Analisis Hubung Singkat

Lesnanto Multa Putranto

Perhitungan Hubung Singkat Asimetris
Jenis Hubung Singkat Asimetris
Single Line To Ground
Line to Line Fault
Double Line to Ground
Single Line-to-Ground (SLG) Faults
Unbalanced faults unbalance the network,
but only at the fault location. This causes
a coupling of the sequence networks.
How the sequence networks are coupled
depends upon the fault type. Well derive
these relationships for several common
faults.
With a SLG fault only one phase has non-
zero fault current -- well assume it is
phase A.
 SLG Faults, contd
I af ?
f
Ib 0
f 0
I c

Then since
I 0f 1 1 1 I af
1
2 1 f
I f 1 0 I f I f I f I a
0
3
1 0
3

I f
2

 SLG Faults, contd
Vaf
Z f Iaf

Vaf 1 1
1 fV 0

f
Vb 1 2
V f
f 1 2
Vc V f

This means Vaf V f0 V f V f
The only way these two constraints can be satisified
is by coupling the sequence networks in series
 SLG Faults, contd
With the
sequence
networks in
series we can
solve for the
fault currents
(assume Zf=0)
1.050
I f j1.964 I f I 0f
j (0.1389 0.1456 0.25 3Z f )
I A I s I af j 5.8 (of course, Ibf I cf 0)
 Line-to-Line (LL) Faults
The second most common fault is line-to-
line, which occurs when two of the
conductors come in contact with each other.
With out loss of generality we'll assume
phases b and c.

Current Relationships: I af 0, I bf I cf , I 0f 0
Voltage Relationships: Vbg Vcg
 LL Faults, cont'd
Using the current relationships we get
I 0f 1 1 1 0

1 2 f
I f 1 I b
3
1 2 I f

I f b
I 0f 0

I f
1 f

Ib 2
3
I f
1 f 2
Ib
3


Hence If I f
 LL Faults, con'td
Using the voltage relationships we get
V f0 1 1
1 Vag
f
1

V f 1 2 Vbgf
3
1

V f 2 Vcgf

Hence
1 f
V f Vag
3
2 f
Vbg

Vf
1 f
3
Vag
2 Vbgf V f V f
 LL Faults, cont'd

To satisfy If I f & Vf Vf
the positive and negative sequence networks must
be connected in parallel
 LL Faults, cont'd
Solving the network for the currents we get
1.050
If 3.691 90
j 0.1389 j 0.1456
I af 1 1 1 0 0
f 6.39
Ib 1 2
3.691 90

f 1 2 3.69190 6.39
I c
 LL Faults, cont'd
Solving the network for the voltages we get

Vf 1.050 j 0.1389 3.691 90 0.5370
V f j 0.1452 3.69190 0.5370
Vaf 1 1 1 0 1.074
f
Vb 1
2
0.537 0.537

f 1 2 0.537 0.537
Vc
 Double Line-to-Ground Faults
With a double line-to-ground (DLG) fault
two line conductors come in contact
both with each other and ground. We'll
assume these are phases b and c.

I af 0 Vbgf Vcgf Z f ( Ibf I cf )

 DLG Faults, cont'd
From the current relationships we get
I af 1 1
1 f I 0

f
Ib 1 2
I f
f 1 2
I c I f

Since I af 0 I 0f I f I f 0
Note, because of the path to ground the zero
sequence current is no longer zero.
 DLG Faults, cont'd
From the voltage relationships we get
V f0 1 1
1 ag
V f
1
V f 1 2 Vbgf
3

V f 1 Vbgf
2

Since Vbgf Vcgf V f V f
Then Vbgf V f0 ( 2 )V f
But since 1 0
2
1
2

Vbgf V f0 V f
 DLG Faults, cont'd
Vbgf V f0 V f
Z f ( I bf I cf )
Also, since
2
Ibf
0
If I f I f
I cf I 0f I f 2 I f
Adding these together (with 2 -1)
Vbgf Z f (2 I 0f I f I f ) with I 0f I f I f
V f0 V f 3Z f I 0f
 DLG Faults, cont'd
The three sequence networks are joined as
follows

Assuming Zf=0, then

V 1.050
If

Z Z ( Z 3Z f ) j 0.1389 j 0.092
0

4.547 0
 DLG Faults, cont'd

V f 1.05 4.547 90 j 0.1389 0.4184

I f 0.4184 / j 0.1456 j 2.874
I 0f I f I f j 4.547 j 2.874 j1.673
Converting to phase: I bf 1.04 j 6.82
I cf 1.04 j 6.82
 Unbalanced Fault Summary
SLG: Sequence networks are connected in series,
parallel to three times the fault impedance
LL: Positive and negative sequence networks are
connected in parallel; zero sequence network is not
included since there is no path to ground
DLG: Positive, negative and zero sequence
networks are connected in parallel, with the zero
sequence network including three times the fault
impedance
 Generalized System Solution
Assume we know the pre-fault voltages
The general procedure is then
1. Calculate Zbus for each sequence
2. For a fault at bus i, the Zii values are the thevenin
equivalent impedances; the pre-fault voltage is the
positive sequence thevenin voltage
3. Connect and solve the thevenin equivalent
sequence networks to determine the fault current
4. Sequence voltages throughout the system are
Generalized System Solution, contd

4. Sequence voltages throughout the system

are given by 0

This is solved
0 for each

V V prefault Z I f
sequence
0 network!


0
5. Phase values are determined from the sequence values
 Unbalanced System Example

For the generators assume Z+ = Z = j0.2; Z0 = j0.05

For the transformers assume Z+ = Z =Z0 = j0.05
For the lines assume Z+ = Z = j0.1; Z0 = j0.3
Assume unloaded pre-fault, with voltages =1.0 p.u.
 Positive/Negative Sequence Network

24 10 10 0.1397 0.1103 0.125

Ybus j 10 24 10 Zbus
j 0.1103 0.1397 0.125

10 10 20 0.1250 0.1250 0.175
Negative sequence is identical to positive sequence
 Zero Sequence Network

16.66 3.33 3.33 0.0732 0.0148 0.0440

0
Ybus j 3.33 26.66 3.33 Zbus
0
j 0.0148 0.0435 0.0.292

3.33 3.33 6.66 0.0440 0.0292 0.1866
 For a SLG Fault at Bus 3
The sequence networks are created using the pre-fault
voltage for the positive sequence thevenin voltage,
and the Zbus diagonals for the thevenin impedances
Positive Seq. Negative Seq. Zero Seq.

The fault type then determines how the networks are

interconnected
 Bus 3 SLG Fault, contd
1.00
I f j1.863
j (0.1750 0.1750 0.1866)

If If 0
If j1.863
1.00 0 0.7671
V 1.00 Zbus

0 0.7671

1.00 j1.863 0.6740
0 0.2329

V Zbus 0 0.2329

j1.863 0.3260
 Bus 3 SLG Fault, contd
0 0.0820
0
V 0 Zbus 0 0.0544

j1.863 0.3479
We can then calculate the phase voltages at any bus
0.3479 0
V3 A 0.6740 0.522 j 0.866

0.3260 0.522 j 0.866
0.0820 0.4522
V1 A 0.7671 0.3491 j 0.866

0.2329 0.3491 j 0.866