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RESIDUAL OIL
PROCESSING
CHAPTER 8
SOLVENT DEASPHALTING
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PETROLEUM REFINERY P ROCESS ECONOMICS
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CHAPTER 8 SOLVENT DEASPHALTING
for reduction of the following properties in the DAO as compared with the
residue feed: Conradson carbon residue, vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), sulfur
(S), nitrogen (N), and API gravity.
At first glance, the size of the database is impressive, with 114 sets of
data. However, on close inspection it can be seen that there are many gaps
in the data. As a result, the number of complete, usable sets available to
explore a particular variable is usually considerably less than this number.
More sources reported volume percent of feed for DAO yield (91) than
reported weight percent (34). A total of 11 sets gave both volume and
weight yields.
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Data were generally given for S, Conradson carbon residue, and API.
N, Ni, and V were less frequently given. Viscosity data were very sparse and
were not studied.
Table 8-2 is a summary of results of solvent deasphalting correlations.
The yield of DAO was chosen as the primary independent variable. Both
weight percent and volume percent were tried. With one exception, API of
DAO, the results were more satisfactory with weight than with volume. This
is despite the fact that there were always more sets of data with volume yield.
In the case of Conradson carbon residue, S, and API, correlation results
were improved by the addition of API to the feed as a second independent
variable. In the case of N, V, and Ni, the square of the yield of DAO was
used as a second independent variable.
Because of almost complete removal of V and Ni at DAO yields below
about 50%, regressions were made using the logarithms of the DAO/feed
ratios as dependent variables to reduce curvature from the resulting graphs.
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Conradson carbon residue ratio were determined. The difference between the
actual (reported) values and the calculated values were then determined.
Comparing these differences with the standard error of the estimate (SEE) of
0.0828, it was seen that several values exceeded SEE significantly. Deleting
the set with the largest difference (-0.18), a second regression was performed
(Table 8-3b). R2 increased to 0.8927 and SEE decreased to 0.0754. Another
difference between the two tables is the sorting of the data table in terms of
increasing WT% DAO to facilitate plotting results later. Again, the set giving
the largest difference was deleted and a third regression was made (Table 8-
3c). This deletion may be questioned, since the difference was only about 1.5
times SEE. In any case the results are as shown, some slight improvement in
R2 and SEE. A graph of the actual data points and the trace of the regression
equation appears as Figure 8-2. For practical purposes, there is no difference
between the traces of the three regression equations.
Figures 8-3 is a composite chart showing the fraction of Conradson carbon
residue, S, N, Ni, V, and Ni + V in the feed remaining in the DAO vs. the weight
percent yield of DAO. Figure 8-4 is a plot of the API of DAO in terms of the
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API of the feed and the liquid volume percent yield of DAO. Figure 8-5 is a plot
of liquid volume percent yield of DAO vs. weight percent yield.
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and S data and fairly well on Conradson carbon residue and Ni. Results on
V were not as optimistic as theirs (Table 8-5).
Viloria, et al., studied Boscan crude.6 Agreement on Conradson carbon
residue and V is fair; on the others, not so good (Table 8-6).
Ditman presented data on seven oils.2 A comparison with Ditman's
average values is not good. Few of the author's values fall within the range
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of his results (Table 8-7). Ditman's data were on a volume yield basis, so
the author's data were read from weight basis results after converting the
volume percents to weight percents by means of the regression performed
for that purpose. It is the author's opinion that this conversion had negligi-
ble effect on the outcome.
In Meyers Handbook of Petroleum Refining Processes, there is a section
on SDA by Bonilla, et al., of Foster Wheeler. One chart is a plot of volume
yield of DAO vs. Conradson carbon residue ratio with API of the feed oil as
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Operating requirements
Unlike most refinery processes, SDA operating requirements are more
dependent on type of solvent and solvent-to-feed ratio than on the feed rate.
However, the following set of average values can be safely used in the
absence of more specific information, especially since most processes not
using supercritical separation are using multi-effect evaporation. The quan-
tities are on a per barrel of feed basis.
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Capital costs
Five capital cost values from the literature in the past 10 years were
scaled to a capacity of 30,000 BPD using a 0.7 exponent and to the first of
January, 1991 using the Nelson-Farrar cost indices as shown in the follow-
ing tabulation:
An average value of $34 million for a 30,000 BPD SDA unit at the
beginning of 1991 can be used as a point of departure for estimating costs
of other units different in size and time in the manner shown.
Notes
1. Billon, A., Peries, J.P., Fehr, E., and Lorenz, E., Oil & Gas
Journal, January 24, 1973, pp. 4348
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10. Ibid, p. 90
11. Ibid, p. 90
References
Anon., Solvent Decarbonizing, Kelloggram, 1956 Series, No. 3
Billon, A., Peries, J.P., Fehr, E., and Lorenz, E., Oil & Gas Journal,
January 24, 1977, pp. 4348
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Ditman, J.G., Oil & Gas Journal, February 18, 1974, pp. 8485
Gearhart, J.A., and Garwin, L., Oil & Gas Journal, June 14, 1976,
pp. 6366
Marple, S., Jr., Train, K.E., and Foster, F.D., Chemical Engineering
Progress, Vol. 57, No. 12, 1961, pp. 4448
Nysewander, C.W., and Durland, L.V., Oil & Gas Journal, March 23,
1950, pp. 216218
Sherwood, H.D., Oil & Gas Journal, March 27, 1978, pp. 148158
Sinkar, S.R., Oil & Gas Journal, September 30, 1974, pp. 5664
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Thegze, V.B., Wall, R.J., Train, K.E., and Olney, R.B., Oil & Gas
Journal, May 8, 1961, pp. 9094
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