buccal cavity, internal nares, maxillary teeth, eustachian tube, vocal sacs, esophagus, glottis, tongue

4TH LAB BIO 11 EXAM REVIEW:

COELOM AND PERITONEUM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Part Function/Description
- Consists of a ____ or canal and peripheral ____ organs
____ Space containing the visceral organs
that break down, mobilize, and absorb ingested
____- ____ Part of coelom located at chest and
materials. Digestion can either be ____ or ____,
____ abdomen
depending on the organ.
- tract, glandular, internal or external. ____ ____ Contains the heart
____ Lines the pleuro-peritoneal cavity;
Composed of squamous epithelia and
INCOMPLETE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: supporting connective tissue
____ ____ Peritoneum that lines the inner body wall
- Digestive tract that ends blindly. The ____ is absent.
Undigested waste material is egested through the ____. ____ ____ Forms the surface of the organs
____ Continuations of the peritoneum that hold
FLATWORM or suspend the organs in place. Double
membranes that can attach from the
Part Function/Description
dorsal or ventral body wall. Ventral not
____ ____ Borders the mouth
observed as only its remnants and
____ Short broad tube
derivatives remain.
____ Very short
____ Another double-membrane peritoneal
____ Esophagus bifurcates through this
derivative which serves to bridge or hold
together certain visceral organs.

Anus, mouth. oral sucker, pharynx, esophagus, intestines

COMPLETE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:

BUCCAL CAVITY OF TOAD
Part Function/Description
coelom, pleuro-peritoneal cavity, pericardial cavity, peritoneum, parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum, mesentery,
____ ____ Space within the mouth omentum

____ ____ Paired anterior openings

____ ____ Line maxillary arch DIGESTIVE TRACT (STOMACH)
____ ____ Found at angles of jaw. Part Function/Description
openings ____ Tubular organ that extends
Openings to Found in males, found ventral to from the buccal cavity that
____ ____ Eustachian tube opening serves as the passageway of
____ Slit at posterior end of buccal cavity, dorsal ingested food to the stomach
opening of this ____ Large, bean shaped, muscular
____ Ventral slit found at posterior end of buccal organ. The anterior end is
cavity;. The glottis is the opening to the called the ____ end while the
lungs and is located in the back of the opposite is the ____ end. Food
mouth. Pumps the air into the lungs. is further broken down by
____ Tip of lower jaw gastric juices and peristalsis
until it becomes a liquid
substance called chyme.
____ ____ Found at the pyloric end of the
stomach, a constriction.
____ ____ Medial surface of the stomach
____ ____ Lateral surface of the stomach
____ Dorsal mesentery that ____ In the pelvis, a small tubular
suspends the stomach at the chamber can be found.
cardiac end. Common receptacle for feces,
____ Folds of the stomach wall urine, and gametes and
terminates into ____ ____

esophagus, stomach, cardiac, pyloric, pyloric sphincter, lesser curvature, greater curvature, mesogaster, rugae

DIGESTIVE TRACT (SMALL INTESTINE) large intestine, spleen, mesorectum, cloaca, cloacal opening

____ ____ Posterior to the stomach;

coiled and tubular; Where
most chemical absorption is
completed
____ Anterior, runs parallel to the
stomach (liver bile is secreted
from the gall bladder into the
first section of the small
intestine to aid in digestion)
____ Posterior, longer
____ ____ or ____ Dorsal and highly vascularized
mesentery that suspends the
iluem
____ ____ or Translucent membrane
gastrohapato-duodenal stretching from the liver to
omentum the stomach and the
duodenum

small intestine, duodenum, ileum, mesentery proper or mesenterium, lesser omentum

DIGESTIVE TRACT (LARGE INTESTINE, SPLEEN, CLOACA)

____ ____ Large, sac-like organ. The main
role is to absorb water and
store fecal material until it can
be excreted from the body.
____ Near junction of small and
large intestine, dark colored
ovoid organ suspended on a
mesentery, part of the
lymphatic system, helps to
destroy old red blood cells and
lymphocytes, which are cells
that produce antibodies to
help fight infected and DIGESTIVE GLANDS (LPG)
cancerous cells. Part Function/Description
____ Dorsal mesentery that ____ Large, dark-colored organ with many lobes. Largest
suspends the large intestine lobes are ____ and ____ lobe. The ____ lobe can
and spleen be divided into the ____ and ____ lobe. It produces
 bile, a substance that emulsifies fats contained MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
within the food we eat, and stores it in the gall Part Function/Description
bladder to be secreted into the small ____ Where food passes through.
intestine.
____ Infoldings of the lumen. Also called ____ of
____ Found in the middle of the lobes. Sac-like. stores
____
bile that is received from the liver. Bile is secreted
from here into the first section of the small
intestine (duodenum) to help aid in digestion.

____ Innermost layer. Lined with ____ epithelial

____ Irregularly shaped, elongated secretory organ
cells. Interspersed with these are the thicker
suspended in lesser omentum. produces and
and lighter-colored ____ cells, which secrete
secretes pancreatic juice (digestive enzymes) and
mucus.
also part of the endocrine system (secretes
____ Outer to the mucosa, composed of light-
hormones). thin, yellowish ribbon (hard to see in
colored loose connective tissue. Follows the
frog without lifting the stomach and intestine with
foldings of the villi. Many lymph space and
forceps)
large blood vessels can be found.
____ Outer to submucosa, composed of a thicker
inner ____ ____ (circular smooth muscle) outer
____ ____ (longitudinal smooth muscle)
____ Outermost layer, is very thin, is also visceral
peritoneum. Blood vessels, lymph spaces, and
nerves can be found here.

liver, right and left, left, posterior and anterior, gall bladder, pancreas,

MESENTERIES AND OMENTUMS OF DIGESTIVE TRACT

Part Function/Description
____ ____ digestive tube is suspended from the
dorsal side
____ mesenteries in the stomach at its cardiac
end
____ ____ or suspends the ileum
____
____ Suspends large intestine and spleen
____ Translucent membrane stretching from
omentum the liver to the stomach and the
duodenum
dorsal mesentery; mesogaster, mesentery proper, mesenterium, mesorectum, lesser omentum lumen, villi, Valves of Kerkring, mucosa, columnar, goblet, submucosa, muscularis, stratum circulare, stratum
longitudinale, serosa,
 MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE STOMACH
Part Function/Description
____ Folds at the interior of the stomach
____ Innermost layer and Has two sublayers:
1) inner ____ epithelial layer which has
many depressions known as ____ ____,
which lead to the multicellular ____ ____
2) thicker, underlying ____ ____, where
gastric glands and connective tissue can
be found

Different cells can be found at different

areas of a gland:
- neck or ____cells at neck
- ____ cells at base of fundus
- ____ cells at periphery of fundus or
between zymogenic cells
____ ____ Immediately outer to the lamina propria;
composed of inner ____ ____ and outer
____ ____ (similar to small intestine).
Muscular layer follows folds of the rugae.
____ Beneath muscularis mucosa and
composed of light-colored connective
tissue. Also follows folds of rugae. Layer is
similar in composition with small
intestines
____ Very thick, outer to submucosa,
composed of circular smooth muscle
cells.
____ Much thinner, containing connective MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE LIVER
tissue, some blood vessels, and Part Function/Description
longitudinal smooth muscle strands. ____ Liver can be divided into hexagonal liver
____ Outermost layer. Similar to small ____ lobules, with a very large this at the middle of
intestines each lobule
rugae, mucosa, columnar, gastric pits, gastric glands, lamina propriae, foveolar, zymogenic, parietal, muscularis
____ Interspersed throughout cross section
mucosa, stratum circulare, stratum longitudinale, submucosa, muscularis, subserosa, serosa
____
____ Individual cells can be identified by their nuclei
and arranged in irregular clusters.
____ Spaces between the cell clusters, where blood
can be in contact with the cells.
____ Come in various sizes, walls are lined with
____ cuboidal epithelial cells, may contain the
brownish-tinted bile in their lumen.
____ Have more layers in their walls. The former
and have a thicker smooth muscle wall layer while
____ both can contain red blood cells.
 ____ Largest trachea are paired these, which run
____ longitudinally near the sides of the animal.
____ The tracheal trunks branch into finer tubes,
which terminate into microscopic these, which
are in direct contact with tissues

spiracles, trachea, trachea, tracheal trunks, tracheoles

GILLS OF BONY FISHES

Part Function/Description
____ Bony flab seen anterior to the pectoral fins.
central vein, pigment granules, hepatic cells, sinusoids, , bile ducts, arterioles and venules,
Protects the gills
____ Underlying space which contains the gills,
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ____ continuous with the buccal cavity
- ____ influx and ____ ____ efflux is important for the ____ Thin, elongated extensions attached to the bony
continuation of aerobic cellular respiration in animals ____ ____ ____. House dense networks of capillaries.
- This exchange of gases to and from the body is made ____ Attached here are the gill filaments. On the inner
possible by a process known as respiration. ____ surface of these are the ____ ____
- The process is done through various types of respiratory ____ Short and pointed. Function for filter feeding
organs such as ____, ____ ____, ____ and even the ____. ____
For these organs to be efficient in gas exchange, four
____ Spaces between gill arches
conditions must be present:
____
o ____ ____ ____
o ____ ____
o contact with ____-____ ____
o exposure to ____ ____ or ____
- In animals with ____, ____, or highly ____ integuments
and high body ____-to-____ ____ ratio, respiration
occurs as simple gas____ through the integument.
- oxygen carbon dioxide; lungs, gills, tracheary systems, integuments, large surface area, high permeability, oxygen-
rich medium. blood circulation, tissue, thin, permeable, vascularized, volume to surface area, diffusion

TRACHEAL SYSTEMS OF TERRESTRIAL INSECTS:

HEAD LOUSE
Part Function/Description
____ Seen at sides of the animal at almost every
segment. Immediately open into tubes referred
to as ____
Mouth and operculum work in conjunction at helping the
gills of fishes to extract oxygen from the environment since
while the mouth is open to allow water to enter, the
____ Spiracles open into tubes of these
 operculum is _____. When the water has entered, the blood is transported between cells and tissue by
mouth _____ and the operculum _____ which gives the _____ _____
closed, vessels, annelids, cephalopods, open, hemolymph, arthropods, mollusks, body movements,
water the _____ needed to travel and _____ _____ with
blood.
operculum, gill chamber, gill filaments, gill arches, gill arches, gill rakers, gill rakers, pharyngeal clefts, closed, closes, OPEN SYSTEM:
opens, pressure, exchange oxygen, external nares,

COCKROACH
LUNGS OF FROGS
Part Function/Description
Part Function/Description
____ Medially located membranous tube which runs
____ Posterior slit-like opening to the lungs, guarded
____ along the thorax and continues into the
by two cartilages, the external ring-like ____
abdomen as the ____
and internal, more immediate, paired ____
____ Divided into diamond-shaped chambers which
____ Opening the glottis exposes this.
are guarded by valves known as ____
____ Thin pair found within the larynx. These
____ Cavity where heart is located
____ structures produces croaking sound of animal
____
through vibration.
____ Membranous sheet that separates the cavity
____ The larynx leads to the paired, saclike
____ above from rest of body
structure, seen through the antero-lateral end
of the pleuro-peritoneal cavity

dorsal aorta (heart), heart, ostia, pericardial sinus, dorsal diaphragm

CLOSED SYSTEM:
- The circulatory system of vertebrates consists of the
following: blood, heart, ____ and ____, ____ and ____,
and ____.
- The ____ serves as the pump, sending blood to different
parts of the body via the ____.
- The ____ return blood to the heart.
- Gas and nutrient exchange occur in the ____, which can
be found in between ____ and ____.
- Arteries and veins are distinguished from each other in
Pathway of air during respiration in the toad: air enters histology by their walls - ____ having thicker, muscular
through _____ _____ --> _____ _____ --> enters _____ walls.
- arteries, arteriols, veins, venules, capillaries, heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, arterioles and venules, arteries
_____ --> passes through _____ (which is guarded by
_____ and _____) --> goes into the _____ --> passes by the FROG HEART
_____ _____ before it enters the _____ Part Function/Description
GLOTTIS, CRICOID, arytenoid, larynx, vocal cords, lungs, external nares, internal nares, buccal cavity, glottis, cricoid
and arytenoid, larynx, vocal cords, lungs
____ Dark vessel, found underneath the linea alba
____
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: ____
- Transport of gases, nutrients, and other substances to ____ Anterior to the liver, a bulbous structure is
the different parts of the body is performed by the found. It will be found within the cavity known
circulatory system. as the ____ ____. The surface of this is covered
- Animals may either have by a membranous layer, the ____ ____, which is
o _____ circulation: where blood is transported continuous with the lining of the whole cavity,
via _____ the ____ ____ or the ____ ____. Slitting the sac
In vertebrates, _____ and, _____ will expose the heart. It is composed of ____
o _____ circulation: blood, referred to as _____, chambers: two ____ and one large ____.
freely moves within the body cavity ____ Most prominent part of the heart: large, highly
In invertebrates, such as _____ and muscular, triangular structure.
most _____ ____ Found anterior to the ventricle, thin-walled
o Some animals such as flatworms and sponges do ____ Lying between atria and slightly obstructing the
not have a circulatory system, and instead, ____ right atrium from view, bulb-like structure
____ Found when the ventricle is lifted, receives all PORTAL SYSTEMS
____ the deoxygenated blood from the body and ____ ____ vein can be seen coming from the lobes of
deposits it to the ____ ____. the liver, embedded on the mesentery
of the intestine. Has tributaries to
different organs of digestive system. (I
GPS)
- ____ vein Drains stomach
- ____ vein From pancreas
- ____ vein From spleen
- ____ vein From the intestine
- ____ ____ Before entering the liver, it will be
ventral abdominal vein, heart, pericardial cavity, vesiceral pericardium, parietal pericardium or parietal sac, 3, atria,
vein joined by this. Posteriorly, it will be
ventricle, ventricle, atrium, conus arteriosus, sinus venosus, right atrium seen to be formed by the union of the
____ veins, usually attached to the
VENOUS SYSTEM ventral body wall.
____ ____vein Found on the lateral margin of the
FROG VENOUS SYSTEM kidney. Drains the ____ vein and the
Part Function/Description ____ vein. The ____ vein will be seen
to join the ____ vein before the latter
____ ____ Carry deoxygenated blood into the sinus
enters the portal vein .
venosus
____ Carry deoxygenated blood into the filtering
organ
____ ____ Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs
directly into the ____ ____
____ Branches of the veins
systemic veins, portal veins, pulmonary veins, left atrium, tributaries

PRECAVAL VEIN
Part Function/Description
____ vein/____ From the sinus venosus, blood
____ ____ vessels entering antero-laterally.
Has three main tributaries: the
anterior ____ ____, middle ____,
and posterior ____ veins.
- ____ ____ Runs anteriorly towards the tongue
and lower jaw, which it drains. Will
divide further into the lingual and
maxillary veins.
- ____ vein Usually short and divides almost
immediately into the subscapular
and internal jugular pre-caval vein, anterior vena cava, external jugular, innominate, subclavian, external jugular, innominate vein,
subclavian, brachial, musculocutaneous, pulmonary veins, post-caval veins/posterior vena cava, hepatic, renal hepatic
- ____ vein Divides into the brachial and portal, gastric, pancreatic, splenic, intestinal, ventral abdominal, pelvic, renal portal, femoral and sciatic, femoral, pelvic,

musculocutaneous veins
____ vein Continues onward and drains the ARTERIAL SYSTEM:
arm - carry ____ blood except for the ____ artery
____ vein Exits the pleuro-peritoneal cavity
and drains the skin and chest FROM THE CONUS ARTERIOSUS
muscles Part Function/Description
____ ____ Can be seen exiting the lungs and ____ ____ Paired this can be found anterior
entering the left atrium to the conus arteriosus, has
POSTCAVAL VEIN three branches:
____ ____/____ Entering the sinus venosus on its - ____ ____ artery Most anterior branch of the
____ ____ posterior end; will be seen truncus arteriosus. Divides into
continuing to the liver and to the the ____ ____ artery and the
kindey ____ ____ artery, which is
____ veins Drain the blood from the liver identifiable by presence of a
____ veins Drain blood from the kidney dark bulb, the ____ ____
- ____ artery Most posterior branch. Two ____ ____ and The two valves that guard the opening to
branches: ____ artery which ____ ____ the conus arteriosus (found on the
continues posteriorly and will anterior margin of the ventricle8)
enter the lungs and the ____
artery which branches off
laterally and towards skin.
- ____ ____ Passes dorsally and laterally,
while sending smaller arteries to
the larynx, the dorsal side of the
orbit, nose, esophagus, and
vertebral column, jaw.
____ artery Will branch off into the arm and
will continue as the ___ artery
into the forelimb
____ ____ The systemic arteries from both
sides will combine to form this
DORSAL AORTA
____ artery First branch out of the aorta.
Two branches: ____ artery and
the ____ ____ artery to the
small intestine and spleen
____ artery Will branch out of the dorsal
aorta and enter the kidney.
____ ____ artery Will supply the large intestine
____ ____ arteries Left and right. Gives off two
branches: the lateral ____
artery, which supplies skin and
muscles of anterior thigh, the
median ____ artery, which
supplies the rest of the hindlimb

atrium, interatrial septum, sinoatrial aperture, interventricular aperture, spiral valve and semilunar valve
oxygenated, pulmonary, truncus arteriosus, common carotid, external carotid, internal carotid, carotid bulb,
pulmocutaneous, pulmonary, cutaneous, systemic artery, subclavian, brachial, dorsal aorta, coeliacomesenteric
artery, coeliac, anterior mesenteric, renal artery, posterior mesenteric artery, common iliac, femoral, sciatic

MAMMALIAN HEART:
INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE HEART:
MAMMAL HEART
FROG HEART Part Function/Description
Part Function/Description ____ Larger anterior end
____ Two of these, separated by ____ ____. ____ Narrow posterior end
____ ____ Opening found on the dorsal wall of the
atrium, which serves as the entrance of
blood from the sinus venosus ____ ____ and ____ Small blood vessels that cover the
____ ____ Blood passes through the atrium and heart which serve to drain and
ventricle via this; valves guard this supply the cardiac muscle
opening to prevent backflow of blood.
____ Two anterior chambers of these

____ Two posterior chambers, have

thick, muscular walls the ____
chamber for muscular than the
other. The ridges found on the
walls of the two ventricles are
____ ____
____ ____ The left and right ventricles are
separated into two by this
____ ____ Two atria separated by this
____-____ ____ Found between the atrium and the
ventricle, bordered by two
membranous flaps
- ____/____ ____ Found on the left side
- ____ ____ Found on the right side, connected
to projections from the wall of the
ventricles, the ____ ____, via
thread like structures called ____
____ (these two aid in opening and
closing of valves)
____ and ____ ____ Leading out of the right atrium

____ ____ From the right ventricle

____ ____ Found along the opening of the
pulmonary artery as a membrane
slightly covering it
____ ____ Enters the left atrium
____ ____ Left atrium and left ventricle send
blood to this
____-____ ____ The sinus venosus in mammals
reduced to this, found at area
where the pre and postcaval veins
exit the right atrium base, apex, coronary veins and capillaries, atrium, ventricles, left, trabeculae carnae, interventricular septum,
ineratrial septum, atrio-ventricular aperture, mitral/bicuspid, tricuspid valve, papillary muscles, chordae
tendinae, pre-caval and post-caval veins, pulmonary artery, semilunar valve, pulmonary vein, sino-atrial
node,

EXCRETORY SYSTEM
- Excretion is the process of removal of ____ wastes via
organs of filtration
o These organs also serve as ____, removing
excess fluids and salts
- Excretory organs come in many forms:
1) ____ in lower metazoans
a. flattened cells
b. collecting tubes
c. ammonia exit via pores
2) ____ in mollusks
3) ____ in annelids:
a. open tubules surrounded by blood
vessels
4) ____ ____ in crustaceans
5) ____ ____ in insects
a. ____ of ___ in here drag water,
ions, and other nutrients into the
tube
 6) ____ in vertebrates
- in simpler and smaller animals, there are no specialized
organs for excretion; wastes are simply removed through
____ at the ____

INSECTS
Part Function/Description
____ Tubular structure found at posterior end of
digestive tract
____ More anterior thinner length of tube
____ Very small fine thread like diverticulae at
the border. Produce waste as ____ ____
____, secreted together with feces.

metabolic, osomoregulators, protonephridia, nephridia, metanephridia, antennae glands, malpighian tubules, kidneys,
diffusion at epithelium, hindgut, midgut, malpighian tubules, crystallized uric acid, kidney, cisterna magna,
retroperitoneal, adrenal gland, mesonephric duct, metanephric duct or ureter, urinary bladder, cloaca

KIDNEYS OF MAMMALS:
Anus, mouth. oral sucker, pharynx, esophagus, intestines Part Function/Description
____ Outer, contains the ____ ____ and ____
KIDNEYS IN TOADS ____ Inner, contains ____ ____
Part Function/Description ____ ____ Microscopic collecting tubules terminate
____ Dark colored and ovoid organs; filter out here; number varies per species
waste from the blood through structures ____ ____ The individual papillae converge to form
known as nephrons. The waste removed is this
combined with water ____ ____ Renal pelvis tapers to form this; emerges to
to form urine. or ____ form the medial surface of the kidney and
____ ____ Space the kidneys occupy, because of their continues toward the urinary bladder
location relative to peritoneum they are ____ Concavity of kidney where ____ ____ is
referred to as ____ located and where ____ emerges
____ ____ Yellow streak seen on the ventral surface of
each kidney.
Wolffian OR Lies on lateral surface of kidney,
____ ____ descending posteriorly to the urinary
bladder
counterpart in mammals is ____
____
____ ____ Large, saclike organ where urine is stored,
found on ventral side of pelvis
____ Contents of urinary bladder exit through
here

cortex, renal corpuscles and tubules, medulla, collecting tubules, renal papillae, renal pelvis, metanephric duct or
ureter, hilus, renal pelvis, ureter

MICROANATOMY OF FROG KIDNEY

Part Function/Description
____ ____ Found in the cortex; dark spots arranged in
or ____ a curve along the ventral length of kidney
____ section, primary ____ sites of ____ in
kidney
____ Dark round mass of capillaries
 ____ ____ Immediate thin crest of squamous epithelia o In the brain, these spaces are called ____
surrounding the glomerulus which continue as the ____ ____ in the
____ ____ Located next to renal corpuscles and can spinal cord
- perception, impulses,CNS, muscles and glands, single unit, cellular, organelle, Diffuse, radially, echinoderms, network,
have elongated lumen. Sites of ____ of evenly, ladder, flatworms, ganglia, ganglionic, annelids, and arthropods, nerve cords, chain, , tubular, spaces, brain spinal
cord, ventricles, central canal
water and other substances
____ ____ Located at the convex margin of the ORGANIZATION OF THE TUBULAR NERVOUS SYSTEM:
section; have wider, circular lumen, lined 1) ____ ____ ____: includes brain and spinal cord
with prominent ____ epithelia. Open to the 2) ____ ____ ____: includes
____ ____. a. ____ nervous system:
____ ____ More pointed side of kindey section, seen ____ ____: motor and sensory
____ with the mesonephric duct. nerves that emerge from the brain
____ ____: motor and sensory
nerves that emerge from the spinal
cord
b. ____ or visceral nervous system

SPINAL CORD AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM:

renal corpuscles, Malpighian bodies, filtration blood, glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, uriniferous tubules, - ____, ____, ____ found close to each other at level of
reabsorption, collecting tubules, cuboidal, mesonephric duct, renal portal vein
forelimb
a. ____ is largest of the three
NERVOUS SYSTEM - ____ ____: the three spinal nerves (1,2,3) will fuse to
- Responsible for ____ of stimuli, transmission of sensory form this and separate later on
signals or ____ to the ____ ____ ____, and the induction - ____ ____: the 2nd spinal nerve will continue into the
by the CNS for the action of ____ and ____ ____
- The nervous system coordinates and integrates various - the 4th, 5th, 6th will be found further posteriorly between
bodily functions. This role provides a way for complex, ____ and ____ ____
multicellular animals to function as a ____ ____. - the 7th, 8th, 9th, spinal nerves are large nerves emerging at
- In smaller organisms and less complex animals, like the level of ____. They proceed posteriorly and fuse to form
sponges, coordination of various functions is done on the ____ ____.
____ or ____ level - The ____ and ____ nerves will continue into the hindlimb
as the ____ ____.
TYPES OF NERVOUS SYSTEMS - The 10th spinal nerve is small and lies close to the side of
1) ____ Type: the ____.
o nerve nets: found in ____ symmetrical
animals except ____ (e.g. sea stars). This
system consists of a ____ of nerve cells
almost ____ spread throughout the body of
the animal.
2) ____ type:
o as name suggests, nerve cords are arranged
in a ladderlike manner, runs along antero-
posterior axis.
o found in animals like ____
o Located in the head region is a pair of ____:
functional clusters of neurons
3) ____ type:
o has a dorsal and anterior ganglion or brain
o found in ____ (earthworms) and ____
o a pair of ventral ____ ____ extends
posteriorly from the cerebral ganglion CNS, PNS, Somatic, cranial nerves, spinal nerves, autonomic, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 2nd, brachial plexus, brachial nerve, arm, pelvic
and pectoral girdls, pelvis, sciatic plexus, 8th and 9th, sciatic nerve, urostyle
along it, the ganglia form a ____
o Each pair of ganglia in each segment is THE BRAIN:
connected by two nerve strands - The ____ nerves are found dorsal
4) ____ type: - The ____ nerves are found ventral
o found in vertebrates - The brain is closely covered by the ____: the inner pia
o referred to as tubular because of the mater and dura matter
presence of internal ____ in the ____ and
____ ____ DORSAL ASPECT:
- ____ ____: MOST ANTERIOR part
o remnants of the ____ nerves can be seen at
the anterior
- ____/____ hemispheres:
o found posterior to olfactory bulb
o elongated and oval, separated by a medial
groove
o controls voluntary actions, senses, memory
formation
- ____:
o small and unpaired lobe
o regulation of visceral actions and metabolic
homeostasis
o on its ventral side is the endocrine ____
____ or ____
o In intact brains it is covered by a highly-
vascularized structure, the ____ ____ ____,
consisting of ____ cells that produce ____
____ ____
- ____:
o paired and ovoid
o optic lobes
o visual and auditory reflex center
- ____:
o thin fold
o cerebellum
o muscle coordination
- ____/____:
o has dorsal triangular opening leading to the
____ ventricle, and the opening is covered
by a ____ ____ ____
o controls autonomic functions
- ____ ____: tapered posterior end
- ____ enlargement:
o anterior, points of emergence of spinal
nerves of forelimbs
- ____ enlargement:
o posterior, points of emergence of spinal
nerves for hindlimbs
- ____ ____:
o featherlike, filum terminale and elongated
roots of posterior spinal nerves form this
- ____ ____ ____: mid-dorsal groove along spinal cord
o ventral counterpart is ____ ____ ____
VENTRAL ASPECT:
- remnants of the ____ nerves can be seen
- ____ ____: convergence of optic nerves
- ____: bi-lobed, extension of the diencephalon
- ____/____ ____: posterior to infundibulum
VENTRICLES:
- inner ____ of the brain
- continuous with the ____ ____ of the spinal cord and
both contain ____ ____
- Within olfactory bulb is ventricle called ____
- Contained within the telencephalon/cerebral
hemispheres are the ____ ____
- The two l\ateral ventricles converge towards the ____ of
____
- The foramen of Monroe leads to the ____ ventricle, the
cavity within the ____
- Within the mesencephalon are ventricles called ____
____ or ____
- The 3rd ventricles and opticoeles lead to the posterior
____ ____ via the ____ of ____
- The ____ ventricle continues posteriorly as the ____
____ of spinal cord
- olfactory, optic, meninges, olfactory bulb, olfactory nerves, telencephalon, cerebral, diencephalon, pituitary gland,
hypophysis, anterior choroid plexus, ependymal, CSF, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon, 4th,
posterior choroid plexus, filum terminale, brachial, lumbar, cauda equine, dorsal median sulcus, ventral median
sulcus, optic, optic chiasma, infundibulum, hypophysis/pituitary gland, spaces, central cannal, csf, rhinocoeles,
lateral ventricles, foramen of monroe, 3rd, diencephalon, opticeole or optic ventricles, 4th ventricle, aqueducts of
sylvius, 4th, central canal
SENSE ORGANS:
- Eyes:
o Pair of sensory organs responsible for ____
perception
o ____: outermost, anterior portion of eye,
very thin covering, continuous with inner
surface of eyelids
o ____: light colored membrane that
maintains the shape of the eye
o ____: anterior transparent portion just
exterior to the pupil or the eyes opening
(covered by conjunctiva)
o ____ ____: thread like, posterior end
o ____ ____: muscles around optic nerve.
Muscles pull the eye in place within orbit.
- Ears:
o Paired organs responsible for ____
perception
o ____: very thin elongated bone that extends
to the interior of the ear.
o ____ ____: covers the columella; space
interior to this is continuous with the Buccal
cavity via the ____ ____
-
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE SPINAL CORD:
- outer ____ matter:
o consists of ____ nerve fibers and supporting
cells: ____ cells
- and inner ____ matter
o consists of some neuroglia and neurons
- ____ ____: lined with cerebrospinal fluid producing
ependymal cells
- ____ ____ ____: found ventral, is wider than other fissue,
found adjacent to ____ ____ ____
o on the other end is the narrower ____ ____
- ____ ____: narrow extension of grey matter projecting at
dorsal side
o more widely spaced pair is the ____ ____
o these cornua contain ____ and are
continuous to the outside as ____ ____
o Dorsal cornua: ____ nerves
 o
Ventral cornua: ____ nerves CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:
Groups of ____ neurons seen at - Ostia in cockroaches ____ heart and prevents ____
base of ventral cornua - Semilunar valve prevents ____
- Connective tissue coverings: - Spiral valve prevents ____
o ____ ____: outer, loose - Trabeculae carnae - ____ vessels
o ____ ____: inner, thinner, has some veins - ____ ____: pacemaker
and adipose tissue
o space is ____ ____ NERVOUS SYSTEM:
visual, conjunctiva, sclera, cornea, optic nerve, retractor bulbi, auditory, columella, tympanic membrane, eustachian tube,
white, myelinated, glial,grey, central canal, ventral spinal fissure, ventral spinal artery, , dorsal fissure, dorsal cornua, ventral Spinal Area of affect
cornua, axons, spinal nerves, afferent, efferent, motor, dura mater, pia matter, subdural matter
Nerve
1st In the ____, jaws, hyoid
2nd Continues to ____ as ____ ____
WORKSHEET QUESTIONS AND POST 3rd ____
4th Muscles and skin of body ____
LAB 5th

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: 6th

- Rugae ____ of stomach 7th ____ intestine, bladder, oviducts
- Villi ____ ____ ____ for absorption 8th Continues to ____ as ____ ____
- Difference between muscularis vs muscularis mucosa 9th
o Muscularis ____ 10th Bladder, cloaca, oviducts
o Muscularis mucosa expels contents of
____ ____ - stretching, increase surface area, peristalsis, gastric glands, blood, mucus, HCl, pepsinogen, 4, opens, closes, drop,
lower pressure, gills, filtration, gas exchange, external nares, internal nares, buccal cavity, glottis, larynx,
- ____ flows through sinusoids of the liver for distribution esophagus, vocal cords, lungs, renal corpuscle, uriniferous tubules, collecting tubules, mesonephric duct, urinary
bladder, cloaca, cloacal opening; glomerulus, proximal tubule, descending limb of loop of henle, ascending, distal
of material tubule, collecting duct, renal papilla, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, vas deferens. ammonia. urea,
corticosteroids, guards, backflow, b, m, strengthens, sinoatrial node, tongue, arm brachial nerve, shoulder, wall,
- secretions of: large, hindlimb as sciatic nerve,

o Neck cells ____

o Parietal cells ____
o Chief cells ____

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
- Pairs of gill arches present in fish: ____
- How does mouth and operculum work in conjunction at
helping gills of fishes extract oxygen from environment?
o The operculum ____ as mouth is ____,
causing pressure in the fish to ____, water
then flows towards the ____ ____ across
the ____, allowing some oxygen to be
absorbed from water.
- Function of:
o Gill rakers ____
o Gill filamentst/lamellae: ____ ____
- Pathway of air during respiration in the toad: ____ ____
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
____ ____ ____

EXCRETORY SYSTEM:
- Path of urine through excretory system of toad: ____
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
____ ____ ____ ____
- Path of urine through excretory system of mammal: ____
(cortex) ____ ____ (Cortex) ____ ____ of ____
(medulla) ____ ____ of ____ ____ ____ ____
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
- Mesonephric duct in humans: ____ ____
- Fish secretes ____ as nitrogenous waste
- Terrestrial secretes ____
- Adrenal gland produces ____ such as adrenaline