K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CORE SUBJECT

Grade: 11 Semester: First Semester

Core Subject Title: General Mathematics No. of Hours/Semester: 80 hours/semester
Prerequisite (if needed):

Core Subject Description: At the end of the course, the students must know how to solve problems involving rational, exponential and logarithmic functions; to solve
business-related problems; and to apply logic to real-life situations.

PERFORMANCE
CONTENT CONTENT STANDARDS LEARNING COMPETENCIES CODE
STANDARDS
Functions and The learner demonstrates The learner is able to... The learner...
Their Graphs understanding of...
M11GM-Ia-1
1. represents real-life situations using functions, including
1. key concepts of 1. accurately construct piece-wise functions.
functions. mathematical models to
represent real-life 2. evaluates a function. M11GM-Ia-2
situations using
functions. 3. performs addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
M11GM-Ia-3
and composition of functions

4. solves problems involving functions. M11GM-Ia-4

5. represents real-life situations using rational functions. M11GM-Ib-1

2. key concepts of rational 2. accurately formulate and 6. distinguishes rational function, rational equation, and
M11GM-Ib-2
functions. solve real-life problems rational inequality.
involving rational 7. solves rational equations and inequalities. M11GM-Ib-3
functions. 8. represents a rational function through its: (a) table of
M11GM-Ib-4
values, (b) graph, and (c) equation.
9. finds the domain and range of a rational function. M11GM-Ib-5
10. determines the:
(a) intercepts
M11GM-Ic-1
(b) zeroes; and
(c) asymptotes of rational functions
11. graphs rational functions. M11GM-Ic-2
12. solves problems involving rational functions,
M11GM-Ic-3
equations, and inequalities.
K to 12 Senior High School Core Curriculum General Mathematics December 2013 Page 1 of 5

CONTENT CONTENT STANDARDS
3. key concepts of inverse
functions, exponential
functions, and
logarithmic functions.
K to 12 Senior High School Core Curriculum General Mathematics December 2013
K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CORE SUBJECT
PERFORMANCE
LEARNING COMPETENCIES CODE
STANDARDS
3. apply the concepts of 1. represents real-life situations using
M11GM-Id-1
inverse functions, one-to one functions.
exponential functions, 2. determines the inverse of a one-to-one function. M11GM-Id-2
and logarithmic functions 3. represents an inverse function through its: (a) table of
M11GM-Id-3
to formulate and solve values, and (b) graph.
real-life problems with 4. finds the domain and range of an inverse function. M11GM-Id-4
precision and accuracy. 5. graphs inverse functions. M11GM-Ie-1
6. solves problems involving inverse functions. M11GM-Ie-2
7. represents real-life situations using exponential
M11GM-Ie-3
functions.
8. distinguishes between exponential function, exponential
M11GM-Ie-4
equation, and exponential inequality.
9. solves exponential equations and inequalities. M11GM-Ie-f-1
10. represents an exponential function through its: (a) table
M11GM-If-2
of values, (b) graph, and (c) equation.
11. finds the domain and range of an exponential function. M11GM-If-3
12. determines the intercepts, zeroes, and asymptotes of
M11GM-If-4
an exponential function.
13. graphs exponential functions. M11GM-Ig-1
14. solves problems involving exponential functions,
M11GM-Ig-2
equations, and inequalities.
15. represents real-life situations using logarithmic
M11GM-Ih-1
functions.
16. distinguishes logarithmic function, logarithmic equation,
M11GM-Ih-2
and logarithmic inequality.
17. illustrates the laws of logarithms. M11GM-Ih-3
18. solves logarithmic equations and inequalities. M11GM-Ih-i-1
19. represents a logarithmic function through its: (a) table
M11GM-Ii-2
of values, (b) graph, and (c) equation.
20. finds the domain and range of a logarithmic function. M11GM-Ii-3
21. determines the intercepts, zeroes, and asymptotes of
M11GM-Ii-4
logarithmic functions.
22. graphs logarithmic functions. M11GM-Ij-1
23. solves problems involving logarithmic functions, M11GM-Ij-2
equations, and inequalities.
Page 2 of 5
 K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CORE SUBJECT
PERFORMANCE
CONTENT CONTENT STANDARDS LEARNING COMPETENCIES CODE
STANDARDS
Basic Business The learner demonstrates The learner is able to... 24. illustrates simple and compound interests. M11GM-IIa-1
Mathematics understanding of... 25. distinguishes between simple and compound interests. M11GM-IIa-2
1. investigate, analyze and 26. computes interest, maturity value, future value, and
1. key concepts of simple solve problems involving present value in simple interest and compound interest M11GM-IIa-b-1
and compound interests, simple and compound environment.
and simple and general interests and simple and 27. solves problems involving simple and compound
annuities. general annuities using M11GM-IIb-2
interests.
appropriate business and 28. illustrates simple and general annuities. M11GM-IIc-1
financial instruments. 29. distinguishes between simple and general annuities. M11GM-IIc-2
30. finds the future value and present value of both simple
M11GM-IIc-d-1
annuities and general annuities.
31. calculates the fair market value of a cash flow stream
M11GM-IId-2
that includes an annuity.
32. calculates the present value and period of deferral of a
M11GM-IId-3
deferred annuity.
2. basic concepts of stocks 2. use appropriate financial 33. illustrate stocks and bonds. M11GM-IIe-1
and bonds. instruments involving 34. distinguishes between stocks and bonds. M11GM-IIe-2
stocks and bonds in 35. describes the different markets for stocks and bonds. M11GM-IIe-3
formulating conclusions 36. analyzes the different market indices for stocks and
and making decisions. M11GM-IIe-4
bonds.
37. interprets the theory of efficient markets. M11GM-IIe-5
3. basic concepts of 3. decide wisely on the 38. illustrates business and consumer loans. M11GM-IIf-1
business and appropriateness of 39. distinguishes between business and consumer loans. M11GM-IIf-2
consumer loans. business or consumer
loan and its proper 40. solves problems involving business and consumer loans
M11GM-IIf-3
utilization. (amortization, mortgage).
Logic The learner demonstrates The learner is able to... 41. illustrates a proposition. M11GM-IIg-1
understanding of... 42. symbolizes propositions. M11GM-IIg-2
43. distinguishes between simple and compound
M11GM-IIg-3
1. key concepts of 1. judiciously apply logic propositions.
propositional logic; in real-life arguments. 44. performs the different types of operations on
syllogisms and M11GM-IIg-4
propositions.
fallacies. 45. determines the truth values of propositions. M11GM-IIh-1
46. illustrates the different forms of conditional
M11GM-IIh-2
propositions.
47. illustrates different types of tautologies and fallacies. M11GM-IIi-1
K to 12 Senior High School Core Curriculum General Mathematics December 2013 Page 3 of 5
 K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CORE SUBJECT
PERFORMANCE
CONTENT CONTENT STANDARDS LEARNING COMPETENCIES CODE
STANDARDS
48. determines the validity of categorical syllogisms. M11GM-IIi-2
49. establishes the validity and falsity of real-life arguments
M11GM-IIi-3
using logical propositions, syllogisms, and fallacies.
2. key methods of proof 2. appropriately apply a 50. illustrates the different methods of proof (direct and
and disproof. method of proof and indirect) and disproof (indirect and by M11GM-IIj-1
disproof in real-life counterexample).
situations. 51. justifies mathematical and real-life statements using
M11GM-IIj-2
the different methods of proof and disproof.

K to 12 Senior High School Core Curriculum General Mathematics December 2013 Page 4 of 5


College Readiness Standards DepEd Functional Skills

Foundational Skills

Produce all forms of texts (e.g., written, oral, Visual and information literacies
visual, digital) based on: Media literacy
1. Solid grounding on Philippine experience
and culture; Critical thinking and problem solving skills
2. An understanding of the self, community, Creativity
and nation;
3. Application of critical and creative Initiative and self-direction
thinking and doing processes;
4. Competency in formulating
ideas/arguments logically, scientifically,
and creatively; and
5. Clear appreciation of ones responsibility
as a citizen of a multicultural Philippines
and a diverse world

College Readiness Standards DepEd Functional Skills

Foundational Skills

Systematically apply knowledge, understanding, Global awareness

theory, and skills for the development of the self, Scientific and economic literacy
local, and global communities using prior
learning, inquiry, and experimentation Curiosity
Critical thinking and problem solving skills
Risk taking

Flexibility and adaptability

Initiative and self-direction

College Readiness Standards DepEd Functional Skills

Foundational Skills

Work comfortably with relevant technologies and Global awareness

develop adaptations and innovations for Media literacy
significant use in local and global communities; Technological literacy

Creativity

Flexibility and adaptability

Productivity and accountability
College Readiness Standards DepEd Functional Skills
Foundational Skills

Communicate with local and global communities Global awareness

with proficiency, orally, in writing, and through Multicultural literacy
new technologies of communication;
Collaboration and interpersonal skills

Social and cross-cultural skills

Leadership and responsibility

College Readiness Standards DepEd Functional Skills

Foundational Skills

Interact meaningfully in a social setting and Media literacy

contribute to the fulfillment of individual and Multicultural literacy
shared goals, respecting the fundamental humanity Global awareness
of all persons and the diversity of groups and
communities Collaboration and interpersonal skills

Social and cross-cultural skills

Leadership and responsibility
Ethical, moral, and spiritual values
(x, y) (x, y)
x
y
 f = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 5), (4, 5)}
g = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 7)}
h = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), . . . , (n, 3n), . . .}

f h x
y g (1, 3) (1, 4)
x y

f g
 h

f g x2X y 2Y
h X
y x=7 y = 11 13 x=2
y = 17 19

x = a (a, b) (a, c)
y x=a
 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

x
y x
x y

y = 2x + 1
y = x2 2x + 2
x2 + y 2 = 1
p
y = x+1
2x + 1
y=
x 1
 y = bxc + 1 bxc

x y x=0 y +1
1

R [ 1, +1)
R ( 1, 1) [ (1, +1)
[ 1, 1] R

y f (x) y
x f

f (x) = 2x + 1
q(x) = x2 2x + 2
p
g(x) = x + 1
2x + 1
r(x) =
x 1
F (x) = bxc + 1 bxc

C x
40

40 C(x) = 40x
 A x

A = xy x
x + 2y = 100 y = (100 x)/2 = 50 0.5x
A(x) = x(50 0.5x) = 50x 0.5x2

300
1
m

t(m)
(
300 0 < m 100
t(m) =
300 + m m > 100

8.00
1.50
d
 F (d)

(
8 0<d4
F (d) =
8 + 1.5bdc d>4

bdc d
d b4.1c = b4.9c = 4

25

100

100

100

T (x)
T (x)
 15

1, 000
400
8
<1000 0x3
f (x) =
:1000 + 400dx 3e x>3

700
f (x) = 700d x4 e x 2 N

150
130 110
100 8
>
> 150x 0 x 20
>
>
>
>
<130x 21 x 50
f (x) = x2N
>
> 110x 51 x 100
>
>
>
>
:100x x > 100
 x
f a
a f f (a)

x = 1.5

f (x) = 2x + 1
q(x) = x2 2x + 2
p
g(x) = x + 1
2x + 1
r(x) =
x 1
F (x) = bxc + 1 bxc

1.5 x

f (1.5) = 2(1.5) + 1 = 4
q(1.5) = (1.5)2 2(1.5) + 2 = 2.25 3 + 2 = 1.25
p p
g(1.5) = 1.5 + 1 = 2.5
2x + 1 2(1.5) + 1 3+1
r(1.5) = = = =8
x 1 (1.5) 1 0.5
F (1.5) = bxc + 1 = b1.5c + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2

g( 4) r(1) g r

4 g(x)
r(x)

f q

f (3x 1) q(2x + 3)
 f (3x 1) x f (x) = 2x + 1 (3x 1)

f (3x 1) = 2(3x 1) + 1 = 6x 2 + 1 = 6x 1

q(3x + 3) x q(x) = x2 2x + 2 (2x + 3)

q(2x + 3) = (2x + 3)2 2(2x + 3) + 2 = (4x2 + 12x + 9) 4x 6 + 2 = 4x2 + 8x + 5

f (x) = x 2

f (0) 2 f () 2
f (3) f (x + 1) x 1
f ( 1) f (3x) 3x 2

4
f (x) =
x
f (1) 4
f (2) 2
f ( 1) 4
p p
f ( 2) 2 2
f (1/x) 4x
f (2x) 2/x
p
f (x) = x 3
f (3) 0
f (4) 1
f (12) 3
p
f (x 3) x 6

1 3x 2
f
1 x 1 x
p
f (x2 + 4x + 7) x2 + 4x + 4 |x + 2|
 200
25
C(x) = 25x + 200 x C(x)
2700 3950

t s(t) = 5t2 + 100

g = 10m/s2
 1 2
3 5

1 2 5 6 5+6
+ = + =
3 5 15 15 15
11
=
15

1 2
x 3 x 5
(x 3)(x 5) (x2 8x + 15)

1 2 x 5 2(x 3) x 5 + 2x 6
+ = + 2 = 2
x 3 x 5 x2 8x + 15 x 8x + 15 x 8x + 15
3x 11
= 2
x 8x + 15

10 15
21 8

10 15 25 35 6 2 5 6 3 5 25
= = =
21 8 37 222 6 3 7 6 2 2 2 28
 x2 4x 5 x2 5x + 6
x2 3x + 2 x2 3x 10

x2 4x 5 x2 5x + 6 (x + 1)(x 5) (x 2)(x 3)
=
x2 3x + 2 x2 3x 10 (x 2)(x 1) (x 5)(x + 2)
(x
(x5)
(x + 1)
2)(x 3)
= + 2)
(x2)(x
1)(x5)(x
(x + 1)(x 3) x2 2x 3
= = 2
(x 1)(x + 2) x +x 2

f g

f +g (f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x)

f g (f g)(x) = f (x)
g(x)

f g (f g)(x) = f (x) g(x)

f /g (f /g)(x) = f (x)/g(x)
x g(x) = 0
 f (x) = x + 3 g(x) = x2 + 2x 8
x+7
p(x) = 2x 7 h(x) =
2 x
x 2
v(x) = x2 + 5x + 4 t(x) =
x+3

(v + g)(x) (f + h)(x) (v/g)(x)

(f p)(x) (p f )(x)

(v + g)(x) = x2 + 5x + 4 + x2 + 2x 8 = 2x2 + 7x 4

(f p)(x) = (x + 3) (2x 7) = 2x2 x 21

x+7 2 x x+7 (x + 3)(2 x) + (x + 7)

(f + h)(x) = (x + 3) + = (x + 3) + = =
2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x
6 x x2 + x + 7 13 x2 13 x2 1 x2 13
= = = =
2 x 2 x 2 x 1 x 2
(p f )(x) = (2x 7) (x + 3) = 2x 7 x 3 = x 10
x2 + 5x + 4
(v/g)(x) = (x2 + 5x + 4) (x2 + 2x 8) =
x2 + 2x 8

f (x) = 2x + 1 q(x) = x2 2x + 2 2x + 1
r(x) =
x 1

f1 (x) = x2 + 3

q(x) f (x)
x2 +3

q(x) + f (x) = (x2 2x + 2) + (2x + 1)

= x2 + 3
= f1 (x)

f1 (x) = q(x) + f (x)

f2 (x) = x2 4x + 1
 q(x) f (x) x2 4x + 1
q(x) f (x) = (x2 2x + 2) (2x + 1)
2
=x 4x + 1
= f2 (x)
f2 (x) = q(x) f (x)

2x2 + x
f3 (x) =
x 1
2x2 + x 2x + 1
x 1 r(x) =
x 1 x 1
f (x) r(x)
2x + 1
f (x) + r(x) = 2x + 1 +
x 1
(2x + 1)(x 1) 2x + 1
= +
x 1 x 1
(2x + 1)(x 1) + (2x + 1)
=
x 1
(2x2 x 1) + (2x + 1)
=
x 1
2x2 + x
=
x 1
= f3 (x)

(f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x)

f1 (x) = q(x) + f (x) = (q + f )(x)

f2 (x) = q(x) f (x) = (q f )(x)
f3 (x) = f (x) + r(x) = (f + r)(x)

g1 (x) = 2x3 3x2 + 2x + 2

 2x3 3x2 + 2x + 2 f (x) q(x)

f (x) q(x) = (2x + 1)(x2 2x + 2)

= (2x)(x2 2x + 2) + (x2 2x + 2)
= (2x3 4x2 + 4x) + (x2 2x + 2)
3 2
= 2x 3x + 2x + 2
= g1 (x)

g1 (x) = f (x) q(x)

g2 (x) = x 1

2x + 1
r(x) = x 1 2x + 1
x 1
f (x) r(x)
f (x) 2x + 1
= (2x + 1)
r(x) x 1
x 1
= (2x + 1)
2x + 1
2x + 1
= (x 1)
2x + 1
=x 1
= g2 (x)
f (x)
g2 (x) =
r(x)

1
g3 (x) =
x 1

1 2x + 1
g3 (x) = r(x) =
x 1 x 1
2x + 1 r(x) f (x) = 2x + 1
r(x) 2x + 1
= (2x + 1)
f (x) x 1
2x + 1 1
=
x 1 2x + 1
1
=
x 1
= g3 (x)
r(x)
g3 (x) =
f (x)
 f (x) = 2x + 1
q(x) = x2 2x + 2 (2x + 1)2 2(2x + 1) + 2

f g (f g)

(f g)(x) = f (g(x)).

p
f (x) = 2x + 1 g(x) = x+1
q(x) = x22x + 2 F (x) = bxc + 1
2x + 1
r(x) =
x 1

(g f )(x)

(g f )(x) = g(f (x))

p
= f (x) + 1
p
= (2x + 1) + 1
p
= 2x + 2

(q f )(x) (f q)(x)
 (q f )(x) = q(f (x))
= [f (x)]2 2 [f (x)] + 2
2
= (2x + 1) 2(2x + 1) + 2
= (4x2 + 4x + 1) (4x + 2) + 2
= 4x2 + 1

(f q)(x) = f (q(x))
= 2(x2 2x + 2) + 1
= 2x2 4x + 5

(q f )(x) (f q)(x)

(f r)(x)

(f r)(x) = f (r(x))
= 2r(x) + 1

2x + 1
=2 +1
x 1
4x + 2
= +1
x 1
(4x + 2) + (x 1)
=
x 1
5x + 1
=
x 1

(F r)(5)

(F r)(5) = F (r(5))
= br(5)c + 1

2(5) + 1
= +1
5 1

11
= +1=2+1=3
4
 f g f +g f g
f g f /g g/f

f (x) = x + 2 g(x) = x2 4
1
x2 + x 2 x2 + x + 6 x3 + 2x2 4x 8 x 2
x 2
p
f (x) = x 1 g(x) = x2 + 4 p
p p p x 1
x 1 + x2 + 4 x 1 x2 4 x 1(x2 + 4) x 2
x2 +4
x 2 1
f (x) = g(x) =
x+2 x
x 2 1 x 2 1 x 2 x(x 2) x+2
+
x+2 x x+2 x x(x + 2) x+2 x(x 2)
1 x 2
f (x) = g(x) =
x+2 x
1 x 2 1 x 2 x 2 x (x + 2)(x 2)
+
x+2 x x+2 x x(x + 2) (x + 2)(x 2) x
1 p
f (x) = g(x) = x
x2 p
1 p 1 p x 1 p
+ x 2 x p x2 x
x2 x x2 x2 x

f (x) = x2 + 3x g(x) = x 2
f g g f f f g g x2 x 2 x2 + 3x 2 x4 + 6x3 + 12x2 + 9x x 4

(f g) = x
(g f ) = x

f (x) = 3x 2 g(x) = 13 (x + 2)
x 2x
f (x) = g(x) =
2 x x 1
3 p
f (x) = (x 1) + 2 g(x) = 3 x 2+1
 p(x) = an xn + an 1x
n 1
+ an 2x
n 2
+ + a1 x + a0

a0 , a1 , . . . , an 2 R an 6= 0 n
a 0 , a1 , a2 , . . . , a n
an an xn a0

100, 000

y
100, 000
x y=
x

x
y

750 g(x)
100, 000
g(x) = + 750
x

x
y
 p(x)
f (x) = p(x) q(x)
q(x)
q(x) q(x) 6 0
f (x) x q(x) 6= 0

v v(t)
t

v t

t
v
10
v(t) = v t
t
5t
c(t) =
t2 + 1
t c(t)
t = 1, 2, 5, 10

t
c(t)


a
b
c

x
y
 x

a
y = +c
x b

x P (x)
 2x2 + 800
P (x) =
x

50t
b(t) = 0 t 20
t+1
t b(t)

t = 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20
x2 + 3x + 2
x+4

1
3x2

x2 + 4x 3
2
p
x+1
x3 1

1
x+2 1
x 2 (x + 2)(x 2)

p(x)
f (x) =
q(x)
p(x) q(x)
q(x)

2 3 1 5 2 x2 + 2x + 3
= f (x) =
x 2x 5 x 3 x x+1
x2 + 2x + 3
y=
x+1

x y
 15 5x4 6x7 + 1 5 x3
p
x 1 x

y = 5x3 2x + 1
8 x
8=
x 2x 1
p
x 2=4
x 1
= x3
x+1
p
7x3 4 x + 1
y=
x2 + 3
5
6x 0
x+3
 x+1
= 10
2x
x+1
10
2x

2 3 1
x =
x 2x 5

10x 10x

2 3 1
10x 10x = 10x
x 2x 5
20 15 = 2x
5 = 2x
5
x=
2

x 1 8
x =
x+2 x 2 x2 4

x 1 8
=
x+2 x 2 (x 2)(x + 2)
(x 2)(x+2)

x 1 8
(x 2)(x + 2) (x 2)(x + 2) = [(x 2)(x + 2)]
x+2 x 2 (x 2)(x + 2)
(x 2)x (x + 2) = 8
x2 3x 10 = 0

x2 3x 10 = 0
(x + 2)(x 5) = 0
x+2=0 x 5=0
x= 2 x=5

x=2 x=5
 x
x
12 + x 25 + x

12 + x
= 0.6
25 + x

25 + x

12 + x
= 0.6
25 + x
12 + x = 0.6(25 + x)
12 + x = 0.6(25) + 0.6x
x 0.6x = 15 12
0.4x = 3
x = 7.5

x
60%

d
v= t

d d
v= t t= v
5
v v + 10 v
5
v+10

4
3

5 5 4
+ =
v v + 10 3
3v(v + 10)

5 5 4
+ =
v v + 10 3
 5 5 4
3v(v + 10) + 3v(v + 10) = 3v(v + 10)
v v + 10 3
15(v + 10) + 15v = 4v(v + 10)
30v + 150 = 4v 2 + 40v
4v 2 + 10v 150 = 0
2
2v + 5v 75 = 0
(2v + 15)(v 5) = 0
15
v= v=5
2
v

(a, b) {x|a < x < b} a b

[a, b] {x|a x b} a b
[a, b) {x|a x < b} a b
(a, b] {x|a < x b} a b
(a, 1) {x|a < x}
a
[a, 1) {x|a x}
a
( 1, b) {x|x < b}
b
( 1, b] {x|x b}
b
R
( 1, 1)
 x

2x
1
x+1

2x
1 0
x+1
2x (x + 1)
0
x+1
x 1
0
x+1
x=1 x= 1
x=1
x= 1

1
 1 1
x 1
x+1

x< 1 1<x<1 x>1

x= 2 x=0 x=2
x 1 +
x+1 + +
x 1
+ +
x+1

x< 1 x 1

{x 2 R|x < 1 x 1}
( 1, 1) [ [1, 1)

3 1
<
x 2 x

3 1
<0
x 2 x
3x (x 2)
<0
x(x 2)
2x + 2
<0
x(x 2)
2(x + 1)
<0
x(x 2)

x = 1 0

1
 x< 1 1<x<0 0<x<2 x>2
1
x= 2 x= 2 x=1 x=3
2(x + 1) + + +
x + +
x 2 +
2(x + 1)
+ +
x(x 2)

{x 2 R|x < 1 0 < x < 2}

x
h

x h h x

8 = x2 h

h x

8
h=
x2
h>x

8
>x
x2
 8
>x
x2
8
x>0
x2
8 x3
>0
x2
(2 x)(x2 + 2x + 4)
>0
x2

x = 16 x = 28 x=0 x=4

x<0 0<x<2 x>2

x= 1 x=1 x=3
2 x + +
x2 + 2x + 4 + + +
x2 + + +
(2 x)(x2 +2x+4)
x2
+ +

0<x<2
x<0
x

x
 1120
x
1600
x+4

1600 1120
10
x+4 x

1600 1120
10
x+4 x
160 112
1
x+4 x
160 112
1 0
x+4 x
160x 112(x + 4) (x2 + 4x)
0
x(x + 4)
160x 112x 448 x2 4x
0
x(x + 4)

x2 44x + 448
0
x(x + 4)
(x 16)(x 28)
0
x(x + 4)
x = 16 x = 28 x=0 x=4

x< 4 4<x<0 0 < x < 16 16 < x < 28 x > 28

x= 5 x= 1 x = 10 x = 20 x = 30
x 16 + +
x 28 +
x + + +
x+4 + + + +
(x 16)(x 28)
+ + +
x(x + 4)
 4<x<0 16 < x < 28

x = 16 x = 28

3 2
=
x+1 x 3

2x 5
+ =2 5
x + 1 2x

x2 10 14 5x
= 4, 1
x 1 x 1

x2 4x 14 9x
= 7
x 2 x 2

(x + 3)(x 2)
0 ( 1, 3] [ [2, 1)
(x + 2)(x 1)

(x + 4)(x 3)
0 [ 4, 2) [ [3, 1)
(x 2)(x2 + 2)

x+1
2 ( 1, 5] [ ( 3, 1)
x+3

x 2
<0 ( 1, 2) [ (2, 5)
x2 3x 10

3+x
x
6+x
t
 p(x)
f (x) = p(x) q(x)
q(x)
q(x) q(x) 6 0
f (x) x q(x) 6= 0

d
s= t

100
s= t
x
s(x)

100
s(x) =
x
d
s= t

100
x s(x) s(x) =
x

x
s(x)

100
s(x) =
x
x
 x 1
f (x) =
x+1

x x 10 10

x 10 8 6 4 2
f (x) 1

E F
 x 1
f (x) =
x+1

E F

x 1
f (x) =
x+1
x = 1
E F
x= 1

E F
x 1
 x2 3x 10
f (x) =
x

x
x=0 f
6 x 10 x 6= 0

x 5 4 3 2 1
f (x) 6 4.5 2.67 12 6

x 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
f (x) 3.33 1.5
 x=0
x 1 x 1

x= 2 x=5
x x
 x
p

12 + x
p(x) =
25 + x
p(x)

x
p(x)

25 + x

60(t + 1)
P (t) =
t+6
P t bc
 t=5

60(5 + 1)
P (5) = = b32.726c = 32
5+6

P (x)
t
P (t)
t

I
V
V R I= R

R
I
x 3
f (x) = 6x2 x
x+4
x

x 6 5 4 3 2 1
f (x) 6 2.5 1.33 0.75 0.4 0.167

f x= 4

x2 + x 6
f (x) =
x2 + x 20
x = 4, 5
6x2 x
 x 6 5 4 3 2 1
f (x) 0.75 0.22 0.3 0.3 0.22 0

x= 3, 2
 x
f (x)
x
x
y x=0

x y

x
 x 2
f (x) =
x+2

f (x) {x 2 R | x 6= 2}

x= 2 x= 2
f (x) x

x f (x) y 1

x x

x 2 x=2 x=2 f (x)

x

2
y f (0) f (0) = 2 = 1

f (x) x

x= 2 x 2
x< 2 2 x 2 x> 2 2+

x 2

x 3 2.5 2.1 2.01 2.001 2.0001 x 2

f (x) f (x)

f (x) ! +1 x! 2 f (x)
x 2

x 2+

x 1 1.5 1.9 1.99 1.999 1.9999 x 2+

f (x) 3 7 39 399 3999 39999 f (x)
 f (x) ! 1 x! 2+ f (x)
x 2

x 2
x= 2

x=a f f
x a

x=a
 x
f (x) x x ! +1

f (x) x ! +1

x x ! +1
f (x) f (x) 1

f (x) x x! 1
f (x) x! 1

x 5 10 100 1000 10000 x! 1

f (x) f (x) 1+

x f (x)
y=1

y = b f f (x)
b x x ! +1 x! 1

y=b b
 x 2
x ! +1 x! 1

x
x= 2
x=2

x< 2 2<x<2 x>2

x= 3 x=0 x=3
x 2 +
x+2 + +
x 2
+ +
x+2
x x x

x x=2

y
f (x) < 1 x ! +1 f (x) > 1 x! 1
(2, 0)

f (x) x! 2 f (x)
x! 2+

f (x)
 x 2
y=
x+2

y=1 f (x)
f (x) ( 1, 1) [ (1, +1)

4x2 + 4x + 1
f (x) =
x2 + 3x + 2

x x! 1 x ! +1

x
x = 1000 4x2 + 4x + 1 4, 004, 001
4x2 4, 000, 000

x x2 + 3x + 2 x2
4x2
x f (x) = 4 f (x)
x2
x y=4

2x2 5
f (x) =
3x2 + x 7

2x2 5
3x2 + x 7
2x2 2 2
2
= x y= 3
3x 3

3x + 4
f (x) =
2x2+ 3x + 1
3x + 4
2x2 + 3x + 1
3x 3 3
2
= x x
2x 2x 2x
0 y=0

4x3 1
f (x) =
3x2 + 2x 5

4x3 1 4x3 4x
x =
3x2 + 2x 5 3x 2 3
4x
x x
3
y
 n m

n<m y=0
a
n=m y = b a
b

n>m

y
y y
x=0
x
x

3x2 8x 3
f (x) =
2x2 + 7x 4
x
f (x) ( 1, 4) [ ( 4, 12 ) [ ( 12 , +1)

f (x)

3x2 8x 3 (3x + 1)(x 3)

f (x) = =
2x2 + 7x 4 (2x 1)(x + 4)

0 0 3 3
y f (0) = =
0+0 4 4
1
x 3x + 1 = 0 ) x = 3 x 3=0)x=3
 1
2x 1=0)x= 2 x+4=0)x= 4

3
y= 2

f (x)

x
1 1
4, 3, 2 3

1 1 1 1
x< 4 4<x< 3 3 <x< 2 2 <x<3 x>3
x = 10 x= 2 x=0 x=1 x = 10
3x + 1 + + +
x 3 +
2x 1 + +
x+4 + + + +
(3x + 1)(x 3)
+ + +
(2x 1)(x + 4)
x x x x x
 y
x
 R

x y
x
 2 (5x 2)(x 2)
f (x) = f (x) =
x+1 (3x 4)(x + 2)

2 x2 x+6
f (x) = f (x) =
x2 + 2x + 1 x2 6x + 8

3x x2 4x 5
f (x) = f (x) =
x+3 x 4

2x + 3 x 1
f (x) = f (x) =
4x 7 x3 4x

(4x 3)(x 1) x2 9
f (x) = f (x) =
(2x + 1)(x + 1) x2 + 4

N (t) t
75t
N (t) = t 0.
t+5
N
N (t) t!1
t ! 1 N (t) ! 75

c
t
20t
c(t) = t 0.
t2+2
c(t) c(t) t!1
t ! 1 c(t) ! 0

x = 3 x = 3 y = 1 x 5 y
5
9
(x 5)2 (x2 + 1)
f (x) =
(x + 3)(x 3)(x2 + 5)
 5125000V 2 449000V + 19307
p =
125V 2 (1000V 43)
p V
p V

V =0 V = 43/1000

p=0

V = 0.043
 5
T C = (T F 32)
9
9
T F = T C + 32
5

C
 200 F 93.33 C 120 C 248 F

f x1 x2 f f (x1 ) 6= f (x2 )
y x

(
8.00 0<d4
F (d) =
(8.00 + 1.50 bdc) d>4
bdc d

F (3) = 8

F (3) = F (2) = F (3.5) = 8 F

y x
y x 2

y = x2 4
 y = 2x 1

x 4 3 2 1
y 9 7 5 3 1
y x

x y

x 9 7 5 3 1
y 4 3 2 1

x
y
 x 4 3 2 1
y 1 1 1 1 0

y
x y=1 x = 1, 2, 3, 4

x y

x 1 1 1 1 0
y 4 3 2 1

x=1 y

x y

x y

f A B f
f 1 B A f 1 (y) =x
f (x) = y y B

x y
 y
x

y = f (x)

x y

y x

f (x) = 3x + 1

y = 3x + 1
x y x = 3y + 1
y x

x = 3y + 1
x 1 = 3y
x 1 x 1
= y =) y =
3 3

1 (x) x 1
f (x) = 3x + 1 f =
3

f (f 1 (x)) f 1 (f (x))
 f (x) f 1 (x)

f 1 (x) f (x)

f (f 1 (x)) =x x f 1

f 1 (f (x)) =x x f

g(x) = x3 2

y = x3 2
x y x = y3 2
y x

x = y3 2
x + 2 = y3
p
3
p
3
x + 2 = y =) y = x+2
p
g(x) = x3 2 g 1 (x) = 3
x+2

2x + 1
f (x) =
3x 4
2x + 1
y=
3x 4
2y + 1
x y x=
3y 4
y x

2y + 1
x=
3y 4
x(3y 4) = 2y + 1
3xy 4x = 2y + 1
3xy 2y = 4x + 1 y
 y
y(3x 2) = 4x + 1
4x + 1
y=
3x 2

1 (x) 4x + 1
f (x) f =
3x 2

f (x) = x2 + 4x 2

y = x2 + 4x 2

x y x = y 2 + 4y 2
y x

x = y 2 + 4y 2
x + 2 = y 2 + 4y
x + 2 + 4 = y 2 + 4y + 4
x + 6 = (y + 2)2
p
x+6=y+2
p p
x+6 2 = y =) y = x + 6 2
p
y = x+6 2 x
y x = 3 y 1 5
f (x) = x2 + 4x 2

f (x) = |3x|

y = |3x|
 f 1 f
f (1) = f ( 1) = 3 x 1 y f

y = |4x|
x y x = |4y|
y x

x = |4y|
p p
x = (4y)2 |x| = x2
x2 = 4y 2
x2
= y2
r 4 r
x2 x2
= y =) y =
4 4

q
x2
x = 2 y = 1 y = 1 y = 4
f (x) = |3x|

k(t) = 59 (t 32) + 273.15

t

k = 59 (t 32) + 273.15
k t
t k
5
k = (t 32) + 273.15
9
5
k 273.15 = (t 32)
9
9
(k 273.15) = t 32
5
9 9
(k 273.15) + 32 = t =) t = (k 273.15)
5 5
t(k) = 95 (k 273.15) k
 1 1 (x)
f (x) = x + 4 f = 2x 8
2
f (x) = (x + 3)3 f 1 (x) = p3
x 3
3 1 (x) = 4x +3
f (x) = f
x 4 x
x+3 1 (x) = 3x +3
f (x) = f
x 3 x 1
2x + 1 1 (x) = x + 1
f (x) = f
4x 1 4x 2

f (x) = |x 1|
 y=x

y = x
y=x

y=x
 y=x

y=x

x y

f f 1 f 1 (f (x)) =x f 1 (x)

y f (x) x
f (x) f 1 (y)
x !y !x

y=x

y = f 1 (x) y = f (x) = 2x + 1
{x | 2 x 1.5 } f (x)
 y = 2x + 1 y=x

{y 2 R | 3 y 4}

1 (x) x 1
f =
2

1
f (x) = [ 3, 4]
1
f (x) = [ 2, 1.5]
 f (x) f 1 (x)

[ 2, 1.5] [ 3, 4]
[ 3, 4] [ 2, 1.5]

1
f (x) =
x

1
f (x) = y =x
x
y=x f (x) f 1 (x) = f (x)
 1 (x) 1
f = f (x) =
x

p
3
f (x) = x+1

f (x) y=x
 p
f (x) = 3
x+1 y = x3 1
f 1 (x) = x3 1
 5x 1
f (x) =
x+2

f (x) = ( 1, 2) [ (2, 1)
f (x) = ( 1, 5) [ ( 5, 1)

x=2
y= 5

y=x
 x y

y=x

x= 5
y=2

f (x) f 1 (x)

( 1, 2) [ (2, 1) ( 1, 5) [ ( 5, 1)
( 1, 5) [ ( 5, 1) ( 1, 2) [ (2, 1)

y=x
y=x

1 1
f (x) = f (x)
 3(x + 2)2
f (x) = (x + 2)2 3 2 =
2

x 0

x 0
3(y + 2)2
x y x= ,y 0
2
y x
 3(y + 2)2
x=
2
2x
= (y + 2)2
r 3 r
2x 2x
=y+2 y 2
3 3
r r
2x 2x
2 = y =) y = 2
3 3
x = 54
r r
1 2(54) 108 p
f (54) = 2= 2= 36 2=6 2=4
3 3

t
d
3
12.5
t(d) =
d

3
12.5
t=
d
d t
d t

3
12.5
t=
d
p
3 12.5
t=
d
12.5
d= p3
t
12.5
d(t) = p3
t
22.5
t = 6.5 d(6.5) = p
3
= 12.06
6.5

12.06
 f (x) = x2 + 1
{0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3}

x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

f (x) 1 1.25 2 3.25 5 7.25 10
f
x 1 1.25 2 3.25 5 7.25 10
f 1 (x) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
A = {( 4, 4), ( 3, 2), ( 2, 1), (0, 1), (1, 3), (2, 5)}

A 1 = {(4, 4), (2, 3), (1, 2), ( 1, 0), ( 3, 1), ( 5, 2)}

p
f (x) = 2 x 2+3
[2, 1)

[3, 1) [2, 1)
3x + 2
f (x) =
x 4
( 1, 3) [ (3, 1)
( 1, 4) [ (4, 1)
x=a f 1 (a) =0 1/2
 w l
w = (3.24 10 3 )l2

l 0

p
l= w/(3.4 10 3)
 n
s n= 2s

b f (x) = bx y = bx
b > 0 b 6= 1

x = 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2 3
1 x
y= 3 y= 10x y= (0.8)x
 x 3 2 1

1 x 1 1 1
y= 3 3 9 27
1 1 1
y = 10x
1000 100 10

y = (0.8)x

1
f (x) = 3x f (2) f ( 2) f 2 f (0.4) f ()

f (2) = 32 = 9

2 1 1
f ( 2) = 3 = 2
=
3 9

1 p
f = 31/2 = 3
2
p
5 p
5
f (0.4) = 30.4 = 32/5 = 32 = 9

3.14159 3
f () = 3 33.14 33.14159
3

b
b

g(x) = a bx c
+d

a c d
 t t=0
t

t=0
t = 100 20(2)
t = 200 = 20(2)2
t = 300 = 20(2)3
t = 400 = 20(2)4

y = 20(2)t/100

y T y0
y t y = y0 (2)t/T

t=0
t = 10
t = 20
t = 30
 1 t/10
y = 10 2

100, 000 6%

t=0 = 100, 000

t=1 = 100, 000(1.06) = 106, 000
t=2 = 106, 000(1.06) = 112, 360
t=3 = 112, 360(1.06) 119, 101.60
t=4 = 119, 101.60(1.06) 126, 247.70
t=5 = 26, 247.70(1.06) 133, 822.56

y = 100, 000(1.06)t

P r
t A = P (1 + r)t

y = 100000(1.06)t t t

t = 8 y = 100, 000(1.06)8 159, 384.81 t = 10 y = 100, 000(1.06)10

179, 084.77 200, 000
 e 2.71828 e
e
e

f (x) = ex

T t
T = 170165e0.006t t

t
T

50, 000

A = 50, 000(1.044)t t
t = 18 18
A = 50, 000(1.044) 108, 537.29
100, 000

A = 20, 000(1.05)t t
t = 10, A = 10
20, 000(1.05) 32, 577.89
32, 577.89
 x/250
y = 100 12 x=0
1 500/250 1 2
x = 500 y = 100 2 = 100 2 = 25

y = 1, 000(3)x/80 x=0
x = 100 y = 1, 000(3) 100/80 = 3, 948.22 3, 948

10, 000

A = 10, 000(1.02)t t

A = 10, 000(1.02)12 = 12, 682.42

12, 682.42
 4x 1 = 16x y = 2x 2x 26

a bx c +d b > 0
b 6= 1

f (x) = bx b>0
b 6= 1
x2 1 f (x) = (1.8)x y =
72x = 52x 5x+1 0
343 (1.8)x

x y

f (x) = 2x3
f (x) = 2x
y = ex
22 (5x+1 ) = 500
625 5x+8
a 6= 0
a0 = 1
n 1
a =
an

r s
a a = ar+s
r s
ar
= ar s
asr s
(a ) = ars
(ab)r = ar br
a r ar
= r
b b
49 = 7x+1 8x = x2 9
7 = 2x + 3 x2 = 3x3 + 2x 1
3x = 32x 1 2x + 3 > x 1
5x 1 = 125 2x 2 > 8

x1 6= x2 bx1 6= bx2 b x1 = b x2 x1 = x2

4x 1 = 16

4x 1
= 16
4x 1
= 42
x 1=2
x=2+1
x=3

4x 1
= 16
(22 )x 1
= 24
22(x 1)
= 24
2(x 1) = 4
2x 2=4
2x = 6
x=3
 x=3 43 1 = 42 =
16

125x 1 = 25x+3

125x 1
= 25x+3
(53 )x 1
= (52 )x+3
53(x 1)
= 52(x+3)
3(x 1) = 2(x + 3)
3x 3 = 2x + 6
x=9

2
9x = 3x+3

2
(32 )x = 3x+3
2
32x = 3x+3
2x2 = x + 3
2x2 x 3=0
(2x 3)(x + 1) = 0
2x 3=0 x+1=0
3
x= x=1
2
 b>1 y = bx x
b < by
x x<y

0<b<1 y = bx x
bx > by x<y

bm < bn
m<n m>n b

3x < 9x 2

3x < (32 )x 2

3x < 32(x 2)

3x < 32x 4

3>1

x < 2x 4
4 < 2x x
4<x

(4, +1] x=5 x=4

x+5 3x
1 1
10 100
1 1 2 1
100 = 10 10
x+5 3x
1 1
10 100
x+5
1 1 3x
10 102
x+5 6x
1 1
10 10
 1
10 <1

x + 5 6x
5 6x x
5 5x
1x

[1, +1) x=1 x=0 1

y0
1
256

t
1 t/2.45 1 t/2.45 1
y = y0 2 y0 2 = 256 y0

t/2.45
1 1
=
2 256
t/2.45 8
1 1
=
2 2
t
=8
2.45
t = 19.6

t=0

(0.6)x 3 > (0.36) x 1

 (0.6)x 3
> (0.36) x 1
(0.6)x 3
> (0.36) x 1

(0.6)x 3
> (0.62 ) x 1
(0.6)x 3
> (0.62 ) x 1

(0.6)x 3
> (0.6)2( x 1)
(0.6)x 3
> (0.6)2( x 1)

(0.6)x 3
> (0.6) 2x 2
(0.6)x 3
> (0.6) 2x 2

x 3> 2x 2 x 3< 2x 2
3x > 1 3x < 1
1 1
x> x<
3 3

(0.6)x 3 > (0.6) 2x 2 x 3> 2x 2

x > 13

x
8
162x 3 = 4x+2 x= 3
2x
1 1
= 23 x 2 1 x= 3
2 2

29
42x+7 322x 3 , +1
6
5x 1 2
2 25 25 2 1
( 1, 5]
5 4 4 5

7x+4 = 492x 1 x=2

4x+2 = 82x x=1
5x+2 2x
2 3 2
= , +1
3 2 7
 f (x) = bx b>1
f (x) = bx 0<b<1

f (x) = 2x

f (x)

x 4 3 2 1

1 1 1 1
f (x)
16 8 4 2
 f (x) = 2x f (x) = 2x

x
y x
y=0

x
1
g(x) =
2

g(x)

x 3 2 1

1 1 1 1
f (x)
2 4 8 16
 x x
1 1
g(x) = g(x) =
2 2

x
x y=0

b > 1 0 < b < 1 f (x) = bx

b>1 0<b<1
 f (x) = bx b>0 b 6= 1

R
(0, +1)

y x
y=0 x

f (x) = 2x g(x) = 3x

x 4 3 2 1
f (x)
g(x)

x 4 y 1
f (x) g(x)
y

x x
1 1
f (x) = g(x) =
2 3

x 4 3 2 1
f (x)
g(x)

x 4 y 1
f (x) g(x)
 y

f (x) = 5 x y
x 1 1 x
5 = x =
5 5
 x 3
x 4 y
1
y = 2x

y = 2x y = 3 2x y = 2x + 1 y = 2x+1
y = 2x y = 25 2x y = 2x 1 y = 2x 1
 x 3 2 1
y = 2x
y = 2x
y
y= 2x 0.125 .25 .5 1 2 4 8
1
y
y = 3 2x

2 y
y= 5 2x
2/5

y = 2x + 1

y = 2x 1 0.875 0.75 0.5

y = 2x+1

y = 2x 1

y = 2x y= 2x y=2 x

x 3 2 1
y= 2x
y= 2x 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8
y=2 x

y y = 2x y
y= 2x y = 2x y = 2x
x

y=2 x x y = 2x x y=2 x

y = 2x y
 y= f (x) x y = f (x)

y = f ( x) y y = f (x)

y = 2x y = 3(2x ) y = 0.4(2x )

x 3 2 1
y = 2x
y = 3(2x )
y = 0.4(2x )

y y = 3(2x ) y
y= 2x y y = 0.4(2x )
y y = 2x
 R
y y y = 3(2x )
y y = 0.4(2x )
y=0
(0, +1)

a>0 y = af (x) y
y = f (x) a
a>1 0<a<1 y = f (x)

y = 2x y = 2x 3 y = 2x + 1

x 3 2 1
y= 2x
y = 2x 3 2.875 2.75 2.5 2 1
y = 2x + 1
 R

y = 2x + 1 (1, +1) y = 2x 3 ( 3, +1)

y y
y= 2x

y = 2x y=0
y= 2x+1 y=1 y = 2x 3
y= 3

d y = f (x) + d d
d>0 d d<0 y = f (x)

y = 2x y = 2x 2 y = 2x+4

y
 x 3 2 1
y = 2x
y = 2x 2

y = 2x+4

R
(0, +1)
y x=0 y
y = 2x+4 24 = 16 y y= 2x 2 22 = 0.25

y=0

c y = f (x c) c
c>0 c c<0
y = f (x)
 f (x) = a bx c +d

b b>1 0<b<1

|a| a
x

d d>0 d d<0

c c>0 c c<0

y = bx
y

x
y = 3x 4 1
y=2
x 3
1
y= +2 y = 0.25(3x )
2
y = 2x 3 + 1
y = 2x 5
x 1
1
y = (0.8)x+1 y= 2
3
 x

1
24 = x 43 = x 5 1 =x 16 2 =x

1 1
5 4
5x = 625 7x = 0
1
3x = 10x = 100, 000
9

x b logb x b
x log3 81 = 4 34 = 81
log2 32 = 5 25 = 32
log5 1 = 0 50 = 1

1 1 1
log6 = ( 1) 6 =
6 6

log2 32 log5 5 log7 1

1
log9 729 log 1 16 log5 p
2 5

1
p 1/2
5
 a b b 6= 1 a
b logb a blogb a = a logb a
b a

log2 32 = 5 25 = 32
log9 729 = 3 93 = 729
log5 5 = 1 51 = 5
1 4
log1/2 16 = 4 2 = 16
log7 1 = 0 70 = 1
log5 p1 = 1
5 1/2 = p1
5 2 5

logb a = c

bc = a
b
c c = logb a

logb a a log2 ( 8)

1 3 1
logb x log5 = 3 5 =
125 125

log x log10 x
e
e
ln ln x loge x
53 = 125 (0.1) 4 = 10, 000
1 40 = 1
7 2=
49
7b = 21
102 = 100
2 e2 = x
2 4
= ( 2)2 = 4
3 9

log5 125 = 3
1
log7 = 2
49

log 100 = 2

4
log 2 =2
3 9

log0.1 10, 000 = 4

log4 1 = 0
log7 21 = b
b=3 73 6= 21 b
71 .5645
ln x = 2

log m = n 1
log4 2 =
2
log3 81 = 4 log10 0.001 = 3
logp5 5 = 2 ln 8 = a
64
log 3 = 3
4 27
10n = m 41/2 = 2
34 = 81 3 3 1
10 = 0.001 10 =
p 1, 000
( 5)2 = 5
3 ea = 8
3 64
=
4 27

1031
log 1031 = 31

2 E
R= log 4.40
3 10
E 104.40

1012
 2 1012 2
E = 1012 R= log 4.40 = log 107.6
3 10 3
log107.6 = 7.6
107.6 log 107.6 = 7.6
2
R = (7.6) 5.1
3
1012 /104.40 = 107.6 39810717
 I
D = 10 log
10 12
I 2 10 12 2

106
60 85

90 100

10 6 m2

10 6
D = log 12
= 10 log 106 log 106
10
106 log 106 = 6
D = 10(6) = 60
10 6
12
= 106 = 100, 000
10
 [H + ]

pH = log[H + ]

1
pH = log
[H + ]

10 5 log 10 5 log 10 5

10 5 log 10 5 = 5
log 10 5 = ( 5) = 5
log3 243 5

1
log6 3
216
log0.25 16 2

49x = 7 log49 7 = x
1
6 3= log6 216 = 3
216
102 = 100 log 100 = 2

2
4 11 4
log 11 = 2 =
2 121 2 121
ln 3 = y y
e =3
log 0.001 = 3 10 3 = 0.001
log3 (x 2) = 5 ln x 9 y= log 1 x
2

logx 2 = 4 ln x2 > (ln x)2 g(x) = log3 x

x
 x y

logx 2 = 4
log2 x = 4
log2 4 = x

logx 2 = 4 x

log2 x = 4 4
log2 4 = x x

log 2x =4
 f (x) = 3x

x f (x)
4
1

g(x) = log3 x
x

x g(x)
1
81
1
3

log2 x = 4 logx 16 = 2 log 1000 = x

log2 x = 4
24 = x
x = 16
logx 16 = 2
x2 = 16
x2 16 = 0
(x + 4)(x 4) = 0
x = 4, +4
x=4
log 1000 = x
 log 1000
3= x
x= 3

log3 81
34 = 81

log4 1 log3 3 log4 42

log4 3 = 0 40 = 1
log3 3 = 1 31 = 3
log4 42 = 2 42 = 42
 b x b>0 b 6= 1

logb 1 = 0

logb bx = x

x>0 blogb x = x

logb 1 b b? = 1

logb bx b bx
x

logb x b x b
x

log2 14
23 = 8 24 = 16

23.8074 14.000

2log2 14 = 14

logb 1 = 0 logb bx = x blogb x = x

log 10 1
log5
125
ln e3 5log5 2
log4 64 log 1

log 10 = log10 101 = 1

ln e3 = loge e3 = 3
log4 64 = log4 43 = 3

1 3
log5 = log5 5 = 3
125
 5log5 2=2
log 1 = 0

10 2 m2

I
D = 10 log
I0 2
10
D = 10 log
10 12
D = 10 log 1010
D = 10 10
D = 100

pH = log[H + ]
3.0 = log[H + ]
3.0 = log[H + ]
+
10 3.0 = 10log H
10 3.0 = [H+]

10 3.0

log7 49
1
log27 3
3
ln e
log7 73 78 log7 73 + log7 78

49
log7 log7 49 log7 7
7
log7 75 5 log7 7
4
2
log2 log2 24 log2 210 6
210
log3 (27 81) log3 27 + log3 81

b > 0, b 6= 1 n2R u > 0, v > 0

logb (uv) = logb u + logb v

u
logb = logb u logb v
v
logb (un ) = n logb u
 logb (uv) = logb u + logb v log7 73 78 = log7 73 + log7 78

49
u log7 = log7 49 log7 7
logb = logb u logb v 74
v 2
log2 = log2 24 log2 210
210
log7 75 = 5 log7 7
logb (un ) = n logb u
log3 (27 81) = log3 27 + log3 81

r = logb u s = logb v u = br v = bs

logb (uv) = logb (br bs )

) logb (uv) = logb br+s
) logb (uv) = r + s
) logb (uv) = logb u = logb v

r = logb u u = br un = brn

un = brn
) logb (un ) = logb (brn )
) logb (un ) = rn
) logb (un ) = n logb u

logb un (logb u)n n

u n logb u
log2 (5 + 2) 6= log2 5 + log2 2
log2 (5 + 2) 6= (log2 5)(log2 2)
log2 (5 2) 6= log2 5 log2 2
log2 5
log2 (5 2) 6=
log2 2
2
log2 (5 2) 6= 2 log2 (5 2)

log(ab2 ) ln[x(x 5)]

3
3
log3
x

log(ab2 ) = log a + log b2 = log a + 2 log b

3
3 3
log3 = 3 log3 = 3(log3 3 log3 x) = 3(1 log3 x) = 3 3 log3 x
x x
ln[x(x 5)] = ln x + ln(x 5)

log 2 + log 3 log5 (x2 ) 3 log5 x

2 ln x ln y 2 log 5

log 2 + log 3 = log(2 3) = log 6

2
2 x
2 ln x ln y = ln(x ) ln y = ln
y

x2 1
log5 (x2 ) 3 log5 x = log5 (x2 ) log5 (x3 ) = log5 = log5 = log5 (x 1) = log5 x
x3 x
2 log 5

2 = 2(1)
= 2(log 10) 1 = logb b
= log 102 n logb u = logb un
= log 100
100
2 log 5 = log 100 = log = log 20
5
 log3 729 6
log9 729 3
log27 729 2
log1/27 729 2
log729 729 1
log81 729 3/2
log81 729
811/4 = 3 36 = 729 (811/4 )6 = 729
3
816/4 = 813/2 = 729 log81 729 = 2

6
log3n 729 = n

a b x a 6= 1, b 6= 1
loga x
logb x =
loga b

6
log3n 729 =
n

log3 729 6
log3n 729 = n
= .
log3 3 n

log8 32
1
log243
27
1
log25 p
5
 log2 32 5
log8 32 = =
log2 8 3
1
1 log3
log243 = 27 = 3
27 log3 243 5
1
log5 p
1 5 1/2 1
log25 p = = =
5 log5 25 2 4

log6 4
log 1 2 e
2

log2 4 2
log6 4 = =
log2 6 log2 6
ln 2 ln 2 ln 2 ln 2
log 1 2 = = = = = 1
2 1 ln 1 ln 2 0 ln 2 ln 2
ln
2

x3
log 3 log x log 2
2
ln(2e)2 (2e)2 = 4e3 2 ln 2 + 2
log4 (16a) 2 + log4 a

log(x + 2) + log(x 2) log(x2 4)

2 log3 5 + 1 log3 75

3 9
2 ln ln 4 ln
2 16

(log3 2)(log3 4) = log3 8

(log3 2)(log3 4) = log3 6
log 22 = (log 2)2
log4 x
log4 (x 4) =
log4 4
2
3 log9 x = 6 log9 x
3(log9 x)2 = 6 log9 x
log3 2x2 = log3 2 + 2 log3 x
log3 2x2 = 2 log3 2x

2 0.431
log5
1 p
log5 8, log5 , log5 2, log25 2 log25 8
16
1.2920, 1.7227, 0.2153, 0.2153, 0.6460

log 6 0.778 log 4 0.602

2 3
log6 4, log 24, log4 6, log log
3 2
0.7737, 1.3802, 1.2925, 0.1761, 0.1761

b x logb x
 b
x
logb x

f (x) = logb x logb u = logb v u=v

ab = 0 a=0 b=0

log4 (2x) = log4 10 log2 (x + 1) + log2 (x 1) = 3

log3 (2x 1) = 2 log x2 = 2
logx 16 = 2 (log x)2 + 2 log x 3=0

log4 (2x) = log4 10

2x = 10
x=5
 log4 (2 5) = log4 (10)

log3 (2x 1) = 2
2x 1 = 32
2x 1 = 9
2x = 10
x=5

log3 (2 (5)1) = log3 (9) = 2

logx 16 = 2
x2 = 16
x2 16 = 0
(x + 4)(x 4) = 0 a2 b2 = (a + b)(a b)
x = 4, 4

log4 (16) = 2 4 log 4 (16)

log2 (x + 1) + log2 (x 1) = 3
log2 [(x + 1)(x 1)] = 3 logb u + logb v = logb (uv)
(x + 1)(x 1) = 23
x2 1 = 8
x2 9 = 0
(x + 3)(x 3) = 0 a2 b2 = (a + b)(a b)
x = 3, 3

log2 (3 + 1) log2 (31

3 log2 (3 + 1) = log2 (2)

x=3

log x2 = 2

log x2 = 2
x2 = 102
x2 = 100
x2 100 = 0
(x + 10)(x 10) = 0
x = 10, 10
log(10)2 = 2 log(10)2 = 2

log x2 = 2
log x2 = log 102 2 = 2(1) = 2(log 10) = log 102
x2 = 102
x2 100 = 0
(x + 10)(x 10) = 0
x = 10, 10
log(10)2 = 2 log(10)2 = 2

logb un = n logb u
log x2 = 2
2 log x = 2
log x = 1
x = 10
log x2 = 2 log x x>0

(log x)2 + 2 log x 3=0

log x = A

A2 + 2A 3 = 0
(A + 3)(A 1) = 0
A= 3 A=1

log x = 3 log x = 1
3 1
x = 10 = x = 10
1000

1
log log 10
1000

x 2x = 3

2x = 3
log 2x = log 3
x log 2 = log 3 logb un = n logb u
log 3
x= 1.58496
log 2

x log 1 x x log2 x
2

1 1
8 8
1 1
4 4
1 1
2 2

x log 1 x x log2 x
2
1 1
8 8 3
1 1
4 4 2
1 1
2 2 1

1
2
3

1
2
log 1 x x log 1 x
2 2

log2 x x log2 x
 logb x
0<b<1 x 1 < x2 logb x1 > logb x2
b>1 x 1 < x2 logb x1 < logb x2

< > b

log3 (2x 1) > log3 (x + 2)

log0.2 > 3
2 < log x < 2

log3 (2x 1) > log3 (x + 2)

2x 1 > 0 x+2>0
2x 1>0 x > 12 x+2>0 x> 2
1
x> 2 x > 12 x 2

log3 (2x 1) > log3 (x + 2)

2x 1 > x + 2
x>3 x
)x>3
(3, +1)

log0.2 > 3

x>0
 3
1 1
3 5 3 = log 1
5 5
3
1
log 1 x > log 1
5 5 5
1
0.2 =
5 3
3
1 1
log 1 x > log 1 x< = 125
5 5 5 5
x 0 < x < 125
(0, 125)

2 < log x < 2

x>0

2 log 10 2 log 102

log 10 2 < log x < log 102

log 10 2 < log x log x < log 102

10 2 <x x < 102

1
< x < 100
100
1
, 100
100

EB EN
EB
EN
2 EB 2 EN
7.2 = log 4.4 6.7 = log 4.4
3 10 3 10

3 EB
EB 7.2 = log 4.4
2 10
EB
10.8 = log 4.4
10
10.8 EB
10 = 4.4
10
EB = 1010.8 104.4 = 1015.2

3 EN
EN 6.7 = log 4.4
2 10
EN
10.05 = log 4.4
10
10.05 EN
10 = 4.4
10
EB = 1010.05 104.4 = 1014.45
EB 1015.2
= 14.45 = 100.75 5.62
EN 10

n
n+1

E1 E2 n n+1
E2
E1
2 E1 2 E2
n= log 4.4 n+1= log 4.4
3 10 3 10
3 E1
E1 n = log 4.4
2 10
3n/2 E1
10 = 4.4
10 3n
E1 = 103n/2 104.4 = 10 2 +4.4

3 E2
E2 (n + 1) = log 4.4
2 10
3(n+1)/2 E2
10 = 4.4
10
3(n+1)
E2 = 10 3(n+1)/2 104.4 = 10 2 +4.4
3(n+1)
E2 10 2 +4.4 3
= 3n = 10 2 31.6
E1 10 2 +4.4
 A = P (1 + r)n A
P r n

A = 2P r = 2.5% = 0.025
A = P (1 + r)n
2P = P (1 + 0.025)n
2 = (1.025)n
log 2 = log(1.025)n
log 2 = n log(1.025)
log 2
n= 28.07
log 1.025

log ln

ln 2
ln 1.025

P (x) = 20, 000, 000 e0.0251x x x=0

P (x) = 200, 000, 000

200, 000, 000 = 20, 000, 000 e0.0251x
10 = e0.0251x
ln 10 = ln e0.0251x
ln 10 = 0.0251x(ln e)
ln 10 = 0.0251x
ln 10
x= 91
0.0251
 f (t) = Aekt
t A k

f (0) = 5, 000 f (90) = 12, 000

f (0) = Aek(0) = A = 5, 000
12
f (90) = 5, 000ek(90) = 12, 000 ) e90k =
5
12 12
ln e90k = ln ) 90k = ln ) k 0.00973
5 5
f (t) = 5, 000 e0.00973t

f (180) = 5, 000 e0.00973(180) 28, 813

ex + e x
y=
2

y=4
 ex + e x
4= 8 = ex + e x
2
8 = ex + e x
1
8 = ex + x
e
8ex = e2x + 1
e2x 8ex + 1 = 0
u = ex u2 = e2x u2 8u + 1 = 0
p
u = 4 15
p p
u = ex 4 + 15 = ex 4 15 = ex
p p
ln(4 + 15) = x ln(4 15) = x
y=4
p p
x ln(4 + 15) ln(4 15) 4.13

log5 (x 1) + log5 (x + 3) 1=0

log3 x + log3 (x + 2) = 1

3x+1 = 10
1 log 3
1.0959
log 3

ln x > 1 e 2.7183 (e, +1)

 log0.5 (4x + 1) < log0.5 (1 4x) (0, 1/4)

log2 [log3 (log4 x)] = 0

f (x) = bx

f (x) = bx

y = f (x) = bx
y = bx
x = by x y
y = logb x
f 1 (x) = logb x
 y = log2 x

y = log2 x

1 1 1 1
x 16 8 4 2

y 4 3 2 1

y = log2 x y = log2 x

x>0
x
x=0
 y = 2x y = log2 x

y = x

y = log 1 x
2

y = log 1 x
2

1 1 1 1
x 16 8 4 2

y 4 3 2 1 1 2 3
 y = log 12 x y = log 12 x

x>0
x
x=0

y = log2 x y = log 1 x
2
y = logb x b

y = logb x(b > 1) y = logb x(0 < b < 1)

y = logb x b > 1 0<b<1

 {x 2 R|x > 0}
x logb x

x y
x=0 y

y=x

y = bx y = logb x(b > 1) y = bx y = logb x(0 < b < 1)

y= log2 x
y = log 1 x
2

y = 2 log2 x
x

y = 2 log2 x y = 2 log2 x
y
 1 1 1 1
x 16 8 4 2

log2 x 4 3 2 1
y = 2 log2 x 8 6 4 2

{x|x 2 R, x > 0}
{y|y 2 R}
x=0
x

y = log3 x 1

y = log3 x >
1
y = log3 x (1, 0), (3, 1) (9, 2)
(1, 1), (3, 0) (9, 1)
 {x|x 2 R, x > 0}
{y|y 2 R}
x=0
x
x x
y=0
0 = log3 x 1
log3 x = 1
x = 31 = 3

y = log0.25 (x + 2)

y = log0.25 x 0 < 0.25 < 1

y = log0.25 [x ( 2)]
2
y = log0.25 x (1, 0), (4, 1), (0.25, 1)
( 1, 0), (2, 1), ( 1.75, 1)
 {x|x 2 R, x > 2}
x+2 log0.25 (x + 2) x
2
{y|y 2 R}
x= 2
x 1

f (x) = a logb (x c) + d

b b>1 0<b<1

a a
x

f (x) = a logb x d d>0 d

d<0 c c>0 c
c<0
 y = logb x y

y = logx (x + 3) y = (log0.1 x) 2
y = log 1 (x 1) y = log 2 (x 4) + 2
3 5

y = (log5 x) + 6 y = log6 (x + 1) + 5

log 2 0.3010 log 3 0.4771 log 5 0.6990 log 7 0.8451

21/3
51/4

21/3
51/4
21/3 1 1
n = 1/4 log n = log 2 log 5
5 3 4
log n
1 1
log n (0.3010) (0.6990) 0.0744
3 4
0.0744 n n

log n 0.0744

n 10 0.0744


P
r

I
Is
Ic

F t
 r

t
t P

t
t t
 Is = P rt

Is
P
r
t
P = 1, 000, 000
r = 0.25% = 0.0025
t=1
Is

Is = P rt
Is = (1, 000, 000)(0.0025)(1)
Is = 2, 500

P = 50, 000
r = 10% = 0.10
9
t=
12
Is

M
M t=
12

Is = P rt

9
Is = (50, 000)(0.10)
12
Is = (50, 000)(0.10)(0.75)
Is = 3, 750
 P r t

Is 1, 500
P = =
rt (0.025)(4)
P = 15, 000

Is 4, 860
r= =
Pt (36, 000)(1.5)
r = 0.09 = 9%

Is 275
t= =
Pr (250, 000)(0.005)
t = 0.22

Is = P rt = (500, 000)(0.125)(10)
Is = 625, 000
r = 7% = 0.07
t=2
IS = 11, 200
P

Is 11, 200
P = =
rt (0.07)(2)
P = 80, 000

P = 500, 000
Is = 157, 500
t=3
r

Is 157, 500
r= =
Pt (500, 000)(3)
r = 0.105 = 10.5%

P
r = 5% = 0.05
1
Is = P = 0.5P
2
t
 Is 0.5P
t= =
Pr (P )(0.05)
t = 10

t r
F

F = P + Is

F
P
Is

Is P rt
F = P + P rt
F = P (1 + rt)

F = P (1 + rt)

F
P
r
t

P = 1, 000, 000, r = 0.25% = 0.0025

F
F
 Is P F = P + Is .
F = P (1 + rt)

t=1

Is = P rt
Is = (1, 000, 000)(0.0025)(1)
Is = 2, 500
F = P + Is
F = 1, 000, 000 + 2, 500
F = 1, 002, 500

F
F = P (1 + rt)
F = (1, 000, 000)(1 + 0.0025(1))
F = 1, 002, 500

t=5

Is = P rt
Is = (1, 000, 000)(0.0025)(5)
Is = 12, 500

F = P + Is
F = 1, 000, 000 + 12, 500
F = 1, 012, 500

F = P (1 + rt)
F = (1, 000, 000)(1 + 0.0025(5))
F = 1, 012, 500
 P r t I

P r t I

1
2
I F
I F P F r = 9.5%
I = 9, 500 P = 300, 000 t=5 I = 16, 250 F = 1, 016, 250

1
4
 P
r P r
 P (1 + r) = P (1 + r) 100, 000 1.05 = 105, 000
P (1 + r)(1 + r) = P (1 + r)2 105, 000, 1.05 = 110, 250
P (1 + r)2 (1 + r) = P (1 + r)3 110, 250 1.05 = 121, 550.63
P (1 + r)3 (1 + r) == P (1 + r)4 121, 550.63 1.05 = 127, 628.16

(1 + r) 1+r
r

F = P (1 + r)t

P
F
r
t

Ic

Ic = F P

P = 10, 000
r = 2% = 0.02
t=5
F
Ic

F = P (1 + r)t
F = (10, 000)(1 + 0.02)5
F = 11, 040.081

Ic = F P
Ic = 11, 040.81 10, 000
Ic = 1, 040.81

P = 50, 000
r = 5% = 0.05
t=8
F
Ic

F = P (1 + r)t
F = (50, 000)(1 + 0.05)8
F = 73, 872.77

Ic = F P
Ic = 73, 872.77 50, 000
Ic = 23, 872.77

F
 P = 10, 000
r = 0.5% = 0.005
t = 12
F

F = P (1 + r)t
F = (10, 000)(1 + 0.005)12
F = 10, 616.78

F t r
F = P (1 + r)t

P (1 + r)t = F
P (1 + r)t F
=
(1 + r)t (1 + r)t
F
P =
(1 + r)t
t
P = F (1 + r)

F t
P = = F (1 + r)
(1 + r)t

P
F
r
t
F = 50, 000
r = 10% = 0.1
t=7
P

F
P =
(1 + r)t
50, 000
P =
(1 + 0.1)7
P = 25, 657.91

F = 200, 000
r = 1.1% = 0.011
t=6
P

F
P =
(1 + r)t
200, 000
P =
(1 + 0.011)6
P = 187, 293.65

P r t Ic
 P r t Ic F

Fc = 23, 820.32 Ic = 3, 820.32

Fc = 25, 250.94 Ic = 250.94

Fc = 90, 673.22 Ic = 2, 673.22

P = 89, 632.37

t r Ic
t t
1
2

1
2

1
2

1
2

1
2
 1
2

1
2

1
2

1
2

1
2

m
i(m)
j

i(m)
j= =
m
n

n = tm =
 r, i(m) , j
r
i(m) j

i(m)

0.02
= 0.02 = 2%
i(1) = 0.02 1
0.02
= 0.01 = 1%
i(2) = 0.02 2
0.02
= 0.005 = 0.5%
i(3) = 0.02 4
0.02
= 0.0016 = 0.16%
i(12) = 0.02 12
0.02
i(365) = 0.02 365

F = P (1 + j)t

i(m)
j=
m
t mt
 !mt
i(m)
F =P 1+
m

F =
P =
i(m) =
m=
t=

F = P (1 + j)t

!mt
i(m)
F =P 1+
m

i(m)
j
m
t mt
P = 10, 000
i(4) = 0.02
t=5
m=4

F
P

i(4) 0.02
j= = = 0.005
m 4

n = mt = (4)(5) = 20 .

F = P (1 + j)n
= (10, 000)(1 + 0.005)20
F = 11, 048.96

Ic = F P = 11, 048.96 10, 000 = 1, 048.96

P = 10, 000
i(12) = 0.02
t=5
m = 12

F
P
 i(12) 0.02
j= = = 0.0016
m 12

n = mt = (12)(5) = 60 .

F = P (1 + j)n
= (10, 000)(1 + 0.0016)60
F = 11, 050.79

Ic = F P = 11, 050.79 10, 000 = 1, 050.79

P = 50, 000
i(12) = 0.12
t=6
m = 12

F
 !tm
i(12)
F =P 1+
m

0.12 (6)(12)
F = (50, 000) 1 +
12
F = (50, 000)(1.01)72
F = 102, 354.97

F
P = !mt
i(m)
1+
m

F =
P =
i(m) =
m=
t=

F = 50, 000
t=4
i(2) = 0.12

i(2) 0.12
j= = = 0.06
m 2
 n = tm = (4)(2) = 8

F
P =
(1 + j)n

50, 000 50, 000

P = 8
= = 31, 370.62
(1 + 0.06) (1.06)8

F = 25, 000
1
t=2
2
i(4) = 0.10
P

i(4) 0.10
j= = = 0.025
m 4

1
n = tm = (2 )(4) = 10
2

F
P =
(1 + j)n

25, 000 25, 000

P = = = 19, 529.96
(1 + 0.025)10 (1.025)10
i(m)

F
F
3%
 1 m
i(m) x = = (m) m = x(i(m) )
j i
m
m!1 x = (m) ! 1 m
i

m
x=
i(m)
!mt
i(m)
F =P 1+
m
(m)
1 xi t
F =P 1+
x
i(m) t
1 x
F =P 1+
x

x
1
x 1+
x x
1
x ! 1 1+ e
x

P i(m)
F t
(m) t
F = P ei
P = 20, 000
i(m) = 0.03
t=6
F

(m) t
F = P ei

(m) t
F = P ei = 20, 000e(0.03)(6) = 20, 000e0.18 = 23, 944.35
P = 3, 000
F = 3, 500
i(12) = 0.25% = 0.0025
m = 12
i(12) 0.0025
j= =
m 12

F = P (1 + j)n

n
0.0025
3, 500 = 3, 000 1 +
12

3, 500 0.0025 n
= 1+
3, 000 12
 n

3, 500 0.0025 n
log = log 1 +
3, 000 12

0.0025
log(1.166667) = n log 1 +
12
n = 740.00
n 740
t= m = 12 = 61.67

1, 000 300 12%

F = 1, 300
m=2
i(2) = 0.12
i(2) 0.12
j= = = 0.06
2 2

n t

F = P (1 + j)n
1, 300 = 1, 000(1 + 0.06)n
1.3 = (1.06)n
log(1.3) = log(1.06)n
log(1.3) = n log(1.06)
log 1.3
n= = 4.503
log(1.06)

300
n 5
n=5 t= m = 2 = 2.5
1, 000 300
 n
n=5 n = 4.503 t

F = 15, 000
P = 10, 000
t = 10
m=2
n = mt = (2)(10) = 20

i(2)

F = P (1 + j)n
15, 000 = 10, 000(1 + j)20
15, 000
= (1 + j)20
10, 000
1.5 = (1 + j)20
1
(1.5) 20 = 1 + j
1
(1.5) 20 1=j
j = 0.0205

i(m)
j=
m
i(2)
0.0205 =
2
(2)
i = (0.0205)(2)
i(2) = 0.0410 4.10%
 F = 2P
t = 10 s
m=4
n = mt = (4)(10) = 40

i(4)

F = P (1 + j)n
2P = P (1 + j)n
2 = (1 + i)40
(2)1/40 = 1 + j
(2)1/40 1=j
j = 0.0175 1.75%

i(4)
j=
m
i(4)
0.0175 =
4
(4)
i = (0.0175)(4)
i(4) = 0.070 7.00%

i(1)

i(4) = 0.10
m=4

i(1)

F1 = F2
!mt
i(4)
P (1 + i(1) )t = P 1+
m

P
!mt
i(4)
(1 + i(1) )t = 1+
m

1
t
4
(i) 0.10
(1 + i ) = 1+
4
4
(i) 0.10
i = 1+ 1 = 0.103813 10.38%
4
 j
j = (1.025)4 1

F1 = F 2 t t=1

P t

i(12) = 0.12 m = 12 P t
i(1) = m=1 P t

F1 F2

F1 = F2
!(1)t !12t
i(1) i(12)
P 1+ =P 1+
1 12
!
i(1) 0.12 12
1+ = 1+
1 12
i(1) = (1.01)12 1
i(1) = 0.126825%

i(2) = 0.08 m=2 P t

i(4) = m=4 P t
F1 F2

F1 = F 2
!(4)t !(2)t
i(4) i(2)
P 1+ =P 1+
4 2
!4
i(4) 0.08 2
1+ = 1+
4 2
!4
i(4)
1+ = (1.04)2
4
i(4)
1+ = [(1.04)2 ](1/4)
4
i (4)
1+ = (1.04)1/2
4
i(4)
1+ = 1.019804
4
i(4)
= 1.019804 1
4
i (4)
= 0.019804
4
i(4) = (0.019804)(4)
i(4) = 0.079216%

i(12) = 0.12 m = 12 P t
i(2) = m=2 P t

F1 F2
 F1 = F2
!(2)t !(12)t
i(2) i(12)
P 1+ =P 1+
2 12
!2
i(2) 0.12 12
1+ = 1+
2 12
!2
i(2)
1+ = (1.01)12
2
i(2)
1+ = [(1.01)12 ](1/2)
42
i(2)
1+ = (1.01)6
2
i (2)
1+ = 1.061520
2
i (2)
= 1.061520 1
2
i(2)
= 0.061520
2
i(2) = (0.061520)(2)
(2)
i = 0.12304 12.304%

F = 2, 000, P = 1, 750, m = 2, t = j i(m)

j = 0.016831504 1.68%, i(m) = 0.033663008 3.37%
F = 100, 000, P = 10, 000, t = i(m) j
j = 0.024275 2.43%, i(m) = 0.2913 29.13%
F = 30, 000, P = 10, 000, i(m) = 16% j n t
j = 0.04, n = 28 ,t = 7
F = 18, 000, P = 12, 000, i(m) = 12% j n t
j = 0.06, n = 7 , t = 3.48
 j

t
R
F

P F
R R R R R R
0 1 2 3 4 5 n

P F
3, 000 3, 000 3, 000 3, 000 3, 000 3, 000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
6
R = 3, 000
t=6
=1
 P F
R R R R R R
0 1 2 3 4 5 n

R = 3, 000
t=6
i(12) = 0.09
m = 12
0.09
j= = 0.0075
12
F

3, 000 3, 000 3, 000 3, 000 3, 000 3, 000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

t=6
3, 000 3, 000 3, 000 3, 000 3, 000 3, 000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

3, 000
3, 000(1 + 0.0075)
3, 000(1 + 0.0075)2
3, 000(1 + 0.0075)3
3, 000(1 + 0.0075)4
3, 000(1 + 0.0075)5
 3, 000 = 3, 000
(3, 000)(1 + 0.0075) = 3, 022.5
(3, 000)(1 + 0.0075)2 = 3, 045.169
(3, 000)(1 + 0.0075)3 = 3, 068.008
(3, 000)(1 + 0.0075)4 = 3, 091.018
(3, 000)(1 + 0.0075)5 = 3, 114.20
F = 18, 340.89

t=1
t=2 t=3

3, 000 6 = 18, 000

t=1 t=2

F
 F
R R R R
0 1 2 n 1 n

R
R(1 + j)

R(1 + j)n 2

R(1 + j)n 1

F = R + R(1 + j) + R(1 + j)2 + + R(1 + j)n 2

+ R(1 + j)n 1

1+j

F (1 + j) = R(1 + j) + R(1 + j)2 + R(1 + j)3 + + R(1 + j)n 1

+ R(1 + j)n

F (1 + j) F = R(1 + j)n R
F [(1 + j) 1] = R[(1 + j)n 1]
F (j) = R[(1 + j)n 1]
(1 + j)n 1
F =R
j
(1 + j)n 1
sn s n
j

R R R R R R
0 1 2 3 4 5 n

(1 + j)n 1
F = Rsn = R ,
j

R
j
n
 (1 + j)n 1
F =R
j
(1 + 0.0075)6 1
= 3, 000
0.0075
= 18, 340.89

R = 200
m = 12
i(12) = 0.250% = 0.0025
0.0025
j= = 0.0002083
12
t=6
n = tm = 6(12) = 72
F

(1 + j)n 1
F =R
j
(1 + 0.0002083)72 1
= 200
0.0002083
= 14, 507.02
 R = 3, 000
t=6
i(12) = 0.09
m = 12
0.09
j= = 0.0075
12
P

F 3, 000
P = !mt = = 3, 000(1.0075) t .
i(m) 1.0075t
1+
m

3, 000 3, 000 3, 000 3, 000 3, 000 3, 000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

3, 000(1.0075) 1

3, 000(1.0075) 2

3, 000(1.0075) 3

3, 000(1.0075) 4

3, 000(1.0075) 5

3, 000(1.0075) 6

1
(3, 000)(1.0075) = 2, 977.667
2
(3, 000)(1.0075) = 2, 955.501
3
(3, 000)(1.0075) = 2, 933.50
4
(3, 000)(1.0075) = 2, 911.663
5
(3, 000)(1.0075) = 2, 889.988
6
(3, 000)(1.0075) = 2, 868.474
P = 17, 536.79
 F F 18, 340.89
P = = !tm = = 17, 536.79.
(1 + j)n i(m) .09 6
1+ 1+
m 12

F
F = P (1 + j)n P =
(1 + j)n

F n
P = = F (1 + j) .
(1 + j)n

R R R R
0 1 2 n 1 n

R(1 + j) 1

R(1 + j) 2

R(1 + j) (n 1)

R(1 + j) n

P = R(1 + j) 1 + R(1 + j) 2 + + R(1 + j) (n 1) + R(1 + j) n

R R R R R
P = + + + + +
(1 + j)1 (1 + j)2 (1 + j)3 (1 + j)n 1 (1 + j)n
 1
1+j

P R R R R
= 2
+ 3
+ + n
+
1+j (1 + j) (1 + j) (1 + j) (1 + j)n+1

1 R R
P P =
1+j 1 + j (1 + j)n

1 R 1
P 1 = 1
1+j 1+j (1 + j)n

1+j 1 R n
=P = 1 (1 + j)
1+j 1+j

j R
P = 1 (1 + j) n
1+j 1+j
n
Pj = R 1 (1 + j)
1 (1 + j) n
P =R
j

1 (1 + j) n
an a n
j
P

1 (1 + j) n
P = Ran = R .
j

(1 + j)n 1
F =R .
j

F
P =
(1 + j)n

n
F R (1+j)j 1 (1 + j)n 1 n 1 (1 + j) n
P = n
= n
=R (1 + j) =R .
(1 + j) (1 + j) j j
 R R R R R R
0 1 2 3 4 5 n

1 (1 + j) n
P = Rn = R ,
j

R
j
n

P
1 (1 + j) n
P =R
j
1 (1 + 0.0075) 6
= 3, 000
0.0075
= 17, 536.79

= 200, 000
R = 16, 200
i(12) = 0.105
0.105
j= = 0.00875
12
t=5
n = mt = 12(5) = 60
 P =?
16, 200 16, 200 16, 200 16, 200
0 1 2 3 60

1(1 + j) n
P =R
j
1 (1 + 0.00875) 60
= 16, 200
0.00875
= 753, 702.20

= +
= 200, 000 + 753, 702.20
= 953, 702.20

P = 100, 000
i(1) = 0.08
m=1
j = 0.08
t=3
n = mt = 1(3) = 3
R

P = 10, 000
R =? R =? R =?
0 1 2 3
 1 (1 + j) n
P =R
j
P
R= 1 (1+j) n
j
100, 000
= 1 (1+0.08) 3
0.08
= 38, 803.35

(1 + j)n 1
F = Rsn = R
j

1 (1 + j) n
P = Ran = R
j

P F

0.2
365 30 30 365


12% =

10% =


R R R R R R
0 1 2 3 4 5 n
 j

F
R R R R R R
0 1 2 3 4 5 n

(1 + j)n 1
F =R ,
j

R
j
n

R = 1, 000
n = 12(15) = 180
i(4) = 0.06
m=4
F

F
1, 000 1, 000 1, 000 1, 000 1, 000
0 1 2 3 179 180
 F1 = F2
!12t !4t
i(12) i(4)
P 1+ =P 1+
12 4
!12t !4t
i(12) i(4)
1+ = 1+
12 4
!12
i(12)
1+ = (1.015)4
12
i(12)
1+ = [(1.015)4 ]1/12
12
i(12)
= (1.015)1/3 1
12
i(12)
= 0.004975 = j
12

(1 + j)n 1
F =R
j
(1 + 0.004975)180 1
= 1, 000
0.004975
= 290, 076.28

R = 5, 000
n = 2(10) = 20
i(12) = 0.25% = 0.0025
m = 12
F
 5, 000 5, 000 5, 000 5, 000 5, 000
0 1 2 3 19 20

F1 = F2
!2t !12t
i(2) i(12)
P 1+ =P 1+
2 12
!2 !12
i(2) i(12)
1+ = 1+
2 12
!2
i(2)
1+ = (1.00020833)12
2
i(2)
1+ = [(1.00020833)12 ]1/2
2
i(2)
= (1.00020833)6 1
2
i(2)
= 0.00125063 = j
2

(1 + j)n 1
F =R
j
(1 + 0.00125063)20 1
= 5, 000
0.00125063
= 101, 197.06

j
 P
R R R R R
0 1 2 3 4 5 n

1 (1 + j) n
P =R ,
j

R
j
n

R = 38, 973.76
i(4) = 0.08
m=4
n=3
P

P =?
R = 38, 973.76 R = 38, 973.76 R = 38, 973.76
0 1 2 3
 F 1 = F2
!(1)t !4t
i(1) i(4)
P 1+ =P 1+
1 4
!
i(1) 0.08 4
1+ = 1+
1 4
i(1)
= (1.02)4 1
1
i(1)
= j = 0.082432 = 8.24%
1

j

1 (1 + j) n
P =R
j
3
1 (1 + 0.082432)
= 38, 973.76
0.082432
= 100, 000.00

R = 3, 000
i(2) = 0.09
m=2
n=6

P
 F1 = F2
!(12)t !(2)t
i(12) i(2)
P 1+ =P 1+
12 2
!12
i(12) 0.09 2
1+ = 1+
12 2
!12
i(12)
1+ = (1 + 0.045)2
12
i(12)
1+ = [(1.045)2 ]1/12
12
i(12)
= (1.045)1/6 1
12
i(12)
= 0.00736312 = j
12

j

1 (1 + j) n
P =R
j
6

1 (1 + 0.00736312)
= 3, 000
0.00736312
= 17, 545.08
 50, 000 1, 000, 000
0 1 2 3 20

50, 000 40, 000 40, 000 40, 000 40, 000
0 1 2 3 20

t=0

n
P = F (1 + j)
5
= 1, 000, 000(1 + 0.05)
= 783, 526.17
= 50, 000 + 783, 526.17
= 833, 526.17
 F1 = F2
!(4)(t) !(1)(t)
i(4) i(1)
P 1+ =P 1+
4 1
!4
i(4) 0.05 1
1+ = 1+
4 1
i(4)
1+ = (1.05)1/4
4
i(4)
= (1.05)1/4 1
4
i(4) = 0.012272

1 (1 + j) n
P =R
j
1 (1 + 0.012272) 20
= 40, 000
0.012272
= 705, 572.68

= +
= 50, 000 + 705, 572.68
= 755, 572.68

833, 526.17 755, 572.68 = 77, 953.49

t=5
 F = P (1 + j)n
= 50, 000(1 + 0.05)5
= 63, 814.08

= 63, 814.08 + 1, 000, 000

= 1, 063, 814.08

(1 + j)n 1
F =R
j
(1 + 0.012272)20 1
= 40, 000
0.012272
= 900, 509.40

= 63, 814.08 + 900, 509.40

= 964, 323.48

1, 063, 814.08 964, 323.48 = 99, 490.60.

P = 99, 490.60(1 + 0.05) 5 = 77, 953.49

0 1 2 3 4 5

0 1 2 3 20

n
P1 = F (1 + j)
6
= 150, 000(1 + 0.04)
= 118, 547.18

n
P2 = F (1 + j)
10
= 300, 000(1 + 0.04)
= 202, 669.25

= P1 + P2
= 118, 547.18 + 202, 669.25
= 321, 216.43
 F1 = F2
!4(5) !2(5)
i(4) i(2)
P 1+ =P 1+
4 2
!20
i(4) 0.08 10
1+ = 1+
4 2
i(4)
1+ = (1.04)1/2
4
i(4)
= (1.04)1/2 1
4
i(4)
= 0.019803903
4

1 (1 + j) n
P =R
j
1 (1 + 0.019803903) 20
= 25, 000
0.019803903
= 409, 560.4726

P F


1 (1 + j) 8
15, 000 = 2, 000 j
j


 P
R R R R R R
0 1 2 3 4 5 n

1 (1 + j) n
P = Ran = R ,
j

R
j
n

R = 2, 500
i(12) = 0.09
t=1
m = 12
P

P =?
2, 500 2, 500 R
0 1 2 n

i(12) 0.09
j= = = 0.0075
m 12
n = mt = 12(1) = 12

1 (1 + 0.0075) 12
P = Ran = 2, 500 = 28, 587.28.
0.0075
 n
j

P =?
2, 500 2, 500 R
0 1 2 3 4 5

P 0 =?
2, 500 2, 500 2, 500 2, 500 2, 500 R
0 1 2 3 4 5

P0
1 (1 + j) n 1 (1 + 0.0075) 15
P 0 = Ran = R = 2, 500 = 35, 342.49
j 0.0075

1 (1 + j) n 1 (1 + 0.0075) 3
P = Ran = R = 2, 500 = 7, 388.89
j 0.0075

P = P0 P = 35, 342.49 7, 388.89 = 27, 953.60

 k R

R R R R R R
0 1 2 k k+1 k+2 k+n

P
R R R
0 1 2 k k+1 k+2 k+n

1 (1 + j) (k+n) 1 (1 + j) k
P = Rak+n Rk = R R ,
j j

R
i
n
k
 R = 10, 000
i(4) = 0.08
t=5
m=4
P

k = mt = 4(20) = 80
n = mt = 4(5) = 20
i(4) 0.08
j= = = 0.02
m 4

P
10, 000 10, 000 10, 000
0 1 2 80 81 82 100

1 (1 + j) (k+n) 1 (1 + j) k
P = Rak+n Rak = R R
j j
1 (1 + 0.02) 100 1 (1 + 0.02) 80
= 10, 000 10, 000
0.02 0.02
= 33, 538.38
 R = 4, 000
i(12) = 0.10
t=2
m = 12
P

k=2
n = mt = 12(2) = 24
i(12) 0.10
j= = = 0.00833
m 12

k + n = 2 + 24 = 26

P
4, 000 4, 000 4, 000
0 1 2 3 4 26

1 (1 + j) (k+n) 1 (1 + j) k
P =R R
j j
1 (1 + 0.00833) 26 1 (1 + 0.00833) 2
= 4, 000 4, 000
0.00833 0.00833
= 85, 260.53



= 30, 000, 000

= 700, 000

=
30, 000, 000
=
700, 000
= 42.86

= 3%
= 500
= 200

500 0.03 = 15
15 200 = 3, 000.
 =
= 0.03(500)(200)
= 3, 000

= 8 = 12
= 52 = 95

= =
8 12
= =
52 95
= 0.1538 = 15.38% = 0.1263 = 12.63%

r
P
 F

P =F

P <F

P >F

F = 300, 000
r = 10%

300, 000(0.10) = 30, 000

1
30, 000 2 = 15, 000

F = 100, 000
r = 5%
= 10
= 2(10) = 20
= 4%
 0.05
100, 000 2 = 2, 500

t = 10

F 100, 000
P = n
= = 67, 556.42
(1 + j) (1 + 0.04)10

!2
1 i(2)
(1 + 0.04) = 1+
2
i(2)
= 0.019804
2

1 (1 + j) n 1 (1 + 0.019804) 20
P =R = 2, 500 = 40, 956.01,
j 0.019804
= 67, 556.42 + 40, 956.01 = 108, 512.43.


57.29 0.10 =
57.19

P = 1, 000, 000
j = 0.07
n=1

F = P (1 + j)n = 1, 000, 000(1 + 0.07) = 1, 070, 000

P = 1, 200, 000
= 31, 000

= (31, 000)(12 )(5 )

= 1, 860, 000

= 1, 860, 000 1, 200, 000

= 660, 000
 =( )( )
= 0.20(3, 000, 000)
= 600, 000

=( ) ( )
= 3, 000, 000 600, 000
= 2, 400, 000

(0.80)( 3, 000, 000) = 2, 400, 000.

P = 400, 000
i(12) = 0.09
i(12) 0.09
j= = = 0.005
12 12
n = 36

P 400, 000
R= n = 36 = 12, 719.89
1 (1 + j) 1 (1 + 0.0075)
j 0.0075
 P n k
R R R R R R
0 1 2 k k +n1 k k + 2 k+n
Bk
k

Bk p OBk

R = 11, 122.22
i(12) = 0.12
i(12) 0.12
j= = = 0.01
12 12
k = 12
n k = 48

" #
1 (1 + j) (n k) 1 (1.01) 48
Bk = R = 11, 122.22 = 422, 354.73
j 0.01
 P = 3, 200, 000
i(12) = 0.12
i(12) 0.12
j= = = 0.01
12 12
n = mt = (12)(20) = 240

R

1 (1 + j) n
P =R
j
P 3, 200, 000
R= n = 240 = 35, 234.76
1 (1 + j) 1 (1 + 0.01)
j 0.01

P = 3, 200, 000
R = 35, 234.76
n = 240

240 35, 234.76 = 8, 456, 342.40.

=
= 8, 456, 342.40 3, 200, 000 = 5, 256, 342.40
 P = 3, 200, 000
i(12) = 0.12
i(12) 0.12
j= = = 0.01
12 12
n = mt = (12)(20) = 240
R = 35, 234.76

190
190
1 (1 + j) 1 (1 + 0.01)
B50 = R = 35, 234.76 = 2, 991, 477.63
j 0.01

P R51

P R51 = R I50 = 35, 234.76 29, 914.78 = 5, 319.98

 F = (1 + j)n = 100, 000, (1 + 0.08)3 = 251, 942.40

2
2
1 (1 + j) 1 (1 + 0.10)
B3 = R = 26, 379.75 = 45, 783.04
j 0.10
 5
5
1 (1 + j) 1 (1.06)
B1 = R = 183, 026.37 = 770, 973.65
j 0.06

P 30, 000
R= n = 12 = 2, 623.54
1 (1 + j) 1 (1 + 0.0075)
j 0.0075

P 750, 000
R= n = 8 = 102, 382.35
1 (1 + j) 1 (1 + 0.02)
j 0.02

P 500, 000
R= n = 36 = 16, 607.15
1 (1 + j) 1 (1 + 0.01)
j 0.01

34
34
1 (1 + j) 1 (1 + 0.01)
B2 = R = 16, 607.15 = 476, 669.63
j 0.01

I3 = i(P2 ) = (0.01)(476, 669.63) = 4, 766.00

P R51 = R I50 = 16, 607.15 4, 766.7 = 11, 840.45
 F = P (1 + j)n = 800, 000(1 + 0.08)2 = 933, 120

P 700, 000
R= n = 48 = 18, 433.68
1 (1 + j) 1 (1 + 0.01)
j 0.01

P 300, 000
R= n = 20 = 19, 244.14
1 (1 + j) 1 (1 + 0.025)
j 0.025

2 18
3
0.10
18 61 1+ 7
1 (1 + j) 6 12 7
B6 = R = 29, 994.20 6 7 = 499, 428.21
j 4 0.10 5
12

12
12
1 (1 + j) 1 (1.025)
B8 = R = 32, 073.56 = 329, 003.03
j 0.025
 2 3
3
0.10
3 61 1+ 7
1 (1 + j) 6 12 7
P1 = R = 11, 485.35 6 7 = 33, 889.65
j 4 0.10 5
12

1

1 (1 + j) (1 + 0.08) 1
1
P4 = R = 25, 045.65 = 23, 190.42
j 0.08
I5 = j(P4 ) = (0.08)(23, 190.42) = 1, 855.23
P R5 = R I5 = 25, 045.65 1, 855.23 = 23, 190.42
 T
F

p1 , p2 , ...

p
q
r
s
t 3 + 2 = 5p
x
u f (x) =
x+1
v
w
p
p1 2
p2
p3
p4

p p

q
r

s s
t 3+2 = 5

22N
100 2 Z
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2
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p
2<2
NZQR

u
f u

v
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w
 w
w
p
p1 2
p1
p2
p2
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p4

2x = 1

(x + y)2 = x2 + y 2

x y

p q
p
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<>
 p r t u

p
p1 2
p2
p3
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p1 p2 p3
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p
p1 r 2
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b
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g
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l

p1 r
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p
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p q
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q p
q 22 =4 p q

p q
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 p q r
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T F T
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n 2n

p: p, )

p p
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p p p
p

x 1
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n2 2
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 x 1 x 1
n1 p(x) = x+2 p(x) = x+2

n2 2 2
n3
n4

p
p p
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p p

p q

p ^ q : (p q, )

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p q

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 p
q >3

p^q
p ^ ( q)
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p^q >3
p ^ ( q) 3 3
( p) ^ ( q)
( p) ^ q

q p^q p
p ^ ( q) ( p) ^ ( q)
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p^q p:
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 _

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p q p_q
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T F T
F T T
F F F
p q

p_q p q

p_q p q

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 p_q
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p _ (q _ r)
(p _ q) _ r
(p ^ q) _ r
p _ (q ^ r)
(p ^ q) _ (p ^ r)

p _ (q _ r) (p _ q) _ r

p _ (q _ r) (p _ q) _ r
p_q_r
p ^ (q ^ r) (p ^ q) ^ r
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( p) _ (q ^ r)

r
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p q r p q^r ( p) _ (q ^ r)
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 p q

p ! q : ( p, q, )

p q p!q
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T F F
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p!q p q p
q

p1
p2
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 p!q
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p q
p!q

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p!q

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p p!q
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2>0
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2 2>0 2<0

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2>0

p q

p $ q : (p q, )

p q p$q
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 p
q

p1
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p
q
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p ^ ( p)
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p $ ( p)
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p q r s
T F T T
 X
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X X X
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X X
X
X X X
X

X
X
X X X
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X X
X
X X X
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 p p
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p q p$q
p q

p q
(p ! q) ^ (q ! p)

p q
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p q
T T
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 (p ! q) (q ! p)

p q p!q q!p
T T T T
T F F T
F T T F
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(p ! q) ^ (q ! p)

p q p!q q!p (p ! q) ^ (q ! p)
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(p ! q) ^ (q ! p) p$q

p q (p ! q) ^ (q ! p) p$q
T T T T
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F F T T
$

[(p ! r) ^ (q ! r)] ! [(p _ q) ! r]

(p ! r) ^ (q ! r)
(p _ q) ! r
p, q r 23 = 8
p, q r
p, q r
 (p ! r) ^ (q ! r)
p!r q!r (p ! r) ^ (q ! r)

p q r p!r q!r (p ! r) ^ (q ! r)
T T T T T T
T T F F F F
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(p_q) ! r p_q
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p q r p!r q!r (p ! r) ^ (q ! r) p_q (p _ q) ! r

T T T T T T T T
T T F F F F T F
T F T T T T T T
T F F F T F T F
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F F F T T T F T

s : [(p !
r) ^ (q ! r)] ! [(p _ q) ! r]

p q r p!r q!r (p ! r) ^ (q ! r) p_q (p _ q) ! r s

T T T T T T T T T
T T F F F F T F T
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T F F F T F T F T
F T T T T T T T T
F T F T F F T F T
F F T T T T F T T
F F F T T T F T T
 T
[(p ! r) ^ (q ! r)] ! [(p _ q) ! r]
p, q, r

p q
p_
p^
p ! (p _ q)
(p ^ ( q)) ^ (p ^ q)

T
p_ p
p p_
T T T
F T T
F
p^ p p^
p p^
T F F
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p ! (p _ q)
p q
p q p_q p ! (p _ q)
T T T T
T F T T
F T T T
F F F T
(p^ q) ^ (p ^ q) p q
 p q q p ^ ( q) p^q (p ^ ( q)) ^ (p ^ q)
T T F F T F
T F T T F F
F T F F F F
F F T F F F

((p ! q) ^ q) ! p
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( (p ^ q) ^ ( p)) ! q
(p ! q) ! (( p) ! ( q))

(p ^ q) ! p
p ! (p _ q)
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((p ! q) ^ (q ! r)) ! (p ! r)
((p _ q) ^ ( p)) ! q
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((p ! r) ^ (q ! r)) ! ((p _ q) ! r)
 (p ! q) ^ (q ! p)
p$q

p q (p ! q) ^ (q ! p) p$q
T T T T
T F F F
F T F F
F F T T

p q p,q

p,q p q
p$q

(p ! q) , [( p) _ q]
 (p ! q) ( p) _ q

p q p!q p ( p) _ q
T T T F T
T F F F F
F T T T T
F F T T T

(p ! q) ( p) _ q
(p ! q) , [( p) _ q]
(p ! q) $ [( p) _ q]

p q p!q p ( p) _ q (p ! q) $ [( p) _ q]
T T T F T T
T F F F F T
F T T T T T
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(p ! q) $ [( p) _ q]

p q r

(p ^ ) , p (p _ ) , p
(p _ ) , (p ^ ) ,
(p _ p) , p (p ^ p) , p
(p _ [ p]) , (p ^ [ p]) ,
( p) , p
p _ (q _ r) , (p _ q) _ r p ^ (q ^ r) , (p ^ q) ^ r
p_q ,q_p p^q ,q^p
p _ (q ^ r) , (p _ q) ^ (p _ r) p ^ (q _ r) , (p ^ q) _ (p ^ r)
(p _ q) , ( p) ^ ( q) (p ^ q) , ( p) _ ( q)
p _ (p ^ q) , p p ^ (p _ q) , p
 (p ! q) , [p ^ ( q)]

(p ! q) p ^ ( q)
(p ! q) p ^ ( q)

(p ! q)
, (( p) _ q)
, ( p) ^ ( q)
, p ^ ( q)

p q
p ! q q ! p p ! q q ! p

p q p!q q!p p q p ! q q ! p
T T T T F F T T
T F F T F T T F
F T T F T F F T
F F T T T T T T

(p ! q) , q ! p

(q ! p) , ( p !
q)
 p q
p!q

q!p

q ! p

p ! q

(p ! q) , q ! p

q ! p
, ( q)_ p
, q_ p
, p_q
, p!q

(q ! p) , ( p ! q)

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p!q:
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p ! q :

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p!q

p!q

p q
p q
 (p _ (( p) ^ q)) , (( p) ^ ( q))
((p ^ q) ! (p _ q)) ,
(p ! ( q)) , (p ^ q)

(p ! ( q))
, ( p_ q)
, ( p)^ ( q)
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(p ! (q ^ r))
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, (sin p _ q) ^ ( p _ r)
, ((p ! q) ^ (p ! r))

(p _ q) , (( p) ! q)
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((p ! q) _ (p ! r)) , (p ! (q _ r))
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 (p1 ^ p2 ^ . . . ^ pn ) ! q.

p1 , p2 , . . . , pn q

p1
p2

pn
)q
 p1 :
p2 :

q:

(p1 ^ p2 ) ! q,

p1
p2
)q

A A0

A A0
p!q p!q
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A
p!q p q

p!q p p p!q
q
 p q p!q
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T F F
F T T
F F T

A0
p!q q p

p!q q p!q
q p

p q p!q
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T F F
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A0

p!q !
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q
p1 , p2 , . . . , pn

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 ((p ! q) ^ p) ! q

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p q p!q (p ! q) ^ p ((p ! q) ^ p) ! q
T T T T T
T F F F T
F T T F T
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p
p ! (p _ q)
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p
(p ^ q) ! (p ^ q) q
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p:
q:

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q
) p

p:
q:

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 p:
q:

p
) p _ q,

p:
q:
r:

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p1 , p2 , . . . , pn
q

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 ((p ! q) ^ q) ! p

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T T T T T
T F F F T
F T T T F
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q
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 A0

B0

p q r

p!q
((p ! q) ^ q) ! p q
)p
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p_q
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 p:
q:

p_q
p
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p q
p q [(p _ q) ^ p]
q q q p

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q
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(p ^ q) , (q ^ p)

q_p
q
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p
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p q
p q
 p p q p^q (p ^ q) (p ^ q)^ p [ (p ^ q)^ p] ! q
F T F F T T F

p!q
p
)q

p!q p
q
(p ^ q) ! r
p^q
)r
(p ^ q) ! r
r
)p^q
p ! q
q
) p

p ! q
p
)q
 (p ^ ( q)) ! r
s!p
q ! ( u)
u^s
)r

(((p ^ ( q)) ! r) ^ (s ! p) ^ (q ! ( u)) ^ (u ^ s)) ! r

24 = 16

p ! (r ^ s)
r
) p

p
 r
r p
p ! (r ^ s) (r ^ s)
r ( r) _ ( s) [( r) _ ( s)] , (r ^ s)

r
( r) _ ( s)
(r ^ s)
p ! (r ^ s)
p

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r
) (p ^ r)

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r (p ^ r) (p ^ r) ! r
r

(p ^ r) ! ( q)
( q) ! r
(p ^ r) ! r
r
(p ^ r)
 r r
( q) ! r ( q) (p ^ r) ! ( q)
(p ^ r)

r
( q) ! r
( q)
(p ^ r) ! ( q)
(p ^ r)

p_r
( r) _ ( s)
s
)p

s
r_ s s s r
p_r p

s
( s)
( r) _ ( s)
r
p_r
p
 p_r ( r)_( s)
p!r r ! s

p_r
p!r
( r) _ ( s)
r ! s
p ! s
s
( s)
( p)
p

b, e, c, d

b:
e:
c:
d:

b!e
c!d
b_c
)e_d
b_c
( b) _ c
( b) ! c
c!d
( b) ! d
b!e
( e) ! ( b) (b ! e) , ( e) ! ( b)
( e) ! d
( e) _ d
e_d

p!q
r!s
p_r
)q_s

t:
d:
s:
 t_d
t!s
)d!s

d ! s d s t
t_d t!s t
d s

t d s t_d t!s d!s

F T F T T F

p_q
q
)p

p_q
q
p
 p q p_q q ((p _ q)^ q) ((p _ q)^ q) ! p
T T T F F T
T F T T T T
F T T F F T
F F F T F T

((p _ q)^ q) ! p

p q q
p q p_q
p_q

(p _ q) ^ (p _ q) ,

m m
m = 2k k m = 2k k

m m = 2k k x
y x+y
 x x x = 2k1 k1
y y = 2k2 k2

x + y = 2k1 + 2k2 = 2(k1 + k2 ) k1 + k2 x+y

ABCD mA = 90
mB = 90 mC = 85 ABCD

ABCD D = 90

360

mA + mB + mC + mD = 360 .

90 + 90 + 85 + mD = 360 .
mD = 95 ABCD A B

ABCD
C A B D

mA + mB + mC + mD = 360 ,

90 + 90 + mC + 90 = 360 mC = 90
C 85

ABCD
ABCD
 (p _ q) ! r
q q p_q r
) r

(p ^ q) ! r
q p, r q
) r

p ! (q ^ r)
) (p ! q) ^ (p ! r)
p ! (q ^ r) p _ (q ^ r)
( p _ q) ^ ( p _ r) (p ! q) ^ (p ! r)

p ! (q _ r)
r!s p, q r, s
)p!s

p ! (r _ t)
r
) p
r r_ t (r ^ t)
p
(p _ q) ! r
r
)p
 r (p _ q) p^ q
p

(p ^ q) ! r
r p q, r
)p

m 3 m = 3k k n
6 n = 6k k
3 6
m 3 m = 3k k n
6 n = 6k k
6 3 m = 6k k m = 3 (2k)
2k m 3

a, b c a2 + b2 = c2 ABC
p
6 2 ABC
p
a2 + 62 = (6 2)2 a=6

ABCD