r'-11.2..

(2) 7f ~~cle>ll :7.~ A1l%V-l ~1'-WYct. (2[=--:7.}7-Joj] :7.~ All~ct)

Lf -cf%-. E1 ~
' - 2i!..
-,

(3) 7f !E 1J9~ i>RAl Aa~ u]~i>R. (~1Ji>}q)

Lf CS{.Q..~

(5) 7f oj-n}E ~%-oj] J.}~ ).}'if~ oj l;j.!f- ).jTICi%1Jl. (ojJ.~ i>}q)

q q;:: l:IJ~o] ~.9..1(! - - - - - - - -

2 -AI~ts=.~ c5~cr~ Al--f>HAi q:; cH:~ .lt!~c5~AiiR.

(1) 7f ~oj] ;go] ~ ~ Q}A-j ';it J.]{}oj] n:J-Ei>R.R. (';;!-;g g :.z.}q)

q l{").s~ 7-r7-l OJ:~ t>r'-1L2..

(2) 7f :A1]7} ~W n:J1 2['--Q.ji>Ro~ "%[ ~o] ~~y77]-? ().}~~ %~ i>}-c.J)

.._,
Lf .:::z..o J.j7}oj]~
'-'- ,_

(3) 7f .!Jl-7-J\:l. !E ~o-JJ.1 ~1'-WYct. (~ct)

q 41~--El ~ ~ Iil

(4) 7f .R ~ 7ffi 4fo] -e;J.fl... (~q)

Lf ~~. ~~{} PJj7-]Lf ~ g~ g

(5) 7f ~t!Jl:7.-] .lf!-7-J\:J g li}Lfci 7Ji=.-c1] ~ ~ J.} 7}o~ ~77]-.R? (J.l- 7]-q)
Lf _2_i>jp~- g9 ~.Q.y77]- o]-.!f-~

138 Korean Grammar ,;, 'lae Intermediate

 This grammar point is so difficult to understand.

In that case, why not ask the teacher?

7f 5?. ~ 11-~ "G1l T:l:A}~ o 1 WOil ~ ~~.B...

I bought some clothes, but I don't care for the design.

q .:J.~. q ~ *_Q_. l:lPf-711-J- ~ ~ ~ "5}:Al .=z.~..a.?

In that case, why don't you exchange them for something else or
get your money back?

Jl .H.~~ q::: A~~Oll7il Oi~Jil 5!-E -3;!01~~q.:L!. T:lf?.W ITH )..j%~Liq. Ol .H.~~ '-~ 5~q52.q ~t]
:.i !f.CEj.:L!. Qf~ .R~~Liq.
nis expression is used to suggest that someone do something. It is a much weaker and softer expression
man -.s:.~ afC.f.

.7 ~.XI .:J.c.H.R?
v
::[6f>~.XI.:J.2H.R?

7f ~-1 g 7}::: ~o] 2f.Al ~~lj] 7}oF ~7-] ~ .!2..S~~Jl.

It's my first time to go this way, so I don't really know which way to go.

Lf ~ ~ ~ .!2...~ "J.A] ~ Ef7-] .:Z.ClJA?

If you don't know the way, then why not take a taxi?

7f %r:Jl~::}7} 7-Pfl Jl:AJo] t.f.B...

My cell phone frequently gives me trouble.

q 7-}Jfl Jl:AJo] t.fl?1 9-~'il -&-}7-] ~Jl .AR ~. l:l}Jfl7-] .:z.elJA?

If it gives you a lot of problems, then why not just get a new one instead of getting it repaired?
 7~ ~ 7 ~ 't}-l.{C\ ~%~] 7j-o): i>J--e'Gjj :7-l-71- q{-~Al ~4;- Aj:zl-771-:A] *~~~or.
I've got to go to Myeongdong to meet a friend , but I don't think I can get there on time due to the traffic.

q ~o ] .Q}Ai -"J..t[i ~ ~~ 1:-j] ~~ ~ ~7\ i>}:A] .:J.i!lj?

\The traflic's) probably clue to the snow, so w'ny n ot postpone your engagement?

1 al iE~::: ~~~Oil o 1~ ~ ~~ rrH ~ -o ~/Oi.A.i'~ .A.~5~A' ?i.::il '--( 0 )Lim~ .A.~~H...1q.

When stating a reason in the preceding clause, - (.)LI7Jf is used, not -Of/ Oi.A.i.

I:i %Pi 7ol' !I g ~ 7.] .:Ii!jj.R? ( X )

~ ci~t..J 77r7ol'!I g ~ 7-J.::Ii!Jl.R? (o)

2 :!!~7i IE~~ '-AI .:J.~OiR?'~ Oirt! ?.:!~ 51-E- Jt'!OI C:j q~~ C~I 2/1.::1~/ll 5~AI mLL~ ~?.!2.1
<c!-E~771~ .R~5~7iq ~B~ ~ ITH .A.~gj"Ljq,
The past tense form -:XI .:::J.~Oi.7 is used to express one's disapproval or regret about the fact that
another person did not do something despite it having been the preferable course of action.

oj-~cij ~..2..1(\ J.i 7-114;:- ~% ~ 7-jojj.R? 'i!.fo] oj-IIl(\ ~ 9J.7.] .:I~<>j.R?

Did you keep working even though you were in pai n? If you were in that much pain, why didn't you get
some rest?
: Ol g~g '['JOI Of-gCil 211 *!XI '['J~Li:E ~Ef77jg of:; ~ LfEfL!l.:il '1!-EfLICf.
This sentence expresses the speaker's feeling of pity about why another person did not take a break
despite being in a lot of pain.

1 7f o:Jil. %91- W ~ J.Hjf-J?!J.-1 ~ ~ 5HJ.-1 L:J.!f- :rrl~i>H.R.

~.J?-OI Cf
q .:=I.~ , ~7lfo12.}. % ~ :7-l .:=I. i!llJl? to decorate a house
~fjCf to be bland

O:j~ -~ 'E:t~ AH.sf-'2'!.A.i '!~ 5H.A.i L.:J.!?- rrl2-ofCf :g-Jz_f012.f.S:. - *lc.f

~~ - :lfl-[):jOt oi-l::Cil ~~~ .A.f2.i ~ .A.I?JOI ~q <cJEi~2 ~~ "Ofc.f
~01 l.:J.! ~7igCil ~501 ~q ?J:g-OI2.f.S:.-- ~q

2 7f ~w 9l ~.2..a12 ~~r;n _2_~.5:.. 3:. ~<>i Bi~<>iJl.

q .:=I.21 l-] 77} ~ojjJ.-j % ~~ ~~~"3"}:7-l .:I;l01Jl?

~Oli.A.i - '!~ ~~fq

LH'I 7f:XI..:il7f0t ~ -tjt5-~0 I q -w2.lc.f -- .A.-j~2.i.A.-j ~~ .A.fCf
Oj:Ail ~01 ~ ~~E-Cil ~~Oll ~c-jLI C-j <[.!" ~f:Aic.f ~0 1 ~ ~Cf..:il ~f..:il 7f:XI ~q

140 Korean Grammar u1 CZ/.,e Inter m ediate

(1) 7 ~ a:j<5]% 7\-l:lJ~ l-J-.:i!.1i,C:.EJ1 <>1r10i1J--1 !-J-~ 711 ~0 \-Jl? (\tJ:1Hi!:-l-1:AJOi1 7J-q )
q -1-711 TI}~ 7]-7117]-lf.Q.L-j7lj-l{"Q{Ji-F--1"7-J011l~f-l .2~.2.?

(2) 7~ :A1 ~ l:l17J- ..2..~ \t 0 1'B. ~:AJ-71 71~ 0 1 -5f-%t>RhJJl. (2 1J:1 q3~ .!:2.-c})
q .::J.i::Jl:l17]- _2_~ \t0i1~ ___ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ?

(3) 7~ .2.5\:R1i}Oi1 ~Oi]J,-j ~L-]7!]- il.!f-{:]{:]t>RJl. (..:g--%l_Oi17]-l--j --8-~ 0 12} - -oj-q)

q .::J.~ ?

(4) 7~ o1J:ti ~ Qj-6.) ~ 1fo1 ~GjL-j - 0 1.2-:Aj-c}Jl. (.!f-.2.\:l7Jj1 ~~~ ~c.jq)

q .::J.~ ?

(5) 7f ~ROi1-&:A1llt! 0 1 ~~EJ1 o]-~ ~R~ ~ {f *t>RJl. (~R~7 ~ -!-Hl-c})

q .::J.~ ?

(1) 7~ o-j A11 ~ <il ~ .~ q ~ c.J-BR l--jl:l-j 5j, ojJl. (~:A1 AR B-Oi1 71 ~-oj-q)
q 0 l-~711 q ~ 51 oj Jl? ~f-1 7-tlt::!Oilli%-B~f-1 2 ~.01.2.?

(2) 7 ~ ~ Q.]t uJ1l:lJ ~2.1 ..:g-717]- ~ ~j-l--j .::J.~~:A1 -&o1tl.!f- 0 \-nfJl. (~~ ~ - ~q)
q .::J. cj 'B. %Zl-Oi1 ?

(3) 7~ <iJ 3!" 0 1 'ilf~ EJ1 lf0 1 ~ ~r.1 L-] 4;'-0 1 ~ ~0\-Jl. (-51i} ~q)
q 0~1 .::L?., ?

(4) 7f ~ o]-, 1:]1~ q~ uJ1 ..:g-lf- ~ ~{:]"01 ~ ~ :;io1~~7]- lJJl. (..:g-lf- ~ ~{:]"01 -oj-q)
q -=z.n:J1 ?

___ _ _ _ _____ ?
 CD "'J-%iiH~ 7]-~]7]- ~~Jl ).l--iiH~ u]-%oj ~~Jl
@ ).]--iiH~ 'o~oj ~~Jl @ "'J-%iiH~ "'l-781 ~~Jl

CD ..2..?jo]-Jl ~~ %"'lt:f
@ ~~ _2_).i]Jl @% .OJ=o]oj]Jl

3 7~ O:j~ ~~ ~ ~ AH!f-l"i ~~ ~cl LI L.:j!F- IIIEoH.R

q .:IEi. .g0o12.~~ ~
----------------------------
CD ~ 77]- iiH..Il ~:Aj .:Z.CJ1Jl?
@ ~ ~ 9l<ll~ Jl @ ~ C;j Jt! ;go]oj] Jl

4 7~ AH 7H*~ ~:2P ~ XHDI ~q~ AiR?

q

CD t;J], ?;a~~ ~iiH..Il o]-y..ll, ?;a~ li!.7-j !:Jl

@ t;J], :AHuJ~ ~;z.J s:_ -@-c}Jl @ oj-y..ll, ?;a~ :AH uJ <;rt~ ~ 9l<ll~Jl

5 CD 7]~o]1JiiH"'i ~-'f:loJl 7]-S:.~ ii"r"'il..ll.

tg-oj ?J-o] Lf"'i ~~ ~ %- ~;z.J .:Z.CJ1Jl?
@ .AJ~-!7]- \:!- *oJl <{:!JI~ :A)-? l:lj- 2:Aj .:Z.CJ1Jl?
@ ~oj ?J-o] oj-~7] rr:jJ.g.ojj <{1-Q[~ 9"']. ~oj] ~.5:.~ ii"J-"'i]Jl.

6 CD LJ1~--EJ <{]- :A] z,l-ii"]-.5:.~ iil-"'i]Jl.

~:Ai] ?J-o ] oj-~~Jl? .:Z.lfJ ~ ;z.J .:z.~~Jl?
@ ~).}%ojj 7j-y77j- .::;z.~~~ ~~ *Oj Ef<ll~Jl.
@ oj *~ 10\1 ~oj] ~ -:-~r:-j] <i:J;z.J ? ~ ~iiH..Il.

142
 7. ~iiLoJ1 _2_2ll{}~oJ1 ~l.oJ1Jl!
o-Jq 7}-"-1 ~ -w ~ ~77}Jl?
It's certainly been a while since you came to school! Shall we go
somewhere to get a bite to eat?

q ~iiLoJ1 q~ 1Il1 Jf-Cl 7} .Al--? 7}1fl_ ~t:J-011

71 ~77}Jl?
How about going to the restaurant we used to frequent when we
were in school?

7 o1 ~o-J~~ o}z;:: _2_211!8 ~ :Q-o}Jl.

This English book seems really old.

You're right. This is a book I used to study when I was a high school
student.

Ol R~~ :i!~7~0il ~~~ 71{! ~<cl' 'r!~. ~~o 1q ~-E.!'~ :21-lfoHAi ~W rrH AI~Liq. '5~XI'2! .::1. ~01 ~7~

Oil~ 'r!~1<tioq ~AH77~XI~ XI~1X I cr.;~ .3;1~ ~~Li q. ~A %tOil AI~Liq.

This expression is used w hen recollecting a behavior or habitual act that was repeated regularly over a
certain period of time. However, it must refer to something that happened repeatedly in the past but has not
continued until the present. It is used in front of nouns.

v
~---------------------------------------------~-------------------------

~{joj]1[1fl ;.}~ ,<: 7<]\:J: "f:-~oj] oj;.}'9J~Jl.

The person who used to live next door moved last weekend.

144 Korean Grammar ;,,_ CZ/se- Intermediate

 o] g Q{,<:. 7.~] 7} .:l!. ~~.ii!. trlJ 7.}? ~ lfl 7-J aj]Jl.
This is a song that I used to listen to a lot in high school.

o}t!-]7.] 7fl]J--j c}l-]J-] lfl LJ1~.ii!.oj] 7.15=- t:fl-].:i!. 'Xl ~ Y cf.

I attend the same university that my father used to attend.

-; ~-.A.IOll '- \::!'01~ ~EH.'= 22g ~li~ LfEf~ ITH'.Q.j 02 '-W'It\::!'~ .:g.:::;.,WdiR
See Chapter 22 Expressing Completion, 02 -~/~'2! for information about the - I:! form attached to adjectives.

1 O I.H.~:: :LlmOil ~ A~~ ~A: I '2! A:l-5:: O~A I cri~ ~~ .H.~W rrH.AI-0~715:. g)-LICl O I ITH~ '(Jlf7~0jl)
Oj2.i \:!', ';;:f~'. '7f-g', 'gJ~ ~ ~*~ LfE~LH~ .H.~:ilf gj-7Jll .AI-~Lic.f.
This expression is also used to indicate something that was often done in the past but is not anymore.
In such cases, it is used together with expressions of repetition such as Oj2.i ttl. ;q.;:;s., 7f-El-. and ~~-

4L2..J7]- 7-}9- 7J-ltl 7]-llJi e>ll cj-J..l 7} _li!.jl -}ioJ.R.

I want to go to that cafe that we used to frequent.
: Ol-3-:!g :ilf7iOII.'= .::1. 7fiiiiOII ;q.;:;s. n-.xi'2J .Aiag .Af-'?- 7f.AI 'Ci.'=Cf.'= 2.JDI7f ~ Lief.
Here, the expression refers to the cafe that the speakers used to go to often but do not visit anymore.

2 OI.E~:: :ilf7~0il .AI~:: ~A: I '2! Of~ MLfA:I cri:= ~~ .2.l ~f():j .H.~W rrH .AI-of7I.S:. g)-Lief.
OIITH~ !I!~ 'A:I8~'. 'A:I8~'. 'Oi;J;:il'. 'O f77f'. 'A:i \:!Oil' ~ Jlf7~1 ~ .AI~OILf [[H~ LfE~LH ~ ~2f gj-7Jll
.AI-g)-LI Cf.
This expression is also used to indicate the recollection of something that was started in the past but has
not ended yet. In such cases, it is used together with a word indicating a specific time or day in the past,
such as ;J::I\::.1''. ;J::I\::.1'-'?-. Qi;l;il. Of77f. and Aitt!OII.

o}77}7<jl7} o]-J..l!fl i"j llj ~ 1::1-] Xl_o].R?

Did you throw away the coffee I was drinking earlier?
: Ol-3-:!g Of<5.j 7iiii ~ q Df.A.I.AI 'Ci~Cf.'= QIDI~LICL

Here, the expression refers to the fact that the speaker had not finished drinking the coffee.

3 AH 3:!01 OfLI2.f A: I-57JfA:I .AI-~ %.Jl11 D I ~ LfE~~ ITH.S:. .AI-g)-Lic.f.

This expression can also be used to indicate that something is not new but rather something that has
been used from a certain time in the past until the present.

o 1~~ 7-11 ~7]-7]- 'fl!fl *~r:il 7-11 l-0 le>li7JI ~oJ .R.
These clothes are what my nephew used to wear, and (now) I've given them to my son.

oj 7-}%7(1-i=- oj-1::1-] 7-17]- 'EfJ..l!fl 7-Jo:Jl.R. This car is what my father used to drive.

4 OI.E~:: :ilf7~0il ~ \:!12! ~Oi8 ~ ~ . ~*1A: I cri~ ~Oil ~ .AI-ofA:I I'~~ Li c.f.
This expression is not used for things that have only occurred once and do not repeat.
 This expression is also used to refer to a behavior or act that has often been repeated from a certain
point in the past.

.2..~:s:. -'f-c.]7J- .:zJ-9- 7\-;=i 7J-~1oJPl 1

i'!''J!-.1r.f.
Let's meet at the cafe where we've often met.
: Ol3:!g :i?.f7WEi :AI-577f:AI 7jl4r .:J. 7'fllil011 :Af-9- 7f.:i2 '1!Cf.:::. QJD I ~LI Cf.
Here, the expression means that the speakers have been going to the cafe often from some time in the

past.

'-t:j':il~ :ilP~ .A.1;~:i1~ q EfLH::: '-( 0 )L'::: q.g.:ilf ~::: ~f01 7 f ~t:;L1Cf.
The d ifferences between -\:! and -{.2.)L, which expresses the past tense, are summarized as follows.
---------
-t:! - (O)L
- --
l

.::a.iA1
OOO
l
J
:i?.l-7iQJ .A. ~- ~AH OIOPI~LICf.
Indicates a past fact in the present.
.............'j.
'
i (1) :i!f7i011 ~lil:AI 'r,tg ~~ LfEf~ [[H (1) :AI- ~xH .g~. -%!'- [[H:i?.l-7i011 ~li.
l
.A.f~LICf. 'l!J~ W%1' [[H .A.I~LICf.
Expresses a past behavior that has Expresses a past behavior that has ended
not yet come to an end. when viewed from the perspective of the
present.

-+ ~ 0~ q 8 ~'XiC~ 3:!- QJDI

~Lief. -+ ~- Cf ~~q.:::. 3:!- QJD I ~LICf.
The speaker has not yet finished The speaker finished reading the b ook
reading the book. yesterday.

(2) :i?.l-7i 011~!&~ ~ ~- :1lfoH.A.i (2) 8~~ :i!f7i .A.~~ OIQP I~ ~ :1-g1 QJol.:::.
~~Li ef. gj_8LICf.
Expresses the recollection of Expresses only the simple past without any
something done repeatedly in the meaning of recollection.
past.

1!] ~ 0 1~ ~s:-oJ1 1[ rrll 1j ;=!

-+ ~*OI~ O:j2.i ~ '2:l'Xi.:::.:AI.:::. 'M-'? gt.:ll 8~o l
g -6101 oJ1Jl. '2:jg ~ 01 '1!Cf.:::..A.~~- 'MOt.:il 'XJ8LICf.
-+ ~~011 {! [[ij ~*OI~ O:j2.i - ~ '2:j~cf While it is unknown whether the speaker
.:::. 3:!- QJDI ~LICf. ate ddeokbokki many times, we know
The speaker ate ddeokbokki that the speaker has the experience of
many times while living in Korea. eating it (at least) once.
--~-'---------------------------------------------------------------------

-- - - - - -- ~----- - - -- -- - -- - - -- - - - -- -

146 Korean Grammar ul/ 'lls.e- Intermediate

 7~ .:.z)-%7-1- -"H. -ll"o-JSi.?
I
~
q 0 1-YSi., 0 1-Hl .Al71- El--"1 ~ 7-j oj1..9...
;:!~~ AH .A~q O ~l:l-iAI7~ E~AICf I 7-jCf
~AHA~q <cjLIJ ~ 'fJCf I 3?:0 ICf

?!!~ AH .A~C~ 2.HH~7~ ~q I 7-jCf

2 7~ O:j 71 'V. ~ --8.g. * 59:o-J.._?

q .A1* -1 71- ~~ 71c;$,o-J..9..? ;;\1171- H-1~~1:11 ..9...

7~ 0 lrrt71- ~C;j.Jl ~~ Ell ... .

O:J71 'l.!Cf I ~g. ~ .!=i!Cf

O:J71 'l.!Cf I!@-~ .!=i!Cf

O:J71 'l.!Cf I~~ .!=i!Cf

(1) 7~ 0 1 Ai1 1lJ. cJ1 l:l1~ cc}u~ C1 ~..9..? (;;\Hu1'V_rl1 ~q)

Lf l.:jl, f.IIDI 0 J.7il ~t:."j_ Ec}u}7} ;;\1\J?-0]1 ~t{ ti-]i)'j.71 :':.fL.
(2) 7~ o}o1~El1 7-J\t~~ ?o1 -"l- ~t{ ~Si.. ({1-=f- o}017r 71-.A1.Jl ~q)
Lf 0rt1oll..9... 7-J\t~~ ~~ ~011..9...

(3) 7~ 01 l: 7-a ~ "*.A1..9..? (o-j ~ rrH ;z.rzr ~ ct-)

q 1=ll. :!fl-%010]1..9...

(1) 7~ 01 7'-1 Tii u}A=j Q1..9..? (:1.7,:! ;;\117} u}-"1 ct I 7'-1 Tii 01ct)
q .:J..'i f.11lr nrf..!t:;t =rrnl'-fTir -"H ~ ~ e.t E~ rl1..9...
(2) 7~ o] -"1Zl-oll lft ~ E_;,i]Jl? (o}017r ~ q I lff01ct)
q l.:jl, ~~ \:[o}-"-1 ~.Jl 'V_o-]Jl.
 Wei Ming, are you cleaning up again?

q ~.] 7} GJ-%1-"1 7-J!I_ ~ <[~ .!f-1-]77} ~-A] 7} ?jo]

~ ~ .2_"Gl~J!.Jl.
When I opened the window because of the hot weather, (I witnessed
the fact that) a lot of dust came in (the room).

Did you happen to see Kylie?

q 1=]1, o}77} <2.-f~o] ~cf.TI-H"t>}Jl] t..j-7}"Gl~JIA.

Yes, I (personally) saw her leave in a hurry saying she had to meet
someone.

Ol R~:= ~I-E A~O I .Jlj-7~0U ~~ .!:2.7~ q ~7~q ~:= Uz_l 3:!~ .2.1Wo~Oj A:l-5 q::: A~EJ"Olllil ~'"~ [H
A~g,t-Liq_

This expression is used to express the speaker's recollection that he or she directly saw, heard, or felt some
prior event or action.

.3.C~ 2~ 11 R
A/V
~ [.~ 2~.:L!.R

2jA~Oi q 2.IA~C~ 2~.:L!.R

~~0 1q t~o Ic.~ 2~.:L!.R

t.RoJl;.i e:J ~ ~ "6Jl ~ LJ 77~ t.RoJl ~ :Aj ~ -uo1?J~ ctJUl..

After traveling around Korea, (I directly saw that) Korea really has a lot of mountains.

~::z~J ~ 7 ~-.s-~Jl :Q-0 1 tr 7 ~ ~~r:i] :14- -]7~ g_ '8 ~ :Aj~ ~t>}~crJIJl..

Yesterday, I played basketball with some friends, and (I witnessed the fact that) Heesu can really play well

~.li!. ~oJl ~-H. ;,~Zl 71~-if-Q.J 71~ '3!-0 1!!Jl ~?J--cictJIJl..

(From direct experience, I know that) the coffee at the new coffee shop in front of the school is really gooc

148 Korean Grammar ,;, U re Intermediate

1 OJ .H.~:= ~f-E Af~OJ.S:!7~Lf ~::: 3;!01J cHoH Al-f>PJ rrH~OIJ!i!~ 90Pf 1cz.!~cz.! ~~OIJ::: AI
f>f:AJ crl~LJCf.
Because this expression refers to something the speaker directly saw or heard, the subject of the
sentence cannot be the speaker. That is, the sentence cannot be in the first person.

t..f~ "5\1.2.1. oJ~% 7} t;]2.}.RR. ( x )

- t..f~ 8-H.2.J. at~ ~ :n-o-JJi.. (o)

2 OJ .H.~::: ~f-E Af~OJ AH.liJ'tllJ .! Af{IOIJ'2! Al-"6f.:il OJDJ 't.:ll ~::: Af{IOIJ ::: Al-"6f:AJ~~
LJCf.
This expression is only used to state something the speaker learned for the first time, not something
already known .

;>.jJ Jl"fbl:..g- 7JoJ 'i'.,ft;]c}.RR. (x)

- AjJ Jl~.}g- 7JoJ '?,fo}Ji.. ( o)
: OlD I ~.:Ll. ~2 .A.~OIE. '-Ci2.f.:J:ill.'~ ,\.I~* ~E-LICf.

The fact was previously known by the speaker, so -Ci2.f.:J:ill. cannot be used.

3 Af~Qj f:t~OJLf7Jg, Di-* ~EH ~ LfEf~ rrH::: 1cz.!~ 9~.5:. AiW * ~~LJCf. 3cz.!~Qj ~~OIJ:::
'~Af + Of/~"6fCf + -Ci2.f.:il'. .H.~oHO~ g[LJCf.
The first person subject can be used when expressing a person's mood, emotions, or feelings. When the
third person is used, the form A+Of/ Oi5fq must be used.

l:IJ 7}- .2.1[! %.A~~ .!f.%-t}t;jc}.RR. (x)

- l:IJ7} .2.1[! (A-j~) .!f.%-t}t;]c}.RR. (o)

::1.. oJoJ:7] ~ ~Jl o-jo-]t.j 7} 4;:-AJ -t}.Aj-c-jc}.:ilJi.. (x)

- ::1.. oj oJ:7]~ ~.:il o-jo-Jt.j7} 4;:-AJ-"5\JiS\-.A]-c-jc}.:ilJi.. (o)

4 OJ .H.~::: '-Ci~R)'Lf '-C-j2.f'2f ~ ~fOJ7f ~OJ AiW * ~ 0 [):j <2{-l.!-C-j ~~"6f-E QjDJ7f ~~LJCf.
"6f:AJ'2! ~~WO JLf tt!WOIJ 2Ef. AI~-*~::: '-Ci~R)'2f-E ~2.J '-Ci 2.f'::: tt!WOIJ'2! AI~-*
~~LJCf.
While roughly equivalent in meaning to -Ci2(R) or -Ci2.f. this expression carries a slightly stronger
sense of emphasis. However, while -Ci2(R) can be used with both honorific speech and familiar speech
styles, - Ci2.f can only be used with familiar speech.

't:fA} ~7 ~ .A}.:rjq .!i!..t.j 77} 7}-g.~ 4;:-AJ~ ~S:. .A~7jl:-j2.}J1.Ji..

= 't:fA} ~7 ~ .A}.:r1q .!i!_t.j7J} 7}-g.~ 4;:-AJ~ ~S:. .A~7j nj~Ji..
= 't:f;{} ~ 7 ~ .A}.:r1q .!i!..t.j77J- 7}-g. ~ 4;:-AJ~ ~S:. .A~ 7j t;j 2f.
 5 i!P~ Oil ~li. <:!Oil CH5H.A.i::: -~/<i.tC12filR' ~ .A.f~Liq,
To refer to things that completed in the past, -'ll/~C12.f.:i:l.?. is used.
- - -------- -- - - - - ----

~~<">jj .3)-i>}-y77}- ~oj .2.:ci2f.illl. ~~<">jj S:..3)-i>}-y77}- ~oj ~t:i2f.illl .

It was snowing when I arrived in Japan. It had snowed when I arrived in Japan.

: ~o l 2.C-f2.f.:i:l.?.'-E ~01 2...:il '1!-E ~~ .2:1-WoH.A.i Waf-E ?.:!Oijl. ~o l ~Ci.2.fjl?_'-E ~0 1 OlD I ~jl.
~ 'l'.A.I ~~ {J"EH ~ ~lfoH.A.i . ~ 01't:! ?.:!O I .gt$..!1 ?.:!~ ~I {J"oH .A.i Wof-E ?.:!~Li ef.

The phrase ~01 .2.Ci2.f.:i:l.?. refers to the recollection of seeing snow falling, while ~01 ~Ci2.f.:i:l.?.
refers to the recollection of seeing that snow had already fallen, but had stopped at the time of
being observed by the speaker.

o-] 7-~] ~ o]~o].R? ~

I

~7<~1
1 7f '*<;:lo]
"' '-'
q oJ-9- 7-Ru] ~J:r:i2}JI.R. first-birthday party

Oj:Ail ~ ~~ Of~ :AHDI'1!Cf

O-f:Ail 7 f ~ ~~11~ ~'M '.il:i! .A.fWO I 'i'ief
0-f:Ail-l..f ~T- Of7 1~~~~ ~~I.A.i ~-~~ 7f S!t.A.i ~7 15fef

2 7f uj-3 .] ~o].R?

q l;j], Oj-77]- .J-i :t}ojjJ-i '*-lf-i>j-"G12}JI.R,

Ai-tK>II.A.i ~!f-5fef
~6~10li.A.i ~~ill- ~[;f[::.f

7-fiii-Ofi.A.i ~T-2f OIOPiofCf

150 Korean Grammar iN 'lise Intermediate

0 ~7 12.~ .UI7~ (}jAil ~CZ!<'> I ~~I .UI2.1 ~A~ ~7~ -t~Liq . .:::12-l.::il~ A~~ .UI.2.~ ~~I .UI2.1
~A~ ~-7-011 CH<5HA1 OI0~7 1<5~.::il ~~Liq. q~ .::IE! ~ .!i!.::il '-C~2.~.:il!' ~ .A.~<5HA1 CH :2~
.gt~<5~AiiR.

.:X:fO~ o}7}2} -], o-]7-~1 ;:_ -&11 -1 \::}-7.} ~ 7 ~ ~q~J-.-jJl?

Of712.f l.:j], \::}-7.} ~-=jL7} o}? (1)qj_0J.f1[ ~glit::je{-2.2.. (l)J_'V_711 ;_~~q)
.:X:fO~ o-]~ L.j-2} l-.}~<{1 -3i {[o}Jl?
Of712.f %0-j .!1!.7-1 ~ ?,J-'V_- ~ r:~1 (2)
(~~ l-.}~Cj -3i :Q-q)
.:X:fO~ 71~ o-jrrJ1Jl? ~Jl?
Of7l2.f o}yJl, 71~ ~if" (3) . (~q)
.:X:fO~ 0
~
A Ol..Q.. <'>~q.Jl
2.2. '--'
"i>RJl?

Of712.f ~~ ~ ~r:J1Jl . .=z.ejJJ,-j .=I.tt}7.1 71% (4)

(uRJl 'V_q)
.:X:fO ~ J. ;:_ o-] ~ 711 <iJ ~ o-] Jl?
Of712.f "ii}C}:-6!j \:}-1:lJoJ1 ~o-j~ ~jl:l}7.1 ~ (5) . (<iJJl 'V_q)
.:X:fO~ f- l-.}~o1 .!f-')i~ "ii}Jl 'V_~o-]Jl?
Of7l2.f ~7-j c.Joj1J,l (6) . (o10l=71<5}q)
.:X:fO~ f- l-.}~o1 ~ o-j%~Jl?

Of7l2.f l.:Jl, o}? ~ (7) . (o-]%c.Jq)

.:X:fO~ .=z.~~Jl. f- l-.}~o1 ~~"5}~ ~39, 0-j Jl .

Of7l2.f 7-1.5:. .=z. 5& .Q_ ~ ~39. o-j Jl.

 ~
[ 66 )t

7~ {]o] ~0}!-~ t:i ovJ %Zi ~ ~ t:i]7} ~o-jl-~

JI!il 01 oj]Jl.
I'm worried because my house is so small that there's no more
room to put anything else.

But it looked really big when I went there last time.

7~ _2_~ ~ J-}:7-J-\::] 7]il-o]% :@_?J:o}7-]1to-]Jl?

Is the (company) president feeling better today?

q o}yJl, 0}77} .!l.Y7l} _2_~ ~i- JE:Ajoj

~ ~_2_l-] 1flcll..fL.
No, when I saw him earlier today, he still didn't look good.

OI.H~~ :21if~ qE~LH::: '-C-j-'f I::IH-f30 iq it-&~ AiiAI5f7-jq tr.!CH, ~~ qE~~ ITH Al5f-E '-{ 0 )LCiiR'
7f ~gt. ~EH~ Li cf. [[f2.fAi :i!f71 ~Oll cH~ u~o 1q ~. 01rt! it-&~ J;iiAI~ llH ~~ ifcHtgJ-2.1 ~:i!f tr.!CH1
::: -3:! ~ ~~ rrHAlgtLI c~.
This expression is the combined form of - Ci-, which indicates recollection, and -{.2.)L C11R. whic h indicates
background information and a contradictory or surprising situation. Accordingly, it is used when expressing
something contradictory to what the other person has just said or when expressing t he speaker's feelings of
surprise toward a past event or particular situation.
---------~--~-,

.3.:!CiiB.
A/V j
~ :!CiiB.

2.IA~e! CiiB.
5"'10
fAH 2{~ 01:!CiiB.
- - - - - ' - -- ------- -- - ----------------- ..- - - ' - - - - - ---- - -- - - -- ---- - - -- - --

152 Korean Grammar '~' Use Intermediate

7 ~ op~ ;,j~o] otzr *l~:A]Jl?
The exam (this time) was really easy, right?

q o}yA, :A-j~ :A]\:!- J-]~.!Jl..q ~ o-jifj ~t;JlA.

No, I actually found it harder than the last exam.

7~ o-jA~]o}3. J,1,]'6}Jl ~J-}'6}iJ_:A]Ji..?

You ate with Mark yesterday, right?

q l=Jl, o}3. J,/,]7} ~R g~ g otzr ~ ~ ~t:JlA.

Yes, Mark can (surprisingly} really eat Korean food.

7~ ;;<.}o]: J,/,]7} ~;..~o];;<,]Ji..?

Is Jaya a student?

q o}yA, ,<: <'>E-%J.ol~t:JlA. ~.lli. <if ,<: <'>Ee>il;,-1 ~'6}~c.}JlA.

No, (apparently} she works at a bank. (I observed that) she works at the bank in front of school.

1 Ol E~~ g.g %l.!"Oll M71~ '51-EC-ll OI[[H~ :CP12.I .g~~ Xii.A.I'5~7iLf :C,r71.2.~ ~CH1~ .g%1-~
Xii.A.I~Liq.
This expression is also used mid-sentence, but in such cases it is used to indicate a past situation or the
fact that the present situation is contrary to what the case was in the past.

ut3. J,l..]= ~~ J..t~ :Q-ot .!J.l..o]\}-c-j] ~~ ~t.f .!J.l..).-j]Jl.

Mark seemed like a good person, so you should meet him .

:.J. *o] ;;z.toF J,l..]oj]J-j] <>1%21\::l!OJ] 2Jl ~ -:0:-<>J.R?

That outfit looked good on you, Jaya, so why didn't you buy it?

<>]:7.-j]= 'i',fo] %1fl-c-j] _2_~ ~ II~<'>H.R.

Yesterday, it was really cold, but It is warm today.

2 i!tJiOll.gj-li. <!Oil CH5H.A.i ~ '-91/exie!CiiR'~ .A.I-~Liq,

When referring to things that ended in the past, -'X.t/'X;!\:'!Cil.>. is used.

7~ ~i;Jl J,1. ]7t ~ 7.]1..\J.Jl 'V_7.]Jl?

Is Eunhye faring well?

q t:j], '?il_ut {!oj] ::jJ..~ %~\}-c-j]Jl.

Yes, I heard she recently changed jobs.
 I
I
.2.1-g~ qE~LH~ '- C.i2fi1 R'.2.f '-t:!Cil.'~ C.f%i!.f ~~ ~fO I 7f ~~Lief.
The differences between -Ci2.f.:i:!..R and -e!C
il., both of which express recollection, are as follows.
~----~--~--- ------------------:---- ------------ --------------- ----------------------------------'7-------------------------~------

-C.i2.fjl. - t:!CiJ.
i!.f7i ~1 .21-g
.A.I- 71-5 .A.I- 71-5
Recollection of
Can be used Can be used
a past event

.A.I-~ * ~~- .A.I- 71-5

Cannot be used Can be used
i!.f7i1 ~011 CH5HAi
.gcHtgOI ~ ?.;!i!.f 7f ~ ~::} ?.j'?J" 7.Ro] 'il:t"dft? 7f ~ ~::} ?.j'?J" 7.Ro J ~~ft?
ttJCH1~ ~.z.tojq q o}y.fl.., 7.~~ 7.Ru]<V_Gj2.f.:ilil... (x) q o}L.J.fl... 7.l~ 7-RDJ'V.Jdr:iJ.fl... (o)
!~~~W ITH
-+ '- Ci2.f.:i:!..R' {J"CH'2J"2.12.j{1:i!f ~CH1e 2.1 -+ {l"CH\!J"2.1 2.1{1:i!f ~CH1e 2.1{1~ ~~
Expression of an
opinion or thought
{1~ ~~ UH!c J..l-~ * ~gLI Cf. ?;!~Ci lOl?;!g "- eJ'J!f ~~~ '--(.Q.)LCil'

about a past event

Cannot be used to express an ouO l 2.i~ ~{:10 1 'W I UHg~LI Cf.
opinion contrary to that expressed Can be used to express an opinion
that is contrary to
by another person. contrary to that expressed by
that expressed by
another person. This is possible
another person.
because of the combined meanings
of -el and --(.)LCil.
---------------------- ----------~------------ - .-- ---------------~------~-----~------------

~
[ 67}
1 7f Ejj .:rl_S:. ~ l:lflJf--7 ] 7 } Oi'fl7-1Jl?
Lf 0 }YJl, l:lfl %] ~y77} .A~ Z{.!i!_q <fl"lfl"G]l.R.

EHT:!.S::.~ tJH.sf-717f Oi ~ Cf tlH~ .!:2.LI77f {!!Zj".!:2.Cf 'BCf

~ 5:17 f ~q ~ Oi .!i!.Lillf {!!Zj".!i!.Cf 8" ~ q
~ tJH.sf-7f Ofi.!!!!Cf 1,1Ail .!i!.Lillf ~t'.il tt l{!. ~ ITH.!i!.Cf Oli.!!!!AI \'~Cf

2 7f ~~ ojjl=lJ2f:-;,.* ~.Q_ 2.-i ~ -%! ojj t:}GJ %0i Jl?

Lf J.:1l, 7-1 W.JIS:. oj]l=lJ-9-;,.* ~.Q.2.1 ..g. J,.}TfJ-~ 0 ] W"lfl"G]l.fL. ~J ()jltg~Af flu shot
or~ night view

~d Oli~-'?-A~ ~.2.i ~~011 CfL12.Cf Ai og,t.:il.S:. Oll '2t-'?-A~ ~2.2.i .g AfW~O I \'~Cf
OiAil 'cf~.!OII ~2.f7 fCf 'cfHOIIAi g .A.i~ 0F?30I Of-'?- OI%'8Cf
yy AAI7f 1~ ~og,t ~ j;:ICf

154 Korean Grammar iN 'lise Intermediate

....
1 '-t:!CUR'~ A~5HAi q~ CH~ -@!"~5~AiiR.
/. ~--~

{1) 7. ~;z.] 7} 2J1 o}~. ~oj] <?.!".2..;z.]? (~oJEloJl;,i ~.Jl <V_q)

q 0}77} ~oj] .2..q .!2.Lj77} ~OI'B!Ollf.--j ~jl OJ_"C-"j_1;(1.2..

{2) 7. OJ'7J .]7} ~{Ji>J -{?-lf-i>}A]Ji.? (12J.j77}Aj -{?-lf-i>}q)

q loj], oJ ~ WoJl.

(3) 7. Al7] ?}o} <V_~ ;,}~o] HcxJ]Ji.? (~~ ~oj] ;z.}o]: .]2J ~o] .2..1:})
q ;z.l . ~ 2~oJJi..

(4) 7. ~~ -]7} ojq oj] I,t;z.]Ji.? (o}77} ~-=jLil}.Jl ~o] ~;AJoj] 7}1:})
q

(5) 7. ojA~] {} ~~o] oJ~OlJi.? (~~7] 7} o}2f:- ~q)

q

7f ;z.]\:f 2f:-~oj] u}.3. .] {joj] 1:f~%;z.JJi.? u}.3. .] ~ ~ 7}77}%1Ji.?

q o}yi?.., J-~z[.!i:!.q {1)tli"C-"j.1;(1.2.. ;z.J t>}~. 1;,]{1-;Aj. ~~oJJi..

7. .:Z.ejJJi.? ;z.J t>}~oj] ).i 4jt:';j).-j ~ ~ ~7] ~ *1~01Ji.?

q o}L]Ji., ~-&~o ] ~Jt>R).i ~7]7} {2) _ _ _ _ _ __

7f .:z.'.W_~Ji.. ~ ~ 01rrJlJi.? JJR~t>}ft?

Lf loj], o}2f:- (3)_ _ _ _ __ __
7f D}.3. .]~ \:J"%J-~i>}.Jl ~0~ ~;z_] Ji.? \:J"%J-~. D}.3. .J j.1':J 7]7} 7L1Ji.?

q t;Jl, ;Aj~ (4) _ _ _ _ _ _ __

7. U}.3. .]7} Ji.c.] ~ ~i>RJi.?

Lf t;J], 0}2f'-(5) _ __ _ _ _ _
\t%J-~i>}.Jl ~ 0 1 ~.Jl7] ~ ~ ~ oj 9-<li ~ r:i] -?]~ ~<V_ t:-] 2}.JlJi..
 1

Q) o1~ ,<:_ :A~l o}o17} oJl ~Oil oq t'l 1(1_ 'fJ c;d o-J iL
~ o1~,<:_ :A~l o}017} oJl~Oil oqt'll(l 'f:}~r11Jl
@ o1~ ,<:_ :A~l o}o17} oJl ~Oil oq t'l Jti 'fJ G12.}~_g_
@ 01~,<:_ :A~l 0}017} oJl~oJl oqtl Jti 'f:} ,<:_ .2_0J01oJ1Jl
2

Q) 4j:J-J-~ ~ 5:_ .A~ 71G1 ~ _9_

@ 4j:J-J-~ ~s:_ ).~ ~ ;:_ -oR_g_ @ ~1-il} Ol r
-, 0 '--'- 2 -=
).lJ21 ?
0 2 = 0\-0l-t\.l,....
2 .M. -,..!:1.

7~ ~~~iF Oll'b'"?.A.~ W~OlR?

q Lil, - - - - - - - - - - -- - -

Q) BJ-o 1 o}n:: Gl~Jl ~ BJ-ol o}n:: ~ r11Jl

@ BJ-01 0} :IT G12.}~_g_ @ BJ-ol o}~~ -ci2.}~

7~ ;.::-j :; Q.J-~ 'CiO I ~ Ol~ ~ ~:::c-11 ~.A.I -rJ;.::I O~LI?

q Oj'@ rrH LH 7~
- - - - -- - - -- - - - - - -
Q) :A}? ~~ g Q_{ol?lfo} ~ 7-}-? ~ _2_c.:j ~g <?fol?lfo}
rrJ~ ;AL = c o o}il} _Q_oJ-ol:A}oL
~ 1"1 2. 2. o o 1..:0 I
1...:1..e. @ 7-}-? ~ c;d~7-1 .2_ ~ g <?fol?lfo}

5 Q) 7-1\!-"rOil 7} .!i!_~ -%-'fd Oil ~77}_g_?

~ o}7J} :A~1 7} o}1J_ ~ ~ TI1 ~ tlj 51 o-jil._?
@ Ljj~.ill. rrJ1 7-}-? 7}~ ~ L:JoJl r:fJ-1 7} .!i!_~ -iio-JiL.
@ !J'j-* 0 1 ~ ~RoJ1 1t<Xk ~ rrJ1 7-}-? 12:J~ g~o]Oil iL.

6 Q) Al ~ o-j :A~l ~~71 ~ ~ 12:J G1 2.J-~.

~ J 0lF71~ ~ ~ o-J n] Y ~l"'i 4j:-AJ-<5}-ci2.}~Jl .
A~17} o-J :A~l 0}712.} -1 {J oJl 7}Y 7!} ~-~ ~<'>J=Oil 7}G12.J-~.
@ {1 -2-J.1oJl -"R .. ).~ Zl ~ ~ 7]7119.1 %;;:I o1 3!J1 :@.?G1 2.J-~_g_.

'56
 7f o}oj 7} ~~ ~ ~o}.fL.
The child hugs a doll.

The child was held by the grandfather.

7f 0}3. .j7} .g. ~ ~ Oi.fL.

Mark opens the door.

The door opened. I The door is open.

01.R~~ ~01 2.1 sOl q := .A.~iM2.1 ~-5 rrH@Oll OI-9-01;J;I7~q 4-017~ ~~ ~ ?A!OI o~LI2.~ q := ~o1q
.A.~W ITHfEOll .:J.'E:i {,1':@0 1~ ~ ITH.A.~~Liq, Ol .R~ ~ ~!f. -.A.~Oll '-O I/'51/2.1/71-' ~ ~():j.A.i '2.!;;;Liq,
This expression is used when the subject's action or behavior occurs either because of an action performed
by someone else or because of some other indirect action performed by some person or thing. It is made by
attaching - OI/ol/2.1/7 1- to the verb stem. Note that only some verbs allow this affix.

c -.A.~
,v..q
+ - 0 l/'51/2.1/71- ---->

+ -01- MO!q
~q + -'51- ~ f51 q
wq + - 2.1- W2.lq
.lj!q + - 71- .!j!7lq
_____ .. __..
, ___ - - - ------------- -------
..

158 Korean Grammar ,;, 'lf.,e Intermediate

-...-.: MOl::: ITI@-.A.!-E C~:i!~ ~~ Liq.
--a 'Tlost common passive verbs are as follows.

Ol 51 2.1 71

~q ~Ol e~ gq '25lq ~q ~ 2.l q ~q R 7l q

:o put to be put to shut to be shut to hang to be hung to cut (off) to be cut
(off)
. .. . . , .....

j ~ilq t:l~1j11 q ~~ q ~~ 51 q ~q ~ 2.l q ~q ~7l q

:change to be to read to be read to listen to be to hold to be held
changed heard
... .. ... . ........ ...

.s!q .s!Oiq ~q ~5l q ~q ~ 2.l q ~q ~7l q

:o see to be to block to be to open to be to pursue to be
seen blocked opened pursued

..uq MOiq .gq .g5lq ~q ~2.l q ~q ~7l q

;:o use/write to be used/ to grab to be to sell to be to tear up to be torn
written grabbed sold
.... ........

.g.:J.q .g7lq 9:jq 9:151q cgJq cgJ 2.I q ~q ~7l q

to lock to be locked to eat to be to push to be to wash to be
eaten pushed/ washed
jostled
------------- --- -- - - -- - -

" ese single word passive expressions are used in the following forms. The original action form is shown on
:O'le right, and t his is changed to the passive form on the left.

(1)

~~ o] :>S~ofl~l {f~<>JJl. (:>S~o] ~~ g {f~<>jJl.)

The criminal was caught by the police. The police caught the criminal.

'?l 7r .JIOJo]oj]7]] ~7].Jl 'll<>J.fl... (.Jl0J'0] 7t '?j ~ ~.Jl 'lloJ.fl...)

The mouse is being chased by the cat. The cat is chasing the mouse.

Ol ~EH~ 'CJOI ~-'? CU::: -.A.~::: ~7 1 q, 9:l5lq lfolq ~71q ~5lq' ~01 exl~ Liq.
Some of the common verbs that take this form of the passive include ~71Cf. '2jolef. ~ICf. ~7 1Cf. and
~oiCf.
 -------------------- -- ----- --- ---~~~~-r--------------------------------------

(2)

NOI/7~ V + -OI/ol/2.1/71- ,_ (N ~/~ V)

A111c1-&- g Q{-0 1 ~ Cl.fl...

I can hear loud music. I'm listening to loud music.

A~1 ~~Jti.:Q':.7} l:l}fl~c>J.fl...

My phone number has changed. I changed my phone number.

01 ~EH ~01 ~-"?~~.A.~~ ~c! Cf. .!:i!.OICf. l::l~J?-Iq, ~o-lq_l"clq. ~2.1 q ~71q. ~2.1 q. ~:P I

q, @o!Cf :301 ~~Liq_

Some of the common verbs that take this form of the passive include ~2.1Cf. !1!.0 ICf. ti f-\1-ICf. ~clef. W2.lef.
~2.1Cf. i'P ief. ~ 2.lef. ~PICf. and '201Cf.

(3)

N20I/7~ N1otl V + - OI/ol/2.1/7 1- + -Of/01 ~q (N10ll N2 ~/~ V)

The clock is hanging on the wall. (I) hung the clock on the wall.

7}tlJoj :'3\j--'J ~ oJl ~o:j ~c>J.fl... (:3\j.AJ q.1oJ1 7}tlJ ~ '*~c>j.fl...)

The bag is (placed) on the desk. (I) placed the bag on the desk.

Oi ~EH ~01 ~ -"?~~.A.~~ 'MO!Cf. ~Ole~. ~Ole~. ~2.IC~. olq' :301 ~~Li q.
Some of the common verbs that take this form of the passive include ~O ief. ~Oief. ~fO I Cf. ~2.1 Cf. and
~cl ef.

1 7~ .R~ 1:f' 2 .31l 0 1 ~ 71 7} W0 }.R?

q 0 1.31l 0 1J..}lf:J-~011 ~1 W0 1 <i-l i>l ~ 1! {[ot.a.
2 -- ~ ~o I '2..!7 17 ~ Btef Ol ~OI.A.~-OIIlll 'CJO I ~c l ef
~-=jl-7~ 211 {!~ R~ef J;:lcl{;! vo l2.f.A.i {!!-7r a~ef
--1'-c!JO I 211 ~ef --1'-c!JOI ~OIIlli -~JH~~ HH~'3J~ef

2 7~ A1\:!-Jti011 _<f-cj7} ~0 1 J ~ J..}~ 0 1 Oi-c.] 011 ~Oi .R?

Lf A~1l:IJ- J:!l 011 ~ al ~ Oi.R..

J;:l \:_1-~011 ~2.l7f ~01 ~g Af-t! ~011 ~2.lef

All {!- ~ #Ei ~.g ~011 ~O i ef

J;:l \:_1-~011 '2:1-- ~ ~~lOll clef

160 Korean Grammar ;," 'lise- Intermediate

 7~ ~o1 o}TI}Jl?
(1)
q 1.:]1, 0 r~ oJ1 ~J~ Bi-" <j-ojlJ-i ~ 0 1 ~..!;'Eri l--i 0}TifJl.

7~ 211 .=2 ~ 711 h{~O 1 ~oi A?

(2) q ~~ oJ1l-i g Q{ ~2.1 7} t;j ..!f- 3.711- - - - - - -
-:g---~ ~ 97} ~ oi Jl.

(3)

{1) 7~ 211 ~oJ1

<j- ~oi7}Jl ~oiJl?
q .g.o1 ~&11 J,01.Sl. 7-1.:a- ~~7} ~ oi J-i ~ o~ 71t:f2-1Jl ~oiJl.

(2) 7~ oJ:::? -1 ~~
~ 0
'
no 1
'\..!.- L-

q .Jlo}%]Jl. t:fJ-1 %oiF~oiJl.

(3) 7~ 7-i 71 ~oJ1 ~~ "'}~~ H l-}~o1oJ1 Jl?
Lf Jl"O"J=oJ17-jJ{l lfL.2_ ~ J- }~ 01 oJ1Jl.
(4) 7~ ~-2- J-1.:Q-S:. 0}1J Ell 211 1 ~711 il 01 ?
q 7-l~oJJ l-i _:g-;.~ t>}Jl ~~ ~ ~o}Jl.

(5) 7~ ~ Jtl-oJl ..!f- <3! 01 ~oiJl?

.2..~ <j-~ ~ <j- 7}7-j.Jl Q}l-i <j-
q _2_~ l:l~- .g.~ oJ ojJ Jl. oJU:}7} 7-~J -:g--3}j ~ .!I!.o:j ~71]Jl.
 ~
( 70 )!
7~ ..<f-~ 1fr ~Fr ~<)t.Jl cct:A11 ~"'}%f7J}Jl?
When shall we eat with our classmates?

q .A-1 ~ 0 Pf- IT11Y- :@.?i0 }Jl. <2f4f0 1 .Aj till.Al~ ~21

"T-.Ai1Jl.
Anytime's fine with me. Please let me know when the details get
decided.

Why are you having such a hard time writing?

q ~~01 <}- ~2_ :;! ~O}Jl. ~~17} ~ <{}- ~l~Jl..

I think there's a problem with my pen. It doesn't write well.

Ol .!.~ 801 III~:X~ iEJ ~01.2.1 ~~01 c~~ A~'S.2.l ~~ ITH-l'E-Oll OI~01A:I7~q ~01 7 ~ ~~ ~ .:;.:!01 O~LI 2.~

q ~ ~o 1q A~'SrrHiEOli.:J.iC! ~%!-O I ~~ rrH Af-gLiq. rrls~ ~c:::: '-OI/o l/2.1/7 1-'7 ~ *:AI ?tt::: ~A~I
*OjAi Af-gLiq.
Similar to the previous passive form in which an affix was added to the verb stem, this expression is also
used when the subject's action or behavior occurs either because of an action performed by someone else
or because of some other indirect action performed by some person or thing. However, note that t his form is
only used with those verbs to which an affix -01/5 1/2.1/71- cannot be attached.

7~Z!OlR
-0~/01Z!01R
.UiZ!OlR
:- : ....
i : 7~A:~R
v ~;;H
.UiA:~R

7f~ 7~ 0liR
DI~H I "}~
JJ.f~ 7~ OIIR
.
-------------------------~
. - -- - -- -- ------~---------~-

162 Korean Grammar ,;., u . IP . Intermediate

 %1:Jl ~::}7j- ~ ?;j~A. JI.AJ-o1 \::1" 3:! ~oJ-Jl.
My cell phone won 't turn on. It seems broken.

ri31J7j- cj- %Oj-~A1 7j-l:lJ-oj1~~01 A~~c1Jl.

The coffee spilled out , and the bag became stained.

c1::9NJ-o]1A~17J- ~#E1~ ~TIJI-1):~1:11 ]-{H1~c1 L.J-Y 77J- 7Jj~ <ll~e>lA.

Last night, I went to sleep without turning off the computer, and in the morning, I awoke to find that it had
turned off.

1 ~ ~Oll '-0 ~/0iAICP~ ~ 0 ~ Cj%2~ ~~ ~ EH7 ~ -EJLiq.

When -OfiOiXICf is added to an action verb, it changes as follows.
~----~~~~---- ----~

NOI/7~ v + -0 ~/0iAiq (N ~/:i V)

2 O I.H.~~ '- OI/ol/2.l/7 l- '7f ~AI ~~ -)..fOil A~ofA I~ R~Oll~ '- OI/ol/2.l/7 l-'7f ~ ~-)..fOil
.S:. A~oj-E ~Sf.7 f <ll~ Li q.
Note that while this expression is supposed to only be used with verbs to which an affix -0 l/51/2.1171-
does not attach, in recent years its use has grown to include such verbs.

~~ ~~ojJl. - ~::l-7]- ~~ojJl. I ~oj~ojJl_

The phone call ended.

-t'-:?Jle>ll ~-1 ~ ~ojJl_ - -t'-:?Jle>ll ~-]7]- ~o:J ~ojJl_ I -i71 ~ojJl_

Letters are written in the notebook.

3 ~.g."'f .!f!Oll -of/OiAiq ~ ..v.~ .gEH2.1~~ LfE.f~Li q. o l-3:!~ ~E- 87=110ll"'i l:lHU.~ ~.:il
ofAIJ I t:Jf'EtLiq.
The form - OfiOiXICf can be added to adjectives to express a change in state. Please see in the beginning
level for more details about this form .

o]t..j- .]7]- :>:j'?{ oj]llllj~ ojJl.

Mina has really become pretty.

;;.a~~ -crR-"i BJoJ llR-3:-~~ojJl.

I t idied up the room, and it became clean.
_ _j
- - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - -- -

163
1 7f ~-qj~::j-7} <>1~~1 .Jl:AJ-o] xt<>l..R? (7;1'
q ~7.} tl-j ~ o] ~ ~2-l ~Jl.. Q!j~ liquid crystal

~:q ttle~ <c.t ~.sq

~~~<c.!" 7=1Cf
~ Oj~2.~Ai Q!j~~ ~q

2 7f lr-7} .f}-t:q7c}-~ ~<>1...?

q ~ .2~<>1.... o}~oj] .!il..l-177} ll~ Ai ~~<>1Jl..

~2.~~~7JHCf O~Oil .!i!Lillf 7JHCf

lc!j:gJ:!.~ D lef ~Oil ~f1- .!i!LI D lef

j:il:~Oil ~.2LI77f 7=1Cf

1 '-0~/0P~ Ir.F ~ A~aHAi q:; cH~ .!tt~c5~AiiR.

(1) 7f o] -:-oj] ~~o] %~<>1J3... (~ 7.]-i>--c.J-)

Lf J-i] l2f~oj] ~~ :::= l:J] Oj f-19=1~01.2..

(2) 7f 2Jl -=z.~ Jj] ~~ lf.:A3o]oj]J3..? (77Rc.J-)

q %2-J~o] q~ ~~Ol.B..

(3) 7f ~-]7} t:l.!f- #Yllr ~2-J ~oJ ..2.~ w39.<>1J3... (7lc.J-2.J c.J-)

2 -oUOJAir.F~ A~aHAi q:; cH~ .!tt~c5~AiiR.

(1) 7f 2ll 7-JT c.j-J.j % <>1};!}.B.? (J.}-iJ ~ ~ ~q)

q .::?o] -]7} ~.:g.~q:::= Hf-JOI Oj Dt01fi'l.2..

(2) 7f o:j ;;%7} 1IJ1 o:j~ ~ 7Q-oj ~7l}-J3..? (~o ] '[t<>1J.i oJ-{io] q )
q 7.-j. 7}-i!. {i7.]~
------------------
(3) 7f -&~ ~oj] ~~ ~..2..~ ~ .!9:::= ~o] ~7.] J3..? (~ ~ ~ ~ 7.]7]c.j-)
q 41. "5}7.]~ - - -- - -- --

164 Korean Grammar in <lf.)"e Intermediate

 Is it true that Jaya is in the hospital?

She got in a traffic accident a few days ago and was hospitalized.

Have you gotten along better with your husband lately?

Lf 1=]1, Ai~ o]Of7] ~ BfOj "B ~ojj Ai~ ~

o]<5Hi>}~ ~~OiJl .
Yes, we came to understand each other better after we talked
about a lot of things.

: ;:~~III ~ .H.~~ rrH .A.f1 ~C~I Gilt! <JOI ~01.2.1 1:AI2~ Blll ~01 <1011 rrH .A.fgJ-Liq.
-- s expression is used to exp ress the passive in cases in which the subject 's will or intention is not
- olved.

-7il jq
/~q 7~7il 1~01R
-Jil 1~01R
9:jq 9:l7il 1~0lR
... ... ..
/~q
v -7il !1R 9:jq
... ................ ...... - ......
7 ~q 7~7il ~ 7~0!1R
-7il 1
2 7~0!1R
9:jq 9:j7il ~ 7~0!1R
----~--.._ _____________________________ ___:. ________ ~--------~----- ------ ----------

"tR~ %~ Q.}--"-1 .:Q-\:J.-!f-E-1 -"1%D111!-Jll :!9~<>lA.

I came to Korea to study, and from last year I came to live in Seoul.

Because my friend likes this store, I have come to frequent it often, too.

r:f% ~71Dl1 ~ 7 ~ 01 ...!f. JI.15J=~ %0 }7}JI. ~1~ Pr "tRD11\fJll ~ ~ ~1-o}A.

Next semester, all of my friends will go back home, and it looks like I alone will be left in Korea.
 1 01R~ ~ ~;x;H OI~Oi{! ~o1q ~~. ~Oil cH<SH.A:f:: :!!Pi ~EH~ '-.7-U 1~0iR'~ Bt'OI AI~LI
q, '-.7-U 1~0iR':: ~O!Ai '-7-11!0jR'~ Af"5f71 ~Li q.
This expression is often used in the form -7111?.J.Oj. to indicate a state or situation that has come to be
true in the present, or that has been decided. It can be shortened to -711 )!0j. .

. ~ .q .A}~o] ~ ~oJ-.Ai o]l;li ~<>11 ~.A~ .:Z.~.!f-711 ~~e>1Ji..

Our company is financial trouble, so I quit working at the company this month.

2 Ol R~~ J;:f~OliJ-11 ~Oi'd ~~ ~~~oj ;x; j crlJ-11.!:;:!.c~pjj R~5f.:il {,!~ rrHAl5f71 ~Liq. Ol
~7-11 ~Pl! ~p-jq ~~ ITH ~~~.2. R~~ ITH~q ~0-g[~ ~ *
This expression is also used when the speaker wants to tell another person something that happened
~~ Lj q,

to him or her in an indirect and gentle manner. Using such forms allows conversat ions with others to
progress more smoothly compared to when more direct expressions are used.

: Ol~. ' ~Q.t~ ~CUgLI Cf.'.ti!.Cf ~E.~711 .H~~ ~~Lief.

This form is a gentler way of expressing ~2!"~ ~CUgLICf.

3 Ol R~~ ~.f2.1 ~:L!f~ qEf~ ITH AI~Liq.

This expression is also used to express the result of a change.

~>g<>!l:: ;7 ~ ~~0 r~ ::t:il 'itA} {)_-=jL2}7.\-9-Ji!.cf.!i!.\..j ~Oj-<5}711 ~~ojJi.,

I used to dislike soccer, but after watching it a lot with my boyfriend, I came to like it.

{17 ~:L!J- .x.2Jl~<>ll 71-.Ai 7.\-9- <?!*<S}l..J77r x2Jl ~ ~<51-711 ~~e>1.R.

After going to a noraebang to practice karaoke with my friends a lot, I (have come to be able to) sing well.

1 7~ ~RoJl Q]l ~Oi .R?

q .iii.~~;,~ .Q.. ~"&] J.i ~S}oj] ..2..:7l] ~ 9i cJi .R.

~~12/1 .2.Cf iil~~~ ~6:J.A.i ~~Oil .2.C~

~* .UI7~ OJ!::. ~IAI<>II ~~6~Cf c~ ~!f.Ef !f.~ :2j.A.f<>II.A.i ~6~~
A Is ~.Jl '1!-t= 6~~~ OJ~711 ~q -tJ.:r2.1 .1:.7H~ ~t-c~

2 7~ _!f-AJ.Q.. 0]).~ ~ 7-joj].R?

q 1=1], \:f~ .?,j.AJ- n:}Jif-oj] 7}/ll ~9iOiJl.. ~.A.f7f~ lq

to have poor sales

~ oI.A.~ 7~Cf 'BJtl ~~ rrtlg.OJI 7 ~q

7~/ll~gq ~.A.~7~ ~ v fi.A.i ~ gq
c~ ~Oil t:!AI~I~ ~ q ~~01 2.1-ff 1/~0ll ~q

166 Korean Grammar ut 9-ae Intermediate

(1) 7~ 7-1g.!f-E-j ~;z} {f~o-jJl?

q ;z11J~011 ~ 0 1 {[~ ~.::;z-7} o 1 ;.~ 7}J.-1 -!7-r f...J:1ll :!qOJ.01.2..

(2) 7~ o-j ~711 \:f;<.} ~ 7 ~ 1{1-Jfo-jJl?

q ~R011 1:i;z1 -8:- ~.::;z-~ ~.7~

(3) 7~ QJ1 ~ ~ 6 ~ ~"1'91 o-J Jl?

q 0}~ ;<.1 7} i>}c}JL "5}!-~.Ai

(4) 7~ If "r!- -1 ~ Jlti ~ ;<.}9- i>N=- -3:1 :Q-o}Jl.

q ~R011 Qf"'-1 ~;z} J.}y 7.7} Jlti ~ ;<.}9-

(5) 7~ ~ 01 -1~ o-J~711 ~o}Jl?

Lf ;<.1\:t '&71011 ~~ ~~ ~ ~o-J.Ai

r---- -~ - -~ -~---------~~-------- -- - ~- --------~~----~----- ----~-~-------------~------- ----- -----------------~- -- ----- -- ------------------------- --J

4!b o7 lq A.~'Ef-o~q ~c~ ~ -o~q S!q

'------------- ----------------------- --------------------------------- - - - - - - - - -- ------ ----------------------------------------------------------- -----

{1~ -1 ~ ~J.}7} Y.!f-- ~o-jJ.-j {1011"'-1 7}7.7}-& x2- (1)~ll1il :!qOJ.7-1.t "'R ~J.}7} o}%011

~;z1 ~'Xk~Yr:f. ~clV-1 {:l{:l ~i>} ~ -3:1011%o1~ (2)- -- -- -- -- -- -- - - -- - - -- -

 G) ~~ ~~o-j _8_ ~::}7} ~~ o-j _8_
@ ~::]-7} <:d %o-] _g_ @ ~~ * ~~o-j _8_

2 7~ ~ ~ q~OiR?
q Lil, O~~OH I:TjA 8"01 ~lfoHAi q::: A~'EJOll/il _________ _

G) ~~o-j_8_ ~~o-j_g_
@ ~aj ~ o-j _g_ @ ~~ ~ ~o}_8_

3 7~ Ai~ OIA~ 7 ~~q'2:!AiR?

L~ Lil. 0~01~ ~!f. rrHgOll __________

G) ol .A} 7}.5:.~ "5~_8_ ol.A} 7}7-11 1 ~o-j _8_

@ ol.A} ~ ~ ~~o-jJl @ ol.A} 7}e;j ~ ~Ol OilJl

CD t.RC>il 2t.Al ?:l- 01 9:1 ~ l:l}'ftOil %%"-5Hil,o-]Jl.

~-1 7} ~.!- -1-]77} U:l*~ *01 71-c.J-v)?r]Jl.
@ %"&~ 7}.=1!.1i.Al~ ~ol ~o-j;.l .Aj-JfL cJ~ o:j ?:JJl.
@ 2.}-u}Q.j {f%.Ati_g- AJI(! ~ .!i!..=t!. -t:-%ol ~o}il,o-] Jl.

G) %).~ 01 Jlj-.A~ Q:jaj ~~ Jl.

l:l}iftol ~o-j).l ~ol ~-7-11 1 ~o-]Jl.
@ ..8_ '8-::1-9.] -t:-ol ~~ ?:J .Al -c.J-.Al %~o-]Jl.
@ 7-1~ t.RoJl .g. ~Oil 7-1 g .Q.. 52.l .:;:;-Oil ;.l1fo }~o-j Jl.

G) 1:!:1 Oil .Al:l-117} ~ 2j ~ o-]Jl.

~AJoJl ~ol ~7;] ~o-] Jl.
@ ~).J ~ Oil 7}1:1J ol "*o:j ~o-]Jl.
@ ~).J Aac.J ~ *"5~ Al ~ol '*o:J
Uo-]Jl.

168
 Why is Jinju crying?

q ..2Jlll}7} ~9-~ %~~ ~ Jl .

Her big brother made her (Jinju) cry.

7f ot717r w~ J;I:j-;;t-1-ct.
The baby eats.

The mother makes the baby eat.

Ol R~~ ~1-9-0.P ~ ,J,.~'SOi q ~. ),.~ ~Oil Ol't! ~(5~ <Wil 5V-Jq Ol't! ~EHOll O l~~ ol-e 3:! ~
2.ID lg)"LI q _~!f. -(5-,1,.~2~ ~g,1,.~ 01-l.i"Oll '- 0 l/ol/2.1/71/~/??--' ~ ~Q:j,J,.i '2_!~ Ll q_
This expression means t hat the subject makes person(s), animal(s), object(s), or other similar t hings d o
something or come to a certain state. This form is made by adding -O I/ol/2.1/71/~/~- to the stems of some
verbs and adjectives.

+ -o 1/ol/2.1/7 1/~/??-- ,J,.~N

.. ~ 4-----~~-----~

r:!:jq + -01- r:!:J Oiq

cr,tq + - ol- CC,tolq
~q + - 2.1- ~2.l q
-:q + -71- -:7lq
77Hq - .5f.- 77H~q
+
~q + ...
-* - ~??-q

170 Korean Grammar u~ '1'/.~e- Intcrmediate

--?MOl:: .A.f.A.f-E Cj%.i!~ ~~Li q.
-~e most common causative verbs are as fo llows.

Ol 2.1 71 ...
0

~q ~ 01 q ~q ~~ i>l q cyq 't2.l q ~q ; ~7 l q 7JHq ' 7JH~q ~q

to eat ! to feed ; read ! to make to 1to make to laugh : to make to . to wake to be to
! make eat read know : known laugh wake : (some late post-
up ! one) up pone;
to
delay

~q ~01 q ~q ~c51 q ~q ~2.1 c~ ~q ~7l q :;qq J\H~q 3;!"q 3;!".:;s.q

to die to kill to sit : to seat (a to live to let to to to to to be to
' person) live under- entrust sleep cause low lower
take to sleep

.s:!.q .s:!.OI C~ ~q
to see to show to lie to put to cry to make to take to cause to ride to give
down (some cry off to take a ride
-one) to off
bed

~q ~01 q CfJq CfJi>lq ~q ~ 2.l q ~q ~7 l q .A.-jq Ai l~q

to be to to wear to dress to to make to wash to have to to make
deceived i deceive (make listen heard a person stand; stand
wear) wash to ! (up); to
stop make
stop

~q ~01 q Q.jq Q.Ji>lq ?::) q . ~ 2.l q ~q ~7l q Mq ~~~q

to melt ! to (cause become 1 to make to . to make to lose to let a to put to cover
to) melt ripe; to j ripe; to walk walk a meal; person on; to a thing
ripen; : boil; to to go wear : with; to
to be cook starve hungry ' put on
cooked

~q ~01 q wq Wi>lq .gq : .g2.l q bf"q b'"7lq

to boil ! to (cause to be i to hit (the to to let to wash to wash
' to) boil hit; : mark); play play (one's) (some-
to be to guess hair one's)
correct correctly hair

~q ~01 q '2ijq
to stick to stick to be to widen to to turn to to leave
to; be (some- wide turn (some- remain; (behind)
affized to thing) to; thing) to be :
to affi x left
(some- (behind) !
thing)
'--------- --------- --------------- ------------ - -- - --------
1~ .gj~Oll <1!~ ~ ~ EH l::t~1117ll ~ Li q.
Causative expressions are formed in t he following ways. The action, or intransitive, forms of verbs given in
the sentences on the right are changed to the appropriate causative forms in the sentences on the left.

(1)

N20I/7t Nt ~/::i V + -OI/O"I/2.1/7 1/~/~-

q~]o]oJ -]7} 7-}o): ~1 ~ -:-'iJ.OiA. (7-}o): ~]7} * .Jl ~CiA .)
Weiming made Jaya laugh. Jaya is laughing .

'?:]oJ-7} o}o] ~ g_ 77H~OiA.

The mother woke up the boys. The boys woke up.

4'-~ ~] 7} 7-jn:j ~ o}).jajJl %% ~o] .Jl ~CiA.

Suyeong is boiling water to drink coffee. The water is boiling.
----- ----------- --------- ------------------- - - -

(2) .=s:.
C> C>

$:~ ~] 7} ~ 7 ~ oflll] iil.~~ ).}~~ g .!i!.oj ~CiA.

Soyeong showed the wedding photos to her friends. Her friends saw the photos.

~o] ~] 7} ~.A~ ~ ofl7ll ~g p,fo] ~ ~ 1.-J-cf. (~A~ ~ o] ~% p,fo] ~ CiA. )

Yeongmi makes the students read lots of books. The students read a lot of books.

i,l-o}l:l-]7.]7)- oJ-o] ~ ofl;zJ] ~';[o ] o):7] ~ ~ Pj-?A~A. (o}o] ~ o] ~oJ-1:1-]7-]Qj

Grandpa lets the children hear (=he tells) a story from a o]o):7] ~ -A}-? ~ CiA.)
long time ago.
The children often listen to
Grandpa's stories.

(3) A~ .=s:.
C>C>

N20I/lt N t ~/~ A + -O I/O" I/2.1/7 1/~/~-

o}o]~ o] t~J g_ c-j~ ~..~-1.-J-cf. (t~Jo] c-j~ <frl.-j q .)

The children dirtied the room. The room is dirty.

oJ-tRIJ-7} .Qj7.J-.Qj -fro ]~ ';;t1l~1.-Jt:l-. (.Qj7.}.Qj -fr0] 7} ';;t%1.-J-cf.)

Father lowered the height of the chair. The height of the chair is low.

- 72 Korean Grammar ut 'l/.re Intermediate

1 ~A~ %011:: TII~:i!~ A~ ~EH7~ ~~ 5101 <U:=c~l @0!011Ai .:r~~ ~Li q.
The passive and causative forms of some verbs are identical, so these verbs must be differentiated by the
contexts in whic h they are used.

oj ~~ i'J"~ ;,j-~~oj]rj] ~~irYcf.

This book has been read by many people . - Passive

-jl-~'i:J ~ ~9oJlrll ~ ~ ~~irt..JcJ-.

The teacher made Yeongsu read the book. -Causative

The ocean can be seen from our room. - Passive

I let a friend see a picture of my boyfriend. -Causative

TII~:i!~ A~2.1 ~EH 7~ ~~ 51 %011 I'JOI MOl:: 51~ q-@-1!~ ~~LIC~.

Some of the most commonly used verbs with identical passive and causative forms are given below.

~ 7 ]c}

<3 ~'III~ qE[~ ITW~ ~~o[AiiR

See Chapter 9 Passive Expressions.

2 A~:i!~ TII~2.l ~EH 7 ~ ~~ ~~OI7~Lf ~ ~ ~AI 'ri~ ~~0112.~5:. A~ ~EH~ ~~<'>P.il f>~.::L!. ~~
([H:: '-0~/~ ~q ~ ~<E:l Liq.
Regardless of whether the causative and passive forms of a verb are the same, it is possible to make it
unambiguously causative by adding - Of/OJ ;;;;.q.

4c.f:::= t:ie~%]~ .I!. 0J=o] ~ ~Xl.~R.

= c.f4:::= t:i ~%]~ J:!.OJ=o] ~ ~7-j ~~.fL.
Lala gave the dirty cat a bath .

<tJuJ-:::= oj-o]oj]rj] o:j]~ -"r.!f-~ ~XJ.irY!:J-.

= <tJ uJ-:::= oj-o]oj]rj] o:j]~ -"r.!f- ~ ~7-j ~irY!:J-.
The mother had the child wear some pretty shoes.
1 7~ ~OiJ !I:_A E <)}_oj EfOJ ~<Ji ~l:jJJl.
lj!A E ~
q Al~ -'3'-Jl~ lf !I_o}q - !I:_AE<)}_g_ ~Ol~~Jl. Post- it note

~Ojl :Y:AE<;JOI \:'JOI ~Oj '1/Cf A-j~ ~.~ ~D~Cf lji.A E <;J~ ~O i ef

-'?'6f()j1Ai ~0 I ~.ll '1/Cf 7-j ii.I~ D ~A I.ll {,!OjA-j ~ ~OI.ll '1/Cf

O~OI~OI '6f()jiAi ;: ~Jl '1/Cf ~Df7 ~ 9AI'2"! o~~~~ xH~Cf

to entrust

O~l()ji 7JI IT~~~ ~o i Cf

Ol ~g ~')" ~g ~O i ef ~2.1 O ~OIOjl 7il.s=. ~ol ef

'2..!~2. AAI7 ~ ~~ ~')" ~fef O l ~ ~~ ::L A~Oji7JI ~7 1 Cf

~
..
)- '

'f)0.
..
-
J

u:'
(4~
.. , ,_. :::. .

(4) -fl-7-J-%! ~ ~ ----------

J_1_ .2.7.}s:_ ------------

1 74 Korean Grammar ,;, 'll.se Intermediate

 ~
( 76 ) 1

I'm sorry for being late.

How could you make me wait for a whole hour?

7~ 7-}0l= -]oj]~] ~Pj.Jl ~ j1-0]oj]Jl.

I bought this flower to give to you, Jaya.

q 1"j~o]Jl? OJ7J -j ~ 7-l ~ Li.!f'- ~~i>}~j ti1Jl.

Really? Yang Gang, you've really made my day.

1 Ol IE~:= <Wt! .A.PsOlllll Oj't] ~~~ f>~~~ .A.Iflct~ QjDI ~.A.~ Cl-@-011'-lll f>~cV ~ ~Oj .A.~g[Lict.
A~A~~ ITH ~ 'N10 I/7~ N~/~ V- lll f>~ct' .A.~f>~I!. E~~.A.~~ ITH ~ 'N10 I/7 ~ N20lllll V-lll f>~ct'
.A.~g[Li q.
This expression is used to indicate t hat the subject makes someone else do some behavior. It is formed
by adding - /ll 5fC.t to the verb stem. With intransitive verbs N10I/7t N 2~/~ V-/ll 5fC.t is used, w hile with
transitive verbs N1 0I/7t N20ll/ll V-Jil5fC.t is used.

:rl~lll i;~q
A/V *llll iitq
* lq
... - - .......
~- --~---- ----------- -- --- --------- ---------------------

.Aj-"~~~p,-j~ ~-"~~ g 1~ %~ 41:1 ~H:lc>lA.

The teacher made the students rest for 10 minutes.

0 1-B-]7-1~ ?::1011711 ~~~ '?f011.A-j TI1}~ ~ :7.]:1 ~H:lc>lA.

Juhee's father made her play the piano in front of the guests.

.ill.*~ ~ ~-"~~Di1711 -i?-A~77}7-] 4i-:Ai] ~

The professor had the students turn in their homework by Friday.
YJ 71] ~H:lc>lA.
2 Ol E~~ ~-A~ q:;on '- lil 5~cp~ .2~ ::1.. A~'M~ Oj~ ~EH 7~ 17il ~q::: QJDI7~ ~Li q. OIIT!I :::
'N10I/7~ Nz~/~ A-lii 5~q A~-~Liq.
When -711 ofCf is used after adjectives, it indicates that the subject causes another person to be in the
state described by the adjective. In this case, the form N101/7f N 2~/~ A- 7'11 is used.

o }.3. ~~ ~ ~:I ~ t-i W0 1<5H).i % .:r-1~~ <5Jlll.

Mark annoyed me (= made me feel annoyed) with all of his questions.

Jl~ ;<i~ ~i>}'lj 3"~ ~~oj EfO] ).~~<>JJl.

A lot of things have happened recently to make me feel depressed.

3 Ol .H.~~ OjCt"! A~'MO I Oj~ ~!H5 ~ 5f-E ~~ 5~~5~7-jq 51~5~A:I ?J:::q::: .2.I DI.S:. ~~Li q. OI[H '-Jil
5~q'.1 '5~q::: '5~~5~q'.1 2.JO J7~ ~Lief.
This expression can also refer to a person either giving or not giving another person permission to do
something. In this case, the ofCf part of - 711ofCf actually carries the meaning of Oj~fef (permit) .

<>lo-1'-1 ~ 0}0]7} i>}f-oJl ~ ).j{} %~~ ~ej]l:l]~g_ .!i!.'ll <5Jlll.

The mother lets her child watch TV for one hour a day.

.!f-.2.~ .':_ 7.~] 7} ~;;:: '1] * Lf7}'l] t>K:J.<>JJl. My parents won 't let me leave the house late at night.

1 Oj~ A~'MOI Ojrt"! ~(5~ 5~A: I l'ilil ~cf-E .2.IDI A~W llH ::: ~ -7il5~q' A~~Liq.
When used to indicate the prohibition of some action by somebody, the form ~ - 7'11 ofCf is used.

till"?-1:: o}ol ~ ol o}o]~~ :?, 'li t;!;j 7-]] ~1-Jr:.J-. (x )

~ till"? -1 :: o}ol ~ o1 o}ol~3..~% *
t;!;j7JI i)-1-Jr:f. (o)
Hyesu doesn't let the children eat ice cream.

7-}71 tlJ"ojl 'li %oj..7-Jl i;~..fl.. (X)

<d_ 1..-j :: {)::}~ LijJ::
*
- <d 1..-j:: {!::!-~ LijJ :: 7.]-71 tlJ-"11 %oJ..2..7-ll i;~..fl.. ( 0)
When my big sister is on the phone, she won't let anyone in her room.

2 '-.S:.~ 5~qq '-lil '2!~q.s:. '- Jil 5~q2.~ l::ll ~~ QJD I A~~Liq.
Two variants of this expression, -~ ofCf and - 7'11 rel~Cf. can also be used to express the same
meaning as - 7'11 5fCf.

j11_4-'c] .':. ~.~-~ ~ "117-Jl ~:?, ~io-J ..2..7-]l -&H1o-J..R.

= j11_4-'c].':. ~.1-~ ~ "117-Jl ~:?, %-Jo-j ..2...~-&"j-il_o-j..fl..
The professor had the students read the book (before coming to class).

~ttl -1:: 0 }0 *
17} P r '#"11 l-}-7}7-JI ~o;..a..
*
= ~ ttl -1:: r l7r P r '#"11 Y.7rs:..~ ~o;..a..
0 0

Gyeongmin prevented her child from going outside alone.

.':.till -1:: % *7-11-6}-E .1-}~ol "ll..R.

= .':.till -1:: % *7-11~i=- J-}~ololi..R. Eunhye makes me laugh.

176 Korean Grammar u1 'ltre Intermediate

 ::J_ ~-%)_~
0}712.} -17} "'" %cJ1~~ "'}711 ~o-J il...
= :1. ~-%!~ 0}712.} -17r "'" %cJ1~~ "'r711 ~~o-Jil...
That employee got Akira to buy a new mobile phone.

~Atq ~~Atoll '-OI/o l/2.1/7 1/~/~- ~ ~OI7~q '-7-ll otCV~():j At~ ~c:::: -?,:!~ ~AI~ Ct:ilt
~~ ~tol7r cv-;;;;Lict.
While the causative can be formed by either adding -01/oi/2.1/71/Ef./~- or -711 ofCf to verbs and adjectives,
these forms are different in the following ways.

-0 l/151/2.1/71/~/ff$--

(1) '-0 1/oi/2.1/71/Ef./~-E ~.! 80i011'2.f A~LICf. (1) '-711 ofCFE- - 8 0i011 A~ 4- ~B'LICf.
o1/ol/2.1/7 1/.!p---, and -~-can only be used with -711 ofCf can be used with all verbs and
some verbs and adjectives. adjectives.

-&~ii}t:f- -&~ii}o1t:f (x) -&~ii}t:f- -&~<5}711<5}t:f (0)

-&~<5}711 ii}t:f ( 0) 'il c.} - 'il711<5}1:.} (0)

'il <51t:j ( 0)

(2) ~QI ?Oj7f e~ ~ 017i Lf 5HAi ~~~'2.! ~~
~CfE- ~~ LfEf't!JLICf.
This indicates that the subject of the sentence
performs some direct action, such as, the use
of the hands.
(2) ~QI -'?Oi7f W~ 5HAi .:J. AICMOI ~~ of.S:.~ of
E- ~ -'?Oi7f ~~ tt]jloi-E ~g of't;JLICf.
The subject of the sentence verbally makes
someone else do something; the subject has
no direct physical connection to the action .

.... 'Ejof}f ~ ~OlAi O fO I ~ ~ 7 1-E- ~~~'2.!
~~~Lief.
The mother uses her hands to directly
perform the action of wash ing the child.
... 'Ejo j-E -~O I A: I 'rJ.:il OfOIOI1711 W~ ofOl Of017f
~E- ~ Wll ~Lief. ~~~~ofA: I 'Gl
-Lic.t.
The mother tells the child to wash himself
without physically doing the action herself;
the mother is not directly involved.

10. A~%% qe~';ll o:fl 1 77

1
J.Argqq to feel frustrated;
to be impat ient
\3~.6.'E)Cf to feel embarrassed

gJ-~ Qf~ .A.Il.f~ ~ :XI7V,i :xi~ :2fLfCf

L=l.! !f.Sf~ '[JO I i5H.A.i :Xi~ ;fgLfCf
7H<i'J~<(! ~~ 'CJOI <>H.A.i :Xi~ 'a%1-!:::.~Cf

2 7f 0 )-0 17} % 0 1Q{t>H.Ai Z:J7.jo1o]1R. e>l~~1 -o}li:l f ~771-R?

.g~~ well-balanced
Lf g~ ~ ~.Jlif- ~ ~1 t>P,ilA. =z.~ Zl 7Jt>H~ 7-191R. \! (to do something) less
7f7710 1Ai up close
E-OI Q{'Bfcf
~-}E:illi<E:l~ L=l.! 'CJO I ofef ~~Oil Lf7f.A.1 ~q 1 ~-}Eilli<E:l ' ofef
'!~It:! I~~ 7f77fOI.A.1 ~ .s:!.Cf I t:OI C
-j LflJUf:XI:XI cr.tef

178 Korean Grammar iN 'll.se- Intermediate

J~3. JJ.I1 7~~~:12~ -B.:r~:= 0~3. .UI7~ .!.F-<3!~ f>~JII gj-Lim? .!.F-<3!~ ~ f>~JII gj-LIJ7~? q:; .:IE!~
~ '-JII f>~cr~ .A.~a-H.A.i ~~~ .gt~f>~AiiR.

1)

2) ~ :r ~ ,<:_ uj-3. -1 ~ -------------------------

3) o)-1:1-]7-1 ~ uj-3. -17)- _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __

e>io-JY~ uj-3. -17)- _ _ __ _ _ __ __

'1J ,<:_ uj-3. -17)- _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _

3)
 (1"-' 5) c.j-g [5!7I]Oli.A.i ~gt:: 80i~ ~~~ '-OI/ol/~1/71/~/~-q '-7il o-~q~ .A.~iiH.A.i cH:2:~
~{1-o~AiiR.

I
!

Lf .=LcjjJl? .=I.~ ~%{Jojj.A-j A~1!~ 7J]4J ~010~fiJ.OiSL.

- o}jo-joj:)!)o-jil..

2 7~ ~7]7]- q ~~o-] Jl?

q oj-L.]Jl, oj-:3] ~ ~ ~ o-]Jl. ~7] ~ ~i} t:-j

-----------------------

3 7~ .2.7]7]- ~-- ~l:i]Ji..

Lf oj Qf~ .2.71~%
-(.Q.),t.i]il..

4 7~ oj-o]7]- Ji.~ 1fol ~.!f. ~ o-]Ji..

Lf .=I.~ ~#Oil L}7j-.A-j

- (.2.Hjil..

5 7~ ~-l 7r ~.!f. Gj5f-l.A-j ~A~~ Ol tg ~ ~01 ~24Ji..

q -=z.'EJ, ~A~ ~ O l i ~ 7-~

- -E-711w39o-JR

6 CD 0]-u-]7-] ~ ::<il7r *
.g..~-6-}71] -6-J-AilJi..
~ ::<ilL.] -1~ 0r 0l ~ 0l 711 <fJ% Cj- o} 711 i>HJi..
@ ~ ~ -1~ ~1J ~ ~~ .A-j rr:j-X~ %0l L}.2_711 ~ o-j Ji..
-3f\1 Oil c.fL.J ~ ::J.AJ-Oil .Ai ~ :3J-%! ~ ~ t>J-AJ * ~ 71]77]-7-J <?d ~711 i>HiL.

7 CD tlH 7} J1 :rr ~ 2}~ ~ ~o:J ~77]-Ji.?

~ 1!A~\::]oj ~A~~ojJ71l ~~ ~i ~~L.Jcf.
@ oj-o] 7]- o-]C4.A-j ~o]-~ oJ-olOil71l ~~ ~~L.Jc.f.
@ :1. ~:&7} ~-- ::<H nl~o-] .A-j 7--j ~ ~:&.!I!.~ % Cj- 7-]]4:f ..-;i~Li c.f.

180
II~
 (fa),
7f ~~ Q} -?-j).i .Jlu}-?=l. op:ry7!} l=j.!f- ~ ~ -3:1
~0 }. ~tl if-11-.5:. c}).1 <)}.Jl ~.Jl.
Thanks for visiting me while I'm sick. I hurt so much. I want to play
basketball again soon.

q .=Ic-jl-]7!} ~tl 1-j-o}. {!7Ji>llot If ~ ~o1 ~7.1

W* 9)7-1.
That's why you need to get well soon. No matter what you want to
do, you have to be healthy to do it.

7f ~R~ ~ ~--W ).1Zl- 0 1 ~i>H ).i t=l-- ~.Aj

0
1oJ1Jl. .=z.Cljs. ~~ 7-l14fi>H 0 1=~-A1Jl?
I'm really worried because I don't have enough time to study
Korean. But I guess I should keep studying.

q .=Ii%1Jl. ~R~~ ~i>l1t ~RoJ1Ai 1{717}

3f:! <)}l-j 7!}Jl.
You're right. You should learn Korean well to live comfortably in
Korea.

Ol IE~::: {:!~~0 1 ~~~.Q.j .g%[01 OI~OiAI::: Cll ~ WR~ ~-c!'E:l~ qE~~Li q.

In this expression, the preceding c lause states the condition(s) necessary to realize the situation stated in
the following clause.

-OUOiO~
.. ---- -.___.....~---

.3.q
A -OUOiO~
~q
.. --- ......................................
7 ~q
v -OUOiO~
Qjq
7~*o 1q 7~*0j0~
NOiq
.2.1~~o1q .2.l~~ OIOjO~
----- ------------------

82 Korean Grammar u1 'llse- Intermed iate

 - T .3.q .3.AI '(>,tO ~O ~
A
I.... .......... ............. .............................. ....... .. .... =Qq
- .... ........................... ...
=QJ;:I t>~o ~o ~

7~AI ~o ~o~
v r;!:jJ;:I ~o ~o~

7 ~-'?0 i q 7 ~-'?7 ~ O~LIOjO~

NOiq Ol/7~ O~LIOjO~
1~~0 1 q 1~~ 01 O ~LI OjO~

2~{!g Ef.:il7}c}7} ;_l:?SQ:Jo]]J-1 ~{!.Q. {{0 }EfoF~2.] {[ .:::;=: <V_~Ycf.

The only way to get there fast is to take Line 2 and to change to Line 1 at City Hall Station.

ojl{! '~:F?-~J!l-7}~}ol= :lll4i'--5R;_1 q~ ~7~ w.:::r<V_o-J.B...

The results of the current research must be good if we are to do further research.

Only a person who has majored in math can solve that problem.

1 '-0~/0iOt'~ ~~oH-"1 .H.~o~.Jl {,!~ rrH::: '-J;:I' ~ ~0:1 '-0~/0iO tJ;:I'q ''2.!' ~ ~0:1 '-OUOiOt'2.!'.Q
-"i"af71.S:: g,t-Ljq _.:J.2.iq '-OUOiOtJ;:I'::: -9- ~WOll-"1 I'iOI -"1-a~.Jl '-0 ~/010t'2.!' ::: ~.H.go 1q
5!..:ilA10ll-"1 -9- _A_i"g)"Liq.
To emphasize the meaning of -Of/OiOt, either - A: I can be added to form - Of/OiOtA:I, or '2! can be added to
form - Of/OiOt'2!. Note, however, that -O f/OiOtA:I is generally used in casual conversation while -O f/OiOt'2!
is generally used in speeches and reports .

~-;;;; ~ pJ-oJ -&-RoJ: ~ g o1woJ-~1-J r:J-.

= ~-;;;;~ pJ-o1 -&-RoJ::A1 ~go] "*oj-~L.Jr:J-.
= 'i"!-;;;; ~ fJ-o 1 -&-RoJ:tr} ~ g o 1w0 r~ L.J r:J-.

2 OI.H.~::: ~~~Oll ~ff.~:L!~ ~~~::: -"i-o~A I 'Cl~Liq.

The clause following this expression cannot be in a propositive or imperative form.

~R :AK'- !i!fol= ~ 71 ~ ~t"r/11 .!1l-'1..2... (x)

~C11l:l1~ ~

~R ~C11l:l1 ~~ :AK'- !i!fol= ~ 71 ~ ~t"r/11 ~-'1r:J-. (x)

~ ~R ~C11l:l1~~ :AK'- !i!fol= ~71~ ~t"r/11 :<f;1 7191.. (o)

3 OI.H.~::: ~-c!~ .H.~o~7 1 rrHgOll ~~~011::: :i!f7i~OI ~ .::? gt~ Li q.

Because this expression indicates a conditional statement, the past tense cannot be used in the
following clause .

:AK'- tr}Lj-oj: .AJ o] %~o-JR . (x)

~ :AK'- tr}Lj-oj: .A<Jo1 ~o-JR . (o)
 4 'OIOiO~jOjo ~ ~ 'O I 2.f0 ~/2.~o~~. 'OI/7~ O ~LIOi O~~ 'OI/7~ O~LI 2.f0~~ 1:J ~f4 ~ -'?- <U~Liq.
The expressions OIOiO~IO:!O~ and Ol2.f0~/2.f0~ can also be used as Ol/7f OfLIOiO~ and Oll 7f OfLI2.fO~.
respectively.

~c.J "&.ii!. -&-"~o]<>Jot o] AJ-o] Eoj] 7]-'?,j~-'?- ~~L-Jr:.f-.

= ~2.] -&.ii!. -&-"~o ] c.J-ot o] AJ-o] e oj] 7]-'?,j%[ -'?- ~~ti r:.f-.
You must be a student of our school to join the site.

5 Ol R~:= ~~~OU Oi't! 3:!~ oH.S:. ~~~.Q.j ~21-E O~.!:f- ~OI ~711 %1~ ~~ ITH A~5~7I.S:.
~Li q. 'O ~.!:f-2.1 - Of/Oi.S:.. -0~/0i ~.Af'.2.~ ~:= 5.':~ A~gj'Li q.
This expression can also be used to indicate the futility of expecting the result described in the following
clause regardless of what action is described in the preceding clause.

opj!.c.j o]oF7]~oF ~T!:: ~ A] ?J~ -5!oJr:.f-.

= o]-_!f-2.] o]oF7] 8R ~-T!:: ~A]?~ -5!o]r:.f-.
I doubt my friend will listen to me no matter what I say.

A]if Ai%2.10): 9AJ tlj-3'~7] ~ Ej-7]!:: o-] 2;]~ ;;<joj].fl...

= Ajif Ai%21 ~Aj- 9A] t1]"3'J)7] ~ Ef7]!:: <>jt!;j~ ;;<joj].fl...
It will be difficult to catch a 9 o'clock plane even now.

1 7f ~\3 ~ g ?11 .2..~1 <5}2;jli:! e>-1~~1<SRot <SR.R?

Lf .!f-~.!i!.q. g ~ 01 3!-<V.<>iF ~\3 1 ?11Q}.R.
9-<3:!.5:!q ~o 1 '3!~q 1-eoao1 uo12.q
~~~ 7 f%l~ -ofq 1 ~~ ~q

-@-~OI.AI ~j! ~ *-lq I 'lllt2.1 ~q

2 :J_ O]_Q_ 1"\.lu:-j _ALe.1-o1 o}..Q... _. Olt"\.l l'>?

2'--- ~~ '-'- lo E2 , M~l..o- .

o:jt"\.lg ; :<J..~lol- oJ....Q... .A olt"\.l....,

0~12 2 v n r E e l M~J..tl-.

of.3. AAI-E <2:!.Ail ~~~ 5fq t::I~ q .UiA:j .Ail~5fq I~~~-* ~q

~?jg <2:!.Ail .s:!LH ~q 'C:J.Ai ~ 55fq I~?:!~ .s:!LH ~ * ~q

184 Korean Grammar u1 'll.w! Intermediate

 {1) 7~ 2Jl tll9- -1ii}.=il :Q-o1 ~ g ~ ii}-'-11..? (oJ-%o1 ~q)
q Dr%OI 0-toroF :Q-o 1 ~ g ii}.A1...

(5) 7~ <jA~1 ~~ .g ~g 9- ~~..? (o1Jtl ~ ~-g-g E}q)

q ~45'-~Yt:J-. ~g 9- ~g ~ :Q-~Llt:J-.

2 -AI uo~or. -AI ~o~or~ A~5HAi q :; CH9:~ ~{:!<5~AiiR.

(1) 7~ ~J~g ~_Q_2;j~ <>1 ~711 -5R0J: 1.A1..? (~.li!.011 ~6jii}t:]-)

q i5.fli!.Oil fiA-~t5ff.l 0-!0roF ~J~g ~g 9- ~~Yt:J-.

(2) 7~ ..!f-2.] ~.li!. oJ:.:r~o1 o1Jtl t:R~011 -"l ~ ~ g YJ- 9- ~gll}-..9..? (.A]-%lg o}7!1t:J-)
q AE.oj1
).~
'-'-'2
-cRt>~
'-'-
~{Jii1 <?=J'-'-tl
A<)R).l 100 At;l- A Ol ..Q..
2.IM 2

7jyt:J-.

(3) 7~ Wo}q 2.]-rt1_g 12Jc;dr-jy 1fo1 ~ ~ :Q-o}... (2-}~g 12jq)

q %uR ~ il-.A1 ~ 9- ~ o-]..9...

(4) 7~ o1 g~g o}o1~ 12jg 9- ~ gll}..? (oJlq)

q o}o1 ~ g:jg 9- ~~t:i1 o1:tl_ ~ oJj~...

(5) 7~ Ll1~ oJ1 ~j-cR O:j~ g ~ 7-J.A1..? (%t:J-)

q t;J]. ii}.A1~ ]~t:i1 ~71 oJ1]i!..011Al %t:J-.=i!. t;R).-1
~~01 011...
 7~ <tjo}, o1~~1 r:Ht-I:i1 ~ :Q-o1 7}0]: ~Jl?
Mom, do I really have to go with you in this heat?

If you don't want to go, then you don't have to. I'll go by myself.

7~ *
015!-, 0 1
:Q-A1Jl?
~ IIlJ_a? Al 011~1 <i} ~%2.] ~ ~

Dear, how are these clothes? Wouldn't you agree they're not really
my style?

If you don't like these, then let's go to another store.

Ol .R~ ~ ~~~2.1 Oj'tj ~01 A~. ~~1'2:!'2.1 ~~ qE~~ Liq, 5!~ ~WOiiAi Al'gj"Liq.
This expression has a meaning of "if the statement (in the preceding clause) is actually true, then ... "
It is generally only used in casual conversation.

- 7i:::
.3.q
A/V -7i:::
~q

MOiq
NOiq (0 1)7-f:::
~~\::JOiq
- -- -...... ..,_,_-
, - ----------- ........... - - ------------------ -
tlj-llll;;zj ~~ ~ ~7(1- ~\fJ.]t:f.
If you're not busy, then let's meet for a bit.

~ ~o] ~~ ~ ..2.~ ~o] ~\:!- 4-Dil <5J-1-i]_9_,

If you've got something to say, then let me know after work today.

~~o] Til ~~ o:JQJS:.oj] ::k=f 7CJ~ <5]-t!:j 7]-_9__

If the cherry blossoms are in bloom, then let's go flower viewing in Yeoido.

.:I J.j-if[o] ~~~,:Y.~~ o:J~ ~ ~-o] 7]-;;z]-.JI -5R.

If he/ she is a close friend, then ask him/her to come along on the trip.

186 Korean Grammar ut 'll.o.e Intermediate

O IR~:': ~~~ou ~~~o1q ~~~. 2.l:Aiq '7'~~ qEfLH ~ ~-. '-{0)2 ~olcf. '-{ 0 )2.4-:il -ofq'
~ ),,qo~ :Af~A~~ Liq.
This expression on ly sounds natural when the following clause contains an imperative, propositive, or a form
which expresses the speaker's will or conjecture, such as -~-. -()2 ~O ICf . or -()2.4-JJ.. ofCf.

Jl<5"J'ojj.S:.~oj-rj~ ~::t~t-Jl:f. (x)

- Jl<5"J'oJI .S:.~ol-rJ ~ ~::l-<51-).il..ll . ( o)
tlJ-~<51-rJ~ llR'<fo:j -B~g 71-~oJJl. (o)
~H- -loJI/ll oJal-&- ~ 0 1 A~7jrj~ 'C\;<1]~7-j.S:.~/ll..ll. (o)
~~jojocJ .j7j- ..2..rj ~ *~j-aj.Jl ~L-Jt:f. .z~~ 7jt:faj -?-1-i]Jl. (o)

g:g %l!"Oil ;...1--o~ '-7-J :::':ilf g:g2.l -fg0il ;...1--o~ '-7-lR)'~ ~EH~ l:ll~ of:AI~ 2.1o1 ~ Of? ci---
Licf.
The meaning of the -7+ form which occurs mid-sentence is very different from the -7i form which occurs
in the sentence-final position.

-7-j :::(R)

(1) ~ 8?..!011.A.f.~LICf. (1) ~ ~011 .A. f.~LICf.

Used mid-sentence. Used sentence-final.

(2) ~:c!~ qEf~LICf. (2) WOre .A.~'i!.!" ore Ol~ 'Y~ [[H.A.f.~LICf.
Expresses a conditional statement. Used to express a reason known only by the
speaker.

7f 2ll ~ g ~ ~oJJl?
-+ .g:g 8 l..f0ll .A.f.1~2.0l WOre .A.~o I -9t!"~ q l:IR7l- .:il~7.l ?J-ri..Jl.
<2.! ~:c!~ R~of.:il <]JgL!Cf. -+ .g:g2.J ~011 .A.f.1~2.0l ~~ QJ::q ue o 1~
Used mid-sentence and expresses the on CHiiH cHcg~ f;f.:il ~gLICf.
speaker's subjective condition. Used at the end of the sentence, here
the speaker is expressing the reason why
he/she is not eating.
-- -- - - ----- - --------- ---------
1 7~ _a~ --2..] ~ "6~).i llj~~ ~ {fo}Jl.
Lf .::::Z.t!11Jl? llJ~<5}~ ~ ..2.. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-2-<5};.i1Jl.

gAil~ aH~c5~717~ Oi'Elef I <2:j;J;ii:AI OIOP I5Iq

~~q I-- *I~Cf7~ Cf.A.I c5~Cf

2 7~ q~ ;.}ift~ 0 1 ..2..~ .2.<iJ 0 l1 2lJ <if ~'-l-j:Jl <5}~ %]2.}2 W7!}.R?

Lf q~ ;.}ift~ 0 1 %o-J~~~ 0 }n};.i * ~q.Jl ~"5~ .2f:.J.i1.R.

Cf~ .A.~~OI2.~ 2.~0112!1 ~ ~.!:::.q.:il c5~Cf q~ .A.~~OI ~Oj!i!.Cf I O~ll~.A.i ~ ~q

~~7~ ~10~2.Cf ~~7~ ~to~2.Cf I ~2.=1Ai 7-Jrr.l~ A~2.i ~q

oIt! .up~ ~~ ~Oi!i!.Cf Dlt! .up~~~ ~q I~ :AILH.:il ~q

I :::- ~:~~~:::~~ :~~:: ~: :~:::~1:~~~~q

(3) 1::!1 7~ =r~R ~01 ~ ..q0~2.i f,fAiq.
----
I
(4) 0~~ ~A~ ~ ~OiR @ ~~Oil ~ 7~ ~J..il..
'-

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

:. ~ Korean Grammar Ut 'llre Intermediate

2

7f uj2.]7} o} n:t;J]S..
(1)
q tJicjl~ O~Eli1. o] <2{% .E.Ai _!rl_).i]Jl.

7f Jl~ ;:_ ?o]l:l}llll}Jl.

(2)
q - - - - - - - - ~oj] ~lJA]cf.

7f .2..~ ;:_ W ~o] ~~;.-j1)1Ji>HS..

(3)
q .Al ~ S:.~cH S.?

7f .AJT 7]{lo] t.f.2fS..

4)
----------------- ~~ j_~ c Ai
q _!rl_).i]Jl.

5)
 1

CD 5:.~"6~5:. (?) 5:.~"5}~

Q) 5:_~"6~0]: @ S:.~<'>}C;j ~

CD o10J:71<'>}~ (?) 010]:71"6~5:.

Q) o1o]:71i;}~ ~ @ 0 1]:7]~ EJ1lfri>~

7f ;:I::-j -"?2f g;:il::: ~W Oi 2.f~CiiR

Lf ~O ~R --------------------------------------
CD 9-~~ ~.:g-~ ;.}~o j ~ ~ 9- <V,~ 3:! ~-o}.fi.
(?) 9-~~ ~.:g-~ ;.}~o1cj-S:. ~ 9- '&i ~ 3:! ~o}.fi.
Q) 9-~~ ~.:g-~ ;.}~o10io]: ~ 9- <V_~ 3:! ~o}_B_
@ 9-~~ ~.:g-~ ;.}~o1~ ~ ~ 9- <V_~ 3:! ~o}_B_

7f LH~ Oj~ ~ ~ * ~~m.B.?

Lf

CD *:A1 ~J-o}oj: ~ 9- <V_ ~ ~ oJ1.B.. (?) *:A1 <(l ~ "GJ1 S:. ~ 9- <V_ ~ ~ oj].B..
@ *:A1 ?~ 1):!-<>11 ~ 9- <V_~ ~ojj.fi. @ *:A1 i>~ lfr~<>11 ~ 9- <V_~ ~oJ1.fi.

CD ~R ~Ffl-i;}.:il 0 11=71~ :;z;}? i>~o]: Wi;}71 ~ ~<'>}711 ~;.Jc.J-.

(?) ~R {1-=t-i;}.:il o1o]:71 ~ :A}? i>~oj: ~l-5}71 ~ ~<'>}711 j{j ).1.2..
~R {1-=t-<'>}.:il 0 1 1=71 ~ :;z;}? "6~ 0 1= W<'>}71~ ~<'>}711 ~ 7-~oJ1.B...
@ ~R {1-=t-i;}.:il o10J:71 ~ :A}? i>~oj: ~l-5}7] ~ ~<'>}711 ~77} "6~..9...

CD ~ojl:l}lli:I:A1 ?~ ~ u}3.. .] ~ {1-7(1- ~\tll}.B..?

(6} ~O jl:l}llli:A1 ?~ ~ u}3_ -1 ~ {J-7(} ~LfAi].fi..
@ ~O] l:l}llll:Aj ?l~ ~ U}3.. .] ~ {1-7(1- ~'tl-Yc.J-.
@ ~o11::l}llli:A1 i>~ ~ u}3.. .] ~ {1-7(1- ~\t;.l-cf.

190
 7~ ~~ -1 ~ .AcJW 0 }~ :111Bt ~ .:;:! ~o}Ji..
Hoyeong really seems to know a lot.

q ~-o}Ji.. ~ ~ 1f:io1 ~i ~ ~lil- o}yt!f uH ~ --8-g.S:.

llll}~ ~ 01 5!}!--j .:L tS .:;:! ~0 1-Jl.
You're right. I think it's because he not only reads a lot of books, but
he also reads the paper every day without fail.

7~ 7J-%l. 01~~ ~ ~7!} ~H=-t=l1 e>l ~7!}Ji.?

I'm thinking about taking a trip to Gangwondo. What do you think
(about such a trip)?

q %-;A1Jl. 7J-%l~ {1-oj Bt ~ ~1i} o}yt!} tl}r:}

<lle>l.A-1 01~~~}71011 }? ~~ :- 0 ]oj]Jl.
I like it. Gangwondo not only has a lot of mountains, but it also has
beaches, so it's a very good place to travel visit.

OI.R~~ ~'@~2.1 LH-12.!"01 o~LI .JJ. ~'@~2.1 LH-OI 7 ~2.1 7 1:::: ~77~:AI~ cio~O:I'2.~ ::: 2.101 ~ LfE~~ [H .A.~
~Liq. '12.)"'~ {!l~o~O:I '-( 0 )2 ~ O~LI2.F2.1 ~EH~ .A.~gLiq.
This expression is used to indicate that "not only what is stated in the preceding clause, but also what is
stated in the following clause". This expression can also be used without ~ as in -{.)2 ~ OfLI2.f.

-(.2.)2 ~'2_1- O~LI2.~

.3.q ~~ ~'2! O~LI 2.~

Qj ~~ '2! O~LI2.~
AN
~ '2! o~LI2.~
Qj ~ '2! O ~LI2.~
------ '' - ------------------- ----------''' ~------- -- -----
'
''
--------------- --- ---- --
NOiq
--- ----------
' ------- - - - ------.----------.' ------------- - - - - - -- - - --
N
0~~
~----------------------------- --------.!..---- --~------...!-----------

1 92 Korean Grammar ut CZI...e Intermediate

 7f 7J\f~oj].Ai tt}';t77}Jl?
Shall we meet at Gangnam Station?

q 7i 7]~ ~ ~ttl- o}y2f .ii?)~-5:. .J0Ji>}L-]77} t:.J-:= <=1].Ai tt}\f.A]t:.J-.

It's not only far away, but the traffic there is really bad, so let's meet somewhere else.

7f 0
J=7J .]~ tl-j~t:.j- .7.]<5}-~ ~ .7.]-? Efl-]- !i!.}Jl.
It seems you (Yang Gang) takes the subway more than the bus.

q .7.]<5}-~ .':_ J..]{}% 73~i>r711 .7.]7-1 ~ ~ 0 1-Ycr 3l:!t:qi5Jl.Ai .7.]-? o]%il"L-Jt:.J-.

The subway not only runs on a more precise time schedule, but it's also more convenient, so that's why I
uses it.

Why are you eating in such a rush?

q .7.-l~~ttl- oty2f iJ1Js:_ ~o-].Ai llR7r t;J.!f- .:i1.3IJ-Jl.

I'm so hungry because I skipped not only lunch but dinner as well.

1 O l ~~ {:!~~01 ~~~~ LH~OI'i:! ~~~ ~~~~ LH~~ Mil, {:!~~01 ~~~ LH~O I 'i:!
~~~ ~~~ LH~~ MiOt ~Liq.
When using this expression, if the preceding clause is a positive statement, then the following clause
must also be a positive statement, and vice versa.

Jf-2.] {!,"'. ~.i:i!.C>l] .-l.i 7}711-& ~~ o}y 2.]- o}-'? .-1.]112:J~lR. (x)
- Jf-2.] {! .'?. ~.ill.oj].-l.i 7}711-& ~~ o}y2.]- o}-'? ~%"8llJl. (o)

2 Ol If.~ ~ '-( 0 )2 ~'2! O ~LI2.f' Ef-1011'A/V-7 I77f.AI5fef'. 'A/V-71 5fcf. 'Nllf.AI A/V' ~1 If.~O I
.2.71 ~LI q_
The expressions NV-7 17Jf;l:l '6fef. NV-71.5:. '6fCf, and N77f;l:l NV are often used in clauses following
-(.2.)2 ~'i:_f OfLI2.f.

.7-}0F t: oj] ~ ~~ o}y2.]- ..<.J Zjo] ~7] 71J-.7.l "8JJJl.

= .7-}0F .] ~ oj]~ ~~ oJ-y2.]- ..<.JZjo] ~7]. "8JJJl.
= .7-}oF .] ~ oj] ~ ~~ o}y2.]- ..<.JZj71J-.7.] ~o J-Jl.
1

'ElCf I l::ll.!:t. 't'JOI2.Cf

~101~ JJ.I ~01 717~ ~~ .=~.q 717~ .=~.q I ~i:!!~Cf

Xi~.!:t.-l= ~:XI7 ~ ~~ O~E:f"Cf ~:XI7 ~ O~Ejq I l::lfCf.!:t_ 7J~5fCf

'l'!Aitt Jl::,. "quick" courier service

~~fC.f p recise

XIOt JJ.I
AH~l! ~A~

~Ail::ll.6

194 Korean Grammar ri1 U e- Intermediate

 (1) 7f .2..~ 211 ~~ ~-2--5BJi..? (7J~oJ ~ ~q 1 IJic.]_s:_ opiq)
Lf ll.lf-01 at -t~ ~DJ: ot-1-let- Di~x or=~ 'i! '.torH {]o]l ~~ 7}e;J.Jl -5BJi...

(2) 7f Al ~~o] 01Ui1Ji..? (g~o] 3!-~q 1 7}z=]S:. -}q)

q A~ 7}Ji...

(3) 7f 0] *0 1 Alojl7Jl ~ 01%24Ji..? (~ 01%2-]t:f I ~Jtl-5B _!rl_o]q)

q lil.

(4) 7f 211 4-~ -1 ~ ~ ~Y.Ji..? (A}7] o] oj:7]~ i>}q I A}cJ"S:. ?J-o] i>}q )
Lf 4-~ -1::::= ~J-'-J
otq.Jl .AlA]
~ n oJ-o}Ji..
\.0

(5) 7f o] 7}nJlo]l"'l ~~ ~ -5BJi..? (.!f-~ ~E-llJl ~ o]%W 4- ~q I S:%t>}q)

q lil. 0 l 7}llll ::::=
o:j7]oj]Al ~~~A~ -5BJi...

2 ''CJ O~LI2fL~ ~ 'C! O~LI2.V~ ..q~t>HAi c~~ CH:2:~ ~{:if>~AiiR.

(1) 7f Al 7}1'::::= ~7] 7} ?J"AlJi..? (~~ I -5B~)

q .::::L~Ji... ~41~DJ: Ot-1-ler c)H2.1DiiH!C. ~7] 7} ?J-orJi...

(2) 7f .:::r <?4~ .2. ~l:J1~01Ji..? (.!f-.2.\:l I ~F? ~)

q lil. .2.-!f- ~l:J1~01Jl.

(3) 7f *Al~ .!!!.~ ~ ~ ~ 0 r-5BJi..? (~i:J1 1 %-)

q lil. 7}4-~~ ~ 4- ~7] rqj_goj] A~ ~Ji...

(4) 7f 9-~op:q-1-l .::::L'tiA] o] ~~oj] J.}rgo] ?J-~ ~ :Q-o}Ji... (9-~ I lfil<?J)

q o] .Al-cJ...Q..
-,o.._ A}TEtoJ ?J-o}Ji...

(5) 7f 0 }3. -];:::= ~-"~Cj_7}Ji..? (~-"~ 0 ]t:f I ~01 ~-"~\::1 )

Lf oJ7]s:. -5BJi...
 How was your trip?

q \t-]7} ~~TI I:l]'Cf7} l:l]77}7-] W0 ] Q}J-i ~~e>l]li!

~ e>-1 J-i :AHa1~ Si e>-1 .
Not only was it chilly, but it also rained a lot, so I was bored just
stayi ng inside the hotel.

7~ Qlj .::1.~7]] ~~ ~{} %~ ~ ~o}Jl?

Why did it take you so long to pick up the phone?

q %o] ~ !::: I:ll'Cf7} ~7-}7] f-7} ~o}Q.}J-i *

~91-e>lJl.
The water was boiling, and moreover, I had a visitor, so I couldn't
answer it.

Ol3:!~ t!~~2.1 ~o1q ~EHOil.$~~2.1 :Qolq ~EH7 ~ c-JoH:A~Ai ~Ol 'a~ qE~~ rrHA~~Li q. '-( 0
Lj~ Cilq'~ W~ * ~~Lj q_
This expression indicates t hat t he action or state in the following clause occurs in addition to t hat stated ~
the preceding clause. The form -{2.)L / E [ilq can also be used.

-2 Cilq7~
A
:Q~ CiiCP~
\--------------------~------- --~-----------

.z! cilcm
~ ~ CiiCP~
v
7 f-E Cil cp ~
~ ~ CiiCP~

~o1q ~CZJc-ncm
~{!!O i q 2t{!l'Z.! cilcm
'-'-----''------- --- ... - -------------- ------- - -

1 96 Korean Grammar ;, 'l/.w!- Intermediate

7f 7-1-it ;,4 %mJ::J-~ Oi17}C;j .Jl -oN::-r:-11 ~o1 ~'2J1.fl_?
I'm about to go to Seoul Department Store. Would you like to go, too?

Lf ::2 m]::j-~ ,'?_ i):01 l:l1{1- ~Jlq7} ~5:. ~... <j- ~o};,4 7-1 ~ 711 <j- 7}.fl_,
Not only are the prices at that department store high, but the quality (of the products) is also not very good,
so I rarely go there.

7f 0}01~ 011711 ~C;j .Jl -oN::-r:-11 ol ~ J-~ 11. 0 1 ~ ~77}.fl_?

I plan to give this to my kids, so which type of fish is good?

q o1 ;,~ 1J.o 1llllj 7} ffi-o1 ~ !::: t;J1-cf7} 1tS:.-!f..t=:.cj~;,4 o}o1 ~o 1 ~ 71 011 ~o}.fl_,
This fish doesn't have many bones, and moreover, it's tender, so kids generally like it.

7f 7-}0~ -1, .2..~ ffi-o1 llj ~<S~ .!il_O:j.fl_,

Jaya, you look really tired today.

Lf 1.:]1, ol~W011 ~~ * ~ t;J]q .fl._~ ~5:. ffi"0};,4 L:j_!f. ll]~<S~.fl_.

Yeah, on top of not sleeping last night, I've also got so much work to do these days, so I'm really tired.

1 O I.H.~~ -t:j~~J!f *~~2.1 ? OPf ~OfO ~ g[Liq. .:J.2.I.:il -t:j~~J!f *~~2.1 LH.g.OI A.i. <Jt!"~
~ 7f:A:I.:il <1!0-l '.:J.2HA.i'Lf '.:J.2.iLI7Jf' ~~oHA.i ~~~ 'M~-* <1!0-10~ grLiq.
This expression requires that the subjects of the preceding and following clauses be the same. Moreover,
both of the clauses must be related and be able to be connected by .:J.2.H)..i or .:J.2.i LI7Jf to state a
conclusion.

.Aj) 01.{ ~ .3)- ~ c1]c.}7} ~..g.s:. 'itto-J.R. (.:LclPi) Li.!f-!ff!ff-5H.R.

~ .A1) 01.{~ .3)-~ C1)t:j-7} ~..g.s:. 'itto-JJ..i t.:J--!ff!ff-5H.R.

.Aj) Ol.{~ .3)-~ c1]c.}7} ~..g.s:. 'itto-J.R. (.:Lc]Lj77}) Li.!f-lf!'lf!'-5H.R.

~ .A1) ti.{ ~ .3)- ~ c1]t:j-7} ~..g.s:. 'itt.2.Y77} t.:J.!f- !ff!ff-5H.R.

2 ~A.f A.f.g.~ rrH :: 'Ollq7 f' ~ A.f.g.~ * ~=c~l OlrrH:: -t:!~oi-E ~A.fOll q:= ~A.f7 f Ci oHA:I7~Lf
~I~ IE.fq:: ~~ LfE.P~Li q.
When used with a noun, OiiCf7f is used to indicate the adding of a noun in the following clause to that
mentioned in the first clause, as if making a list. It can also be used to indicate the location in which
something is done or placed .

.fl.~ ]<j~oj]q7} ~J..} ~77}.7.] 7,37.)J..i ~~oj ~)io-J.R.

These days, I'm so busy due to the combination of housework and company work.

oj -'8-o]oj]t:j-7} oj ;;J:!} ojuj] ~ ~:f:~ -1 ~J..] 7] tl}if)"yq.

Please write your name and email address on this paper.
_ __ __ _ J

197
1 7f

q
7}77}-g. o}E. lf:lo1 ~~t;l] .2)1
t:H~ ~<?1 oR?.Jo1 %{:!o1 w~
~ t:H~ ~<{]

Ellrt7r ,.
uR?.J77}::Z.1 ::z.r? 7}J.i1.R?

I
Q\~~10
....\llWg
--
large-scale discount store/outlet

7f7Jjg Of 'CJOI CU-EC-li2H '2::! CH~ ~J DH~lJfXI CH~ ~ DH~OI ~:c!OI i'JCf I 7f~S:. .uf.A.-j
Xf-9- 7fef J;:f-9- 7fef
7f77jg ~~ tti.6.7f <lif=C-11 2H '2::! C-li7JfJ;:I 7f.A:j Alo~O I HHfsCf 177H~oH.A.i J;:f-9- Efef
Alo~~Efef

Cf ~S:. PJ.gC-JI 2Jl .::J. ~'t! J;:f-9- %JCf

2 7f lfl01 ~ ~ o-j.ft?
q 1;]1, '?l 0 1 Y- ~ E11rt7r 71 ~. W0 1 t.f.Ai ~ ~ o-].R.

~OI qq I 71~ 'CJOI Lf.A.-j ~~q

~7f~V1Cf ~~~ 'CJOI 9:j~q I lll~ &Of CUOi.A.-1 .1:.2.f7f v jCf

~OI DIJl~Cf -EO I 'CJOI 2.Cf I ~77fJ;:I ~Oi.A.-j D IJI~Cf

198 Korean Grammar lN 9t~e Intermediate

(1) 7f .:::?-~ -17} ~717} W,<?_ :J! :Qo}_fl._, (~:~ 0 1 cxjprn q I J-j~S:. ~2J"-6}q)

q ~o}_g_. ~~01 011~ "{;lrcnr "<r~ ~~H ~.:r ~ o1 ~ 0 }"5TI_fl._.

(2) 7f J ~ o1 o]C;]~_g_? (~-1 7} .:Q-t:f I ~7.}5:. Wt:f)

Lf ~1. - -- -- - - - - -- -- - - o-J C;jif~ _fl._,

(3) 7f LJ1~0i1 7}-9- 7}J.11_g_? (~ ,<?_ J-}'Ef~ 01 Wt:f I -=g-<fls:_ W01 -6}t:f)
Lf ~1. 7.}-? 7}_fl._,

(4) 7f _g_~ {..~ 0 1 W01 \:tt:f.:L~- "5TI_fl._. (~ 0 1 ~~-61-t:f I e1s:. ..2.~%<?.!- <?.!- ..2.t:f)
Lf ~1. {..~ 0 1 W01 Y-!= :J! :Qo}_fl._,

- - - -- - - - - -- - -- - - ~ 71 7} L-P?- ~ ~ o]_fl._,

(1) 7f ..2. ~ 7-14- -171- ~sJ ~ \!!t:fli:!J--j_fl._? (1 '; ~ 9:1ir:t I ~s:. ~q)
q ~1. 1%% c5_t "{;lrcnr %.:@-~ tl!Orf-i ~sJ Y1 C;].:L~-_fl._.

(2) 7f ..2. ~ ~.liLOi1 ~:z1 %o]_g_? (~:z1 ~o-J;tq I W ~s:. Wt:f)

Lf l:J1. ~ :z1 %o-J _fl._.

(3) 7f J 9-j.A.~ J-}~.:LI- -BTI_fl._? (q7.}~ 0 l J.11'(!~q I ?}o} .!1!._1-1771- 3J1-6}q)

Lf ~l . {77} "5TI_g_.

(4) 7f 7.} J-J-ER 7} ~. <?.!- ~,<?_ :J! :Qo}_fl._, (10\101 \:j~q I~~ ;_J-ERS:. <?.!- ~q)

Lf ~o}_fl._, - -- - - -- - - - - -- - - -

(5) 7f _fl._~ 0}2l:l}01E ~ -6}.:LI_ <V,o-J _fl._? (J-}.:LI_ -}J,<?_ %~01 <V.r:t I ~5:. ~ _fl._(5-}q)
q 1.:J1, o} 2l:l}OlE ~ -BTI_fl._.
 7~ _AjW 0 1 l-}'E}-~ .2. 2 J.i1R?
So you don't really know who that person is?

q J.;]1, 7--] ~ :1. l-}'E}- 0 1~ S-7.} %2.}R.

Nope. I don't even know his name.

7~ l:l1il~71 l-}.Jl7} J;tq~ if"' ~ Sd_o-]R?

Did you hear the news about the plane accident?

q o}yR, _8_~~1l:j.Y l:l}t1Hy77} <?JE11J! i=f-"'S-7.}

~ l-1TI0 1 ~o-]R.
No, I've been so busy lately that I don't even have time to see the
news on the Internet.

01 IE~:= q~ ?.:!:=. ~-EOI.JJ. 7 ~~ 7JgoJ 1~ ?.:!~2.~~ 2.JDI~ qE~~ rrH .Af%~Lief. 5!.~ ~-o ~ .A~EJ"O I

7ICH6~.AI ~6~7iq Oll.g'0~71 Oi2.~g ~82.1 ~SF~ qE~'2JLICf.

This expression is used to express "not only others but also the most primary one" Generally, it refers to
extreme situations that the speaker either did not expect or could not anticipate .

. . - r---- --- - - ---- ------ ~_:;r~j:~

__N
_l ___________~~~------------------ O j ~ ~j: ~

~u}~} 7-1 ~ * ~~;,] ::= 7'1~]2..?

(Are you saying that) even you (my own mother) don't believe me?

G1-& \t-]oj] 01] ~ ;;':!~} Jl:AJo] Lf tJ-12;];,1 :Aj~ ~~~2...

Even the air conditioner has broken down in this heat. It's unbearable.

t:j _If- ~ TI ~ ~%~} Cj- Lf.2_::: 7(j q-. <J} ~ Jl,

Sometimes something can be so sad that tears don't even flow.

200 Korean Grammar in. 'ltse Intermediate

 1 Ol .R~~ ~. !f.~~<Z.J .g%,f0ll ..UiO~ ;q<2JA~;;;;LICf. -5-~~<Z.J .g%)-Oll M~ 01-'>l!~ g-OI ~ LI CL
This expression sounds most natural when used w ith negative statements. It can therefore sound
awkward if used in positive situations.

2 Ol~~ '7Jf:XI'q '5:.'2f l::lf%1-;;:;-"?- <X};;;;LICf. .:J.~:XI'2! '5::f'~ ~IQ.,t-2.1 ~'OI2.f~ L7~01 <X};;;,LICf.
The expressions 77f;I:J and .S:. can be substituted for _:::::_j:f. However, it should be noted that _:;:::_:i': f carries the
added nuance of "the worst possible case" .

3 Ol~~ '011:! .A.~~ .!~ol-E~~ ~..OI.il..:J.~.!=i:!.Cf 'of7~q ~~ ~7Jf:XI!f.~oi-E ~~ q ErLH

~ .R~<Z.J ~/~7m '-of.il. ~o1 :xf~ .A.~~LILf.
This expression is often used together with :=/e71'<, which indicates the negation of not only one thing
but also something else on an even more telling, or serious level.

~cj ~ o}:: i5H Q1 o:j ~.g.;;<j\') 7.-j]~.S:..:?:~} * 7} .!;!.1)_o-J..Il.

Our mother has never even traveled to Jeju Island, let alone overseas .

:3!l g_ ~~71-2-7'1\'1 {!.g..:?:~} *~ rrfl 7} '?0}..\l.

There are times when I can't even read the newspaper, not to mention books.

4 o1~ ~ ~.A.r2f ~o 1 .A.~or'i:! '-( 0 )2 "?-5::f ~01.fL'2.I ~ EH M~LILf.

When used together with a verb, the form -(.~) 2 ~_:;:::_:i': f ~Oi. is used .

q2.j7} L-j.!j!- o}:rr.}J.i ~oji! -"?-.:?:~] ~o-J..Il .

I can't even stand since my legs hurt very much.

7.-JI .:?:7}-2- 5{f~r:-j] S:. 7.-j]7} '?l% -"?-.:?:~} ~ g_ ~. o}~ 7'1..11.

Even though my nephew is just a 5-year-old kid, he's so big that I cannot even hold him.

1 7f ~.:? -]7} o-] q . o:j t;~ ~ n-o-J_B_?

q if-l]Jl, ~.:? -]7} o-]q . o:j ~ ~ n-~:.z] o}L}] ~7l .2.~ Ti1Jl.

~* J.AI7f Oi CJ.~ 0:1~-- ~q ~* J.AI7f OiCI 0:1 ~-- ~e;~: l OfLH

<EJ:1 J.AI7 f Oi!::. .2.1,.\.fOUq LI q <EJ:1 J.AI7f Oi!::. .2.I.A.f011 q Lie:A:I ~~ ~~
*'i:! J.AI7f c~ ~P I OII ~~q.JJ. ofq * 'i:! J.AI7f c~ ~P I OII ~ofe:A:I 'a:A:f ~-=?-
2 7f 1-?~ :Aj. l:lfl~'E_ ~:A~~ 9 <U.AJ.R?
Lf :1. :Aj. l:lfl-%1J.i ~ -7] ~71~ ~~ 7l ~~t ~ al-%1.R .

.::1 ~.s:. t!H~.A.ie ~7 le7J'c5 ~PI I Oi'Elc.f

'r..!-"f. .1.1.17 f ~~~q ~~71'iJ OH<2.! I ~q
OI-OI'i!'! AH~~ ~ -9- ~q .:J. -.2.-E AH~fe71 'iJ %~f I .A.f71~~q

- - ------------------ . . ---------....- .._ ___ ...........- ..............-

, , .....................

~ ~~ -t!~~:2. o~~ ~ '2J.A.~ ~ %-'?-171 '2J.A.~W .!:F-2'cl

- - - - n - - - - - -- - - --- - - - - -o. --- --- --

(1) 7f ~-r! oJl tS-{1 l ~ 9 <U ~ 77]-.R?

Lf ~~il.R, :Ai ~ ~-r! oJl tS-~ 1 ~ ~ ;:_ 1-JI-JJ:.j.t <it -5fl ~Oi Ji..

(2) 7f :A}O f .l, Ji. ~ ~0 j -% llllj-~ ~ ~0 j-Ji..

Lf ~ 0 l-Ji.. Jl15'JoJl 31 ~ 1:-j] :Ai ~ * '[oj-.!il_J.] t:i2.]-Jl..ll.

(3) 7f 9~o]-, *.5:. <i} ~o]-~Jl .:::I.\:1' ~ ~ ol=?

Lf l.:j ..!f- nj ~-5fl Ai ~o]-~ ~ 97]- 'ai ~Oi..ll.

(4) 7f I:j1 7].2.. ~ o] {!{! {:J Z{-5fl :A]Jl <U ~ ~ ~oJ-Ji..

q ~oJ-Ji. . .:::I.tj1Ai 7H?-;?. o-j~.g- ~ ~oJ-Ji..

(5) 7f \:t'll ~ o] El _g;?. :A]4- if 9 9J.L.J-Ji.?

0 ]-Y Ji., %0 ] ~'5fl Ai Ei _g ;?_7'-j ~
Lf - - - -- -- .2.:A}'i:!-t:j-Jl '5Jl.fi..

(6) 7f uj-o] ~ .]7]- :A]\ 9-~oJl Jl15'J.Q._ii!_ ~o]-{(o-] Ji.?

Lf t;j], Z}q~ ii}:A] ?J"_ll ~o]-{(Oi ..ll.

(7) 7f Jl ';~.ii!. rrJl ~~Oi ~ l:lfl..!f-1-i:A]Ji.?

Lf l.:Jl, ii}:A]~ :A]'E-;?. A~ Z{o] <i} L.fJi..

(8) 7f ifoj-l:l-j :A]7} ~-"i] 7]- Rf.Q.A] :A]Ji.?

Lf t;j], .:::ltj1Ai Lf0 ]7} ~ o-jJ.i Q.j-5(-:AJ *~qJl ~ :lli ii}-"i]Ji..

202 Korean Grammar in 'lt...e Intermediate

 These days, you seem to have a lot of meetings.

q 1.:]1, ~woJi:!.fA~ ~ W't:J]Jl . ..2.~ 1t} t>llS.. <i:]o]

J-i] 7~1-j- <V_ o-j ;_~ o-j ~7-j] i>Ro]: ~:A] .2. 2 ):1}. o-]Jl.
Yes, there are a lot because it's the end of the year. Just today alone
(without having to consider any other days) I have three meetings,
so I really don't know what to do.

7~ o:J~ l=lJ-&011-fr~_Q_. l:lfl\{o:ji>Jlg 7}~ "&J-~~o ]

u } rl .Jl E..Ol r-J Jl
us-"1 2M~ I .
Regarding going backpacking to Europe during summer vacation,
I heard a lot of students do that.

q t:J1. wor
Jl. 7-1] ~F? ~ 1t} t>lls.. ~ -1 o:J Ci o
L 1
c} t4 ~o-j Jl.
Yes, you're right. Even just among my friends (without having to
consider anyone else), many have done so.

OI .H~~ <i!Oll-"i ~~ ~~~<2.! -"i110iq ~%!011 CH5H

-"i Oll~ ~Oi-"i ~~~ ITH ;_~grLj q, Ol~~ '.Q.j ~~121
5!1-.S:.'. '121 3~Ci2.f.S:.'j QIDI7f ~~Liq.
Th is expression is used when providing examples to explain a sit uation or statement made previously.
It is equivalent in meaning to t he phrases 21 ~~'(! !il.f.S:. and '2.! ofCi 2.f.S:..

..
-- -~ - - - ~- - - - - -- .. ..
- -- - - - -- - " - ~-- - ~- - -- ~ ----~~- ~ ~-- - -~~-~-----~-~--~- - -~-- - -- - - - -

~ .:r-121 5H.S:.
N
.2. ~ 121 5H.S:.

~{! -] 7} s~ ;Aclw ~{J i5] ~i5R= ~ {{o}s. Oi 7-~] !fr <5Jl WlOJ-]77}7-1 J-f8-oJ1J-i ~
'5}G1 c.}JL.Il.
It looks like Minseon is really studying hard these days. Yesterday alone (without having to consider any
other days) she studied until 10 at night at the library.
 iL~,<:_ ~-3j-6}717}o-jaj~_B_. A~128-A~tli-<5Jl 2\:J.~ -3j:AJ-~ *-=t--8-}.Jl <V_7-):=iL.
It's hard to find a job these days. Even my sister without the need to consider anyone else hasn't been able
to land a job for two years now.

;.~~J:J17} ~o}t-j- mo1 c ~7-1 %2fiL. .ii!.-*J:J1tR <5Jl ~ ~oj115~ %)_ :Aj7} ~0-]iL.
The cost of living is so expensive. My transportation expenses alone (without the need to consider anything
else) cost about 150,000 won a month.

- - - - - -- - - - - - - --

OI.E~::_ :i!~7~1.g%)-:i!~ 't.!cH1~ .g%)-~ .E~%1" rrH.s=. Aj-g.gj"Li q . <lOll~ ~.gAl-l!~ LfE~LH ~ 'I"OI
2...:il ~~ 5H.'I.'1 ~EH. '['iOI Aj-g.g[Liq.
This expression can also be used to express a situation that is opposite to what was the case in the past.
In such cases, a time word is often followed by ~~ <>H.S::., an alternate form of this expression.

;z,]\:t~77]-;z.J~ <SHS:. oj *o] ~~~:::-c~] ;z.J~~ ~o}.Ai 'f]g_ 4'-7} ~Oi.fl...

Only last month (without the need to go back further in time), these clothes fit me, but now they're so small
I can't wear them.

10\'1 ~~ <SHS:. <tR"'ll o l ~711 1~ "riff0 l '?J;z.J::: ?J~Oi.fl...

Only 10 years ago (without the need to go back further in time), there weren't this many foreigners in Korea.

1 7f Ji_~ f--=t-1-f Au} E~o1 ~~ -3l :Q-o}_fi_.

Lf W0riL. LH {17 ~ tll- <511.. 1:Jl 1f ~ t:J- l:lr~OiiL.
.Rg -'r-=?-Lf 6.Df.gOI '1[Cf LH~~I CH~ q l::lf15!Cf
.Rg ~7 f7f I'JOI ~~cf 2.f'2:!Y I 10"/oLf ~~q
.Rg ():jA:~OI wg ~~o~ ~0 1 ~q :Ail ():j--Ac!J I ~Jg ~ 1 Df'2_f ~q

2 7f Ji_ ~ ~ 7 1 ~ '8 01 *ti~01.if.?

Lf W0riL. ~ \:1 ~tll- <511.. 0 1~711 ~71 ~ '8 ~ -oN::- ;,pg-o1?01 ~~~~1iL .

.Rg fP I ~01 if.~Oief ~\::!~I 01~711 f:!71 ;'r(~ 51-e A~O I t'JOI '6i~Cf
j_f7f ~W ~0 1 ~~~cf A:I\:\!:!Oil %':~ llH I 0 1 ~711 '21 ~~~q
~511 21~~ ~o I ~ q -Q\::1 I 0 1 ~711 2l~l::ll7 f ~01 ~A: I 'Gs~~q

204 Korean Grammar i, Us-e Intermediate

(1) 7~ -tL71 .2..<11 ~~ r~ {J:zf-oR.A1.JI 'V.~ ~ :Q-otk. U~%)
q ~o}_B_ . 1--i%Dl <5HE:. -tL717]-l-j-llll}.A1 ~ 711 Til-- ~::=.7J-j.A1?if0 1-k.

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206