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NTC's Preparation
n for the TOEFL by: Mallade Broukal & Nolan
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I have seen this film three times so far.
She hasn't left home yet. - -
He has written the letter since 9 o'clock.
Have you eaten your lunch?
Yes, I have. No, I have not.
. :
+ have / has been + + ing
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+ + +
+ was\were + + ing+ +
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I was writing a letter last night.
- -
We were reading English yesterday.
While I was washing the dishes, she arrived.
- -
I was washing the dishes when she arrived.
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+ had + P.P. +
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They had left the station when I went there. $ - -
Had they left the station when you went there?
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Yes, they had.
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+ will + + +
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By the time we get home, I will have been driving for three hours.
By the end of this week, we will have been working here for six months.
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Good/ well better The best
Bad/ ill worst The worst
little less The least
Much/ many more The most
far Farther The farthest
further The furthest
B
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B
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If Mary had studied hard, she would/could/might have passed the exam.
If you had gone to the station, you would/could/might have seen your friend.
If he had run all the way, he would have gotten there in time.
If I had known of your arrival, I would have met you.
If he had taken my advice, he would be a rich man now.
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Much, many, few, a few, little, a little, a lot of, a great deal of..
.() ; S
< $ : -% : ;$* -: -;. / ;. :Few/ a few
.() ; -
< $ : -% : -@ ;$* -: -;. / ;. :Little/a little
: -@ ;$* -: S
< $ : -% : ;$* -: -* :A lot of
.) ; -
< $ : -%
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: -% : ;$* -: -* : Many
.) ; -
: -% : -@ ;$* -: :Much
I have a few friends.
There are a few books on the table.
There is only a little milk in the bottle.
There are a lot of cars in the street.
There is a lot of bread in the basket.
He didn't eat much fruit.
I don't have many friends here.
She doesn't have much money.
.() ; ;
( B : neither & either
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Alex can't drive a car, and neither can I.
Mary shouldn't go there, and neither should you.
(
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Alex can't drive a car, and I can't either.
Mary shouldn't go there, and you shouldn't either.
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+ very + adj +
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in / on / at / by / with / P
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In:
in January in 1980 in summer
in the afternoon in Iran/Tehran in the sky
in the morning in ink
in order to in my presence in my absence
in spite of in the end in front of
interested in believe in fall in love with
On:
on my birthday on Friday on foot
on bicycle on my vacation on the whole
on time on the contrary insist on
depend on based on spend on
rely on concentrate on congratulate on
on vacation on the phone on business
At:
at ten o'clock at night at play
at sunset at Christmas at first
at full speed at the table at the door
at war/peace at down at sunrise
smile at look at laugh at
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To:
lead to belong to complain to
grateful to apologize to next to
listen to related to invite to
owing to send to introduce to
For:
apply for a job search for ask for
wait for sorry for pay for
be used for
From:
away from absent from borrow from
escape from import from prevent from
protect from far from different from
Of:
proud of shy of ashamed of
found of instead of in spite of
in front of in search of at the end of
in need of
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and both
My pen and book both have been lost.
both..and
Both my pen and book have been lost.
either.or
She plays either tennis or golf.
nethernor
Neither the driver nor the passengers knew what had happened.
whether.or
Whether you teach or your friend, it makes no different.
NO/ Not
He has no money, no friend. (no + N.)
Peter has no black car. (no + adj + N)
I have no more money. (no + comparative adj )
Among / Between
The soldiers divided the food among themselves.
His car is between two trees.
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Affect / effect
Advise / advice
I advised him to continue his study abroad.
My advice didn't work.
Beside / besides
He sat beside me. ( (.)
A man besides his friends went into the club. ("B :)
Leave / forget
I have left my bag at home. (; * 67 -. -
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She always forgets my phone number. (G* 67 -. -
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So that + N / so as + V
Please be quiet so that the baby can sleep. (N)
I went there so as to see him. (V)
I came here quietly so as not to wake the child. (V)
Remember / remind
I try to remember his name. (-a$ -L9 :)
Please remind me to take my pill. (-. *) )
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Neither/ either
Neither of these two books is mine. (. b)
Either of those two students is ready to answer. (*A -)
Rather/ fairly
She is rather angry. (;
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She is fairy beautiful. (1=T 1
2)
Number/ amount
A large/ small number of students from other countries attended state university.
A large/ small amount of rain is expected tomorrow.
In / into
Bath / bathe
I will have a hot bath and go to bed. (N) ( !/ 5%)
Bathe you eyes with hot water. (V) (G5%)
Cloth / clothe
I need a cloth to clean the table. (N) (7Q PA)
Can you please bathe and clothe the baby? (V) (%Q )?=
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I think
John is a doctor. I think that John is a doctor.
I want to know..
Is jack a student? I want to know if/ whether Jack is a student.
@NP > 5
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+ -PA + ;2
+ d`%
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Am, is, are, was, were, can, could, will, would, may, might, shall, should,
must, have, has, had, ought to
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I felt that it was important that John write to his family as soon as possible.
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:-N -ing * :
M -! :
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Interested in , insist on , fond of , think of , count on , tired of
He wants to go to London.
He wanted to go to London.
Having + PP + ., @0
P + ..
Having written the letter, he posted it. (* : . fa$ "% . C )
Having done her homework, she went to bed.
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@NP @ 0
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Somebody someone something
Anybody anyone anything
Nobody no one nothing
Everybody every one every thing
:) ; -
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:) ; -
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Both, few, a few, man, some, several, those, these, people, the rest
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Mr. Smith, with his wife and daughter, is returning from a vacation.
In respond to this question I should say that I enjoy modern art, classical music, and
literature. (To read literature)
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She does know him, even though she may say she doesn't.
Do sit down and rest for a while.
Do come back and stay with us.
He did receive a medal.
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7"
NP X
.. +( must, might, should, could) + have + PP+ .
modal auxiliary : !
NP
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B
Book books
Watch watches (sh , ch , s , x , z , o )
City cities (Y ies)
Baby babies
Boy boys
Toy toys
F , fe ves
ff , oof , ief s
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(Z ?=
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" ): (( . ; Y2A 9 < = $?; ; )( 2 -M : . (5; AB
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[who, whom, which, whose, that]
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(Adj-phrase)
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As a student he had lived on bread and water. (as a student = ; N()
As a married man he had to think of the future. (as a =: P7 )
We had to walk all the way as we had no money for the fare. (as = P7 )
As you get older, your flexibility decreases. ( as = . 7 -)
Need
He needs to go. (;P.
)
He needs not to go.
He doesn't need to go.
I need a book. (;2)
I don't need a book.
Must
You must clean your own boots. (1$ '(" -L )=
You will have to clean your boots when you join the army. ((. ; )'(" =
May/ might
May/can I use your phone? (:)
Might I use your phone? (-. 1=T 1
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You might post this for me. ( ; . L` G "(')
Could you show me the way?
(1$ -A :l ;? 1$would you -N P% Could you)
I should like to have seen it. (but it wasn't possible) (" ))*
We needn't to have hurried; now we are too early. (*-M -@ C :)
He must have come this way; here are his footprints. (($ :)
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:$0 $)
3713 = three thousand, seven hundred and thirteen
(year) 1957 = nineteen hundred and fifty seven = nineteen, fifty seven
1500 BC (before Christ) = one thousand five hundred BC = fifteen hundred
2006 = two thousand (and) six
= two third
$ 100.99 = one hundred dollars ninety nine
000 = triple oh
0.8% = zero point eight percent
He is angry G
Ha must be angry 2 95 !
He may be angry 2 50 !
He might be angry 2 35 !
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Just
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I just finished it.
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Look at talk about similar to sorry about
Look for wait for interested in responsible for
Search for keep from afraid of aware of
Listen to look after concern about worried about
Talk to worry about free from based on
Consist of thank for ashamed of full of
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As long as: !
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As far as:!
As far as I am concern, they have changed their house.
In addition: #90
They changed their house; in addition they bought a new car.
Raise:
!
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Contain: $ @
The library contains a number of valuable books.
Content: * /<
He was a good friend and I was content.
She kept the content of the letter secret.
In other word:
70
He is economical too much; in other word, he is stingy.
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Make
Make an attempt: -. BA Make friend: -. Q 1$
Make a mistake: -. "=% Make money: -. S Q
Make an appointment: G
-' 1: Make the most of: -.
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Make a presentation: -. /0 Make the bed: -. A- ` 9
Make progress: -. 1
-Q Make noise: -. 2 -$
Make a speech: -. ;-(`$ Make a gesture: -. "%
Make a difference: -. -
/G% '&-qA Make a decision: G
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Concern:
Growing concern: % : ; -N come about:
A
Major concern: ;2 /" ;-N come across: -. 9-: ;
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Express concern: -. ;-N -: come back: G'-:
Concern about: : *67 -N come from: : ;
come out: % -(
Role contact
Have a role: G% E close contact: C6 A
Play a role: E -.
direct contact: <5 A
Important role: $ E face to face contact: = A
Key role: *. E in contact with: : A
Major role: " E keep in contact: : A
Central role: ;2 /*6.- E
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In spite of = despite
They went to the beach in spite of rainy weather.
Despite our effort, they decided to close the school.
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Hard/ hardly
Cause/ reason
Centre/ middle
Centre: ;( 0 6.- ;( :
Centre of the circle is shown by a dot.
Middle: 6.- -L 1$; 0[ e$ (; :
I stood in the middle of the room.
Shade/ shadow
Further/ farther
Further:-: ;( :
I want to get further information.
Farther:-A (;
New York is farther than London.
Rarely/ scarcely
Rarely: : ;( :
He rarely comes here.
Scarcely: . ;( :
I had scarcely finished when he came.
Lately/ late
Lately:-9 (;
I haven't been here lately.
Late:- (;
Last night I went to bed late.
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Latter/ late
;? )former : 1$ 67 (; ; : latter ;? -A- (; : Later
. - (67
I have two friends, Mary and Jack, the former is a student and the latter is an engineer.
See you later.
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butter, meat, bread :@&
iron, wood : ; P: 67 -N 19$ . *
water, milk, oxygen, smoke : '
rice, sugar :6* 67
furniture, luggage, baggage, clothing : Y` *6$ P% . ;< $
Arabic, English, Japanese ::; $
beauty, ignorance, ugliness -ness, -ty, -nc : 5Q : % : -@ ;$
ing : ;$ -:
:-; $
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work *-( . .
glass ? %
light yZ
time 1: :
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To
So as to +V g( :
In order to
So that
In order that + N g( :
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I > we
Me > /
/> us
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you you
you / / you
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he him / /
she they
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%/
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it it / /
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($- 2')
($-
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My > our
Mine >
ours
your your
yours
yours
his his
her their
% hers
theirs
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its its
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N*
myself ) ourselves )
himself )
herself ) themselves )
itself )
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