Chapter 2:

Classification Of Matter
 Matter
No Yes
Can it be separated by
physical process?

Yes Is it uniform No
Can it be throughout?
No decomposed by
Yes
chemical
process?
 INTRODUCTION

Matter: Anything that occupy space and has mass

Substance: a form of matter with a definite composition and
distinct properties
Element: a substance made up of one type of atoms
Compounds: substances formed by the combination of 2 or
more different elements
Atom: smallest particle in substance
Molecule: The smallest uncharged individual unit of compound
formed by the union of two or more atoms.
Ion: An atom or molecule that has acquired a charge by either
gaining or losing electrons.
Cation : positive charge
Anion : negative charge
 Molecular compounds: are made of molecules
each molecule has the same element composition
and properties as the compound

Ionic compounds: are made of cations and anions

cations combine with anions in just the right numbers
to give an electrically neutral compound

Mixture: combination of two or more substances in

which the substances retain their distinct identities.
atom A

atom B

molecule A

molecule B

molecule AB
Classify each of the following as an element, a compound
or a mixture:
 HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE:

Mixing is uniform.

Have a constant composition throughout.

Homogeneous mixture are called solution

gaseous solution (e.g: pure air)
liquid solution (e.g: syrup)
solid solution (e.g: steel)
 HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE

Mixing is not uniform

Have regions of different composition.

Consist of two or more physically distinct phases

eg: concrete (a mixture of cement, gravel, sand)

 Exercise
Classify each of the following as an element, a compound, a
homogeneous mixture or heterogeneous mixture:
a) Sulfur dioxide gas

b) Chlorine gas

c) CuSO4 aqueous

d) Tomato juice

e) Brass plate

 PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Chemical properties: the ability of a substance to

form new substances, either by reaction with other
substances or by decomposition.
Chemical change: the formation of a new substance
with a different composition and properties than the
initial substance.
Physical properties: a characteristic of a substance
that can be measured and observed without changing
the composition or identity of a substance.
Physical change: a change in which the physical
appearance of a substance changes but the chemical
composition stays the same.
 Intensive properties: properties that do not depend on
the amount of the sample.

E.g: temperature (melting/boiling points), density.

Extensive properties: relate to the amount of

substance present.

E.g: mass, volume.

Classify the following as physical or chemical properties
of water.

a) density = 1.00 g/mL

b) release hydrogen gas when reacted with sodium metal

c) forms ice at 0C

d) Water is formed when wood is burned

Does the following describe a physical change or a
chemical change?

a) Evaporation of water

b) Hydrogen burns in air

c) A piece of sliced apple turn brown

 STATES OF MATTER
Solid: molecules are held close together in an orderly
structure with little freedom of motion.
Liquid: molecules are close together but are not held so
rigidly in position and can move past one another.
Gas: molecules are separated by distances that are large
compared with the size of the molecules, thus they are
much farther apart and move freely of each other.

solid liquid gas

 Kinetic Molecular Theory: matter consist of particles
called molecule in constant movement colliding with
each other.
Heat given, matter will change states from solid to liquid
to gas
Each state will differ
particle arrangement
amount of kinetic energy
difficulty to compress
attractive forces between the particles
movement of particles
Process of Changes in State of Matter

GAS

LIQUID

SOLID
 Heating Curve of Ice

Temperature (oC)

steam
Hvap
100C
boiling point
water steam
water vaporization
Hfus
(0C) (liquid and vapor in equilibrium)
melting point Ice water
Melting
ice (solid and liquid in equilibrium)

-25C time
 Cooling Curve of Steam

Temperature (oC)
105C
steam steam water
condensation

100C
boiling point
water water ice
freezing
(0C)
melting point
Super cooling ice

time
 Super Cooling
Cooling of a liquid below its freezing point without
forming the solid
Occur when heat is removed from liquid so rapidly that
the molecules have no time to assume the ordered
structure of a solid
Unstable
 Phase Diagram of Water
solid liquid

critical point

0.006
atm Triple point

Vapor

0.01 oC
 A diagram showing the conditions at which a substance exists
as a solid, liquid and vapor
Each solid line between two phases specifies the conditions
of P and T under which the two phases can exist in
equilibrium
Triple point:
the point at which all three phases can exist in equilibrium
0.006 atm, 0.01 oC
Critical Point:
Critical Pressure the minimum P that must be applied to
bring about liquefaction at the critical T. (Pc of water = 219.5
atm)
Critical Temperature the highest T at which a substance
can exist as a liquid. (Tc of water =374.4 oC)
above Tc, vapor phase cannot be made to liquefy, no
matter how great the applied pressure
 Exercise

In the process of attempting to characterize a substance,

a chemist makes the following observation:
The substance is a silvery white metal. It melts at 649
oC and boils at 1105 oC. The substance burns in air,

producing an intense white light. It react with chlorine to

give a brittle white solid.
Which of these characteristics are physical properties and
which are chemical properties?