Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Lecture 1
Lift and Drag
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mg
2
g = 9,81 m.s
Work
F d
[J]
Power
[W]or[hp]
Fd
= F V
t
Power
Power and fuel economy are two different things!
A more powerful car usually raises your fuel
consumption
A more powerful aircraft usually does not
Aircraft are usually extremely powerful (100)
~ 50 khp machine
Preceived = F V aircraft
P spent = F V air
PD (US Army: Travis Zielinski)
2. Power and speed
on the ground
CC by W:Passiondutrain
Forces on a train
F=0
Voyager
PD [NASA]
Solid Friction
(rolling friction/resistance)
F=k
CC-0 Olivier Cleynen
CC-0 Olivier Cleynen
If F = k
Friction with flexible materials
F=kV
CC by-sa Tennen-Gas
If F = k V
Fluid Friction
F = k V
CC by-sa W:MorganaF1
If F = k V
If F = k F
Power spent to drive a train
No friction?
infinite max. speed
Solid friction?
there exists a max. speed
Fuel burn per km does not depend on speed
Fluid friction?
Any 40% speed increase doubles fuel burn per km
Power and fuel economy
are determined
by the speed dependence of drag
D = f (V )
CC-0 Olivier Cleynen
CC-0 Olivier Cleynen
CC by-sa Vincent Edlinger
CC by-sa Vincent Edlinger
3. Aircraft forces
Aircraft forces
Weight
MTOW
MLW
OWE
power
energy expense
L
f
D
d
F net = ( m v ) = m v
dt
mass flux change in velocity
What flight parameters affect mass flux m ?
Proportional to air density
Proportional to aircraft size (surface)
Proportional to aircraft speed
Depends on aircraft geometry
1
m = S V aircraft g geometry
2
What flight parameters
affect downwash velocity v d ?
L = m v d
1 2
= S V aircraft g geometry g geometry(2 ) g angle
2
L
CL
1 2
SV
2
1 2
L = S V CL
2
lift doubled
Double the wing surface?
lift doubled
Double the velocity?
lift quadrupled
For a given L (given aircraft)
High speed, high density, high surface?
you want low CL
CL = k 1 k 2
C L = C L , 0
D
CD
1 2
SV
2
2
C D = C D0 K C L
2
KC L Induced drag (lift-induced)
This equation only works in ideal conditions,
i.e. high Re, low M, linear aerodynamics
6. Basic flight mechanics
D
CD
1
S V2
2
Lift and Drag
The equations we wrote have amazing
consequences.
Small wings, low density will increase your speed
without an energy cost...
but you need higher power.
Play around with the above notions and equations...
Beware:
The equations we wrote have limited validity...
Mach number dependence
Reynolds number dependence
No account for stall
Never trust equations that fall from the sky.
Project 1
Flight speed range
CC by-sa Alan Radecki
Eclipse 500: the $1,5m jet