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Article history: Monodispersed spherical CdS nanoparticles stabilized in PVA solution were synthesized by the gamma
Received 17 July 2013 radiolytic method and found the average particle size increased from 12 to 13 nm with the increment of
Accepted 5 December 2013 dose from 10 to 40 kGy. The XRD results show that it has crystalline planes of cubic structure with crystal
Available online 17 December 2013
lattice parameter of 5.832 . The optical reectance revealed a band-edge of CdS nanoparticles at about
Keywords: 475 nm and the reectance wavelength red shifted with increasing dose due to increasing particle size.
CdS nanoparticles The thermal conductivity of CdS/PVA nanocomposites measured by the transient hot wire method that
CdS/PVA nanocomposites revealed a decrement of the thermal conductivity with an increase of dose caused by effect of radiation
Radiolytic synthesis on crystallinity of the polymer structure.
Thermal conductivity
& 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction incorporation of these phases leads to possess and enhance the useful
properties such as light weight and good mobility of polymers in
Nanocomposites are referred to as the combination of two or more addition to high strength, heat stability and chemical resistance of
different materials forming a blend to have the best properties of the inorganic materials (Khanna et al., 2005; Salavati-Niasari et al., 2009;
components in which at least one of them is in the nanoscale Shao et al., 2003).
dimension usually less than 100 nm (Twardowski, 2007). They are Among inorganic semiconductors, cadmium sulde (CdS) nano-
one of the most attractive topics owing to their many optical and particles as one the most important IIVI semiconducting nanoma-
optoelectronic applications such as solar cells (Huynh et al., 2002; Ong terials have been investigated by many researchers, attributable to
and Levitsky, 2010), transistors (Muccini, 2006), light emitting diodes their promising potential in optics, electronic and optoelectronic
(Rogach et al., 2008) and biological imaging (Akerman et al., 2002; Nie applications (Cao et al., 2010; Peng et al., 1997; Venkatram et al.,
et al., 2007). The inorganic (semiconductor) and organic (polymer) 2006). The modication of the physical properties is an important
nanocomposites have gained a great deal of interest since polymers as key to improve the performance of these materials; therefore,
a host provides long term stability, exibility and processability choosing a polymer as capping and blending component can be
coupled with the functional tunability and control growth of nano- signicant in which the polymer does not change the inherit
particles; in addition, nanosized particles enhance their optoelectronic characteristics of the inorganic phase (Chahal et al., 2012). The poly
properties, allowing coupling between mechanical and optoelectronic (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is considered as a good choice due to wide
properties, for future devices. (Antolini et al., 2012; Elashmawi et al., spectral range of optical transparency and lack of sensitivity to higher
2009; Kharazmi et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2007). Hence, the temperatures which can help in fabrication of useful devices in
various environmental conditions (Kityk et al., 1997).
The optical and thermal properties are considered as two major
n
Corresponding author. Tel.: 60 12 2110976. characteristics in many applications of devices. The optical properties
E-mail address: kharazmi.alireza@hotmail.com (A. Kharazmi). of CdS/PVA nanocomposites have been investigated by many
0969-806X/$ - see front matter & 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2013.12.003
A. Kharazmi et al. / Radiation Physics and Chemistry 97 (2014) 212216 213
00-065-2887) with crystal lattice parameters of 5.832 and that the size of CdS nanoparticles is varied from 8 to 22 nm.
198.6 3 volume cell. In addition, the average size of nanoparticles is increasing from 12
Figs. 3 and 4 show the TEM image and size distribution of CdS to 13 nm while the dose is increased from 10 to 40 kGy. The height
nanoparticles synthesized at 10 and 40 kGy doses, respectively. of the tted Gaussian curve is decreased from 33.65 to 27.92.
The Gaussian curve is tted to the results. The results demonstrate In contrast, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) is increased
a uniform and homogenous distribution of spherical CdS nano- from 3.61 to 5.43; therefore, the size and size distribution of CdS
particles within the PVA. The size distribution diagrams illustrate nanoparticles are increased while dose increases.
Fig. 5 shows the optical reectance as a function of wavelength
for CdS/PVA nanocomposites. The reectivity of CdS/PVA nano-
composites is decreased by increasing dose due to the enhance-
ment in distribution of CdS nanoparticles. The observed band-edge
of CdS/PVA nanocomposites is varied from 475 to 480 nm which is
blue shifted compared to the bulk CdS (512 nm) because of the
size effect (Wang et al., 2007). Thus, the size of CdS nanoparticles
is increased by increasing doses and this increment is not very
signicant.
The uorescence spectra of CdS/PVA nanocomposites are
shown in Fig. 6. The results show sharp peaks centered at the
wavelength of 470 nm for all samples and indicates a red shifted
with respect to the emission wavelength of bulk CdS (515 nm)
(Lai et al., 2009). These peaks were assigned to the band to band
transition or band-edge recombination (Kharazmi et al., 2013). The
peaks are shifted toward higher wavelength slightly because of
decreasing band gap as the particle size increased slightly.
Furthermore, the increasing in the intensity and broadening of
Fig. 2. XRD pattern of CdS/PVA nanocomposites irradiated from 10 to 40 kGy doses. the peaks from lower doses up to 40 kGy indicates the increment
Fig. 3. TEM image and size distribution diagram of CdS nanoparticles at 10 kGy radiation dose.
Fig. 4. TEM image and size distribution diagram of CdS nanoparticles at 40 kGy radiation dose.
A. Kharazmi et al. / Radiation Physics and Chemistry 97 (2014) 212216 215
4. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
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