PHY10 : Review B.

Kinematics
It is the study of how object moves without regard to the
A. Vectors cause of motion.
Scalar Quantity - a quantity which has only magnitude but no
direction EQUATIONS for motion along a straight Where:
Ex. Speed 40 kph path (x-axis)
Vector Quantity - a quantity which has both magnitude and direction VF = VO + at VF final velocity
Ex. Velocity- 40 kph due north s = VOt + at2 VO initial velocity
VF2 = VO2 + 2as s horizontal
Analytical Methods of Finding the Resultant displacement/distance
traveled
A. Triangle Method construct a triangle using the 2 Note : if a = 0 ; V = constant a constant acceleration
given vectors and use concepts of trigonometry such as EQUATIONS for motion along vertical h vertical displacement/
Cosine Law, Sine Law or Pythagorean Theorem to solve axis (y-axis) height
for the unknown vector. VF = VO + gt g gravitational
acceleration = 9.8 m/s2
h = VOt + gt2 Sign Convention (from
B. Vector Resolution Method or Component Method - it is the origin) : s : (+) & h : (+)
process of resolving the vector to its vertical and
horizontal components VF2 = VO2 + 2gh V : (+) OR (+)
Note : if object is free-fall or dropped VO a : (+) if speeding up OR
Resultant, R- is the vector sum of 2 or more vectors whose effect is =0 (+) , hence g = 9.8
the same as the given set of vectors. m/s2
Ex:
A small boat travels 80.0 km north and then travels EQUATIONS for Projectile Motion (x-axis) EQUATIONS for
60.0 km east in 1.0 hr. What is the boats displacement for Projectile Motion
one-hour trip? What is the boats average speed during the (y-axis)
one-hour trip? VOX = VO cos : VOX Horizontal VOY = VO sin
Unit Vectors Component of VO : VOY
A. Scalar Product or Dot Product of vectors A and B = AB cos Vertical Component of VO
B. Vector Product or Cross Product of vectors A and B =AB sin VOX = VFX = VnX Note : Constant VFY = VOY + gt
Horizontal Velocities
s = Vx t h = VOYt + gt2
VFY2 = VOY2 + 2gh
 Sign Convention (from
origin) : s : (+) & h : First Condition of Equilibrium
(+) The body or system at this condition remains at rest or moves in a
V : (+) OR (+) straight line with constant velocity. (Translational Equilibrium)
g = 9.8 m/s2 Static Equilibrium refers to all objects at rest.
Dynamic Equilibrium refers to all objects / systems moving
Other Important Equations Note g = + 9.8 m/s2 at constant velocity
R = [VO 2 sin (2)] /g H = VOY2/(2g) = (VO sin 2)/(2g) F = R = 0 [FX=0 & FY = 0]
tR = R/VOX tH = VOY /g = (VO sin )/g = tR/2 Ex:
A 2-kg picture frame is supported by two wires where
each wire makes 30 with the horizontal. What is the tension in
Ex: each wire?
A projectile is fired from a gun and has initial
horizontal and vertical components of velocity equal Newtons Second Law of Motion (NSLM)
If an unbalanced force acts on a body, it is
to 30 m/s and 40 m/s, respectively. accelerated by an amount proportional to the unbalanced force
a. What is the initial speed of the projectile? and in the same direction but inversely to its mass. [a = Fnet / m]
b. Approximately how long does it take the projectile to or [Fnet = ma]
reach the highest point?
c. What is the speed of the projectile at the highest point F =ma where : FX= maX & FY = 0 (if motion is
relatively or purely horizontal)
in its trajectory?
FX= 0 & FY = maY (if motion is relatively
d. Approximately what is the maximum horizontal distance or purely vertical)
reached by the projectile
Ex: An object moves due to a net force of 37.5 N. It starts at rest and
accelerates at 2.5 m/s2. What is its mass?
C. Forces & Laws of Motion
A. 10 kg B. 25 kgC. 15 kg D. 20 kg
Newtons Laws of Motion
Newtons First Law of Motion Newtons Third Law of Motion
An object sitting at rest will remain at rest if the sum Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object,
of all forces acting on the object is zero. Similarly, if an object is the second object exerts a reaction force of equal magnitude but
moving and the sum of the forces acting on the object is zero, opposite direction on the first object. It indicates that forces come in
then the object will continue to move in the same direction with pairs an action force and reaction force
same speed. [F = 0]
 Friction Force (f) force acting between the body and its surface of a circular path rather than a straight one.
contact which is acting parallel but opposite to the Centripetal means towards the center, so this goes
direction of motion towards the axis of rotation.

Centripetal Acceleration (aC)

[ fN or f = N ]
Types: The acceleration associated with the centripetal force. It
also goes towards the center of rotation.
Static Friction, fs exists when the body is at rest Also known as the radial acceleration
but has the tendency to slide. Where:
EQUATIONS
Kinetic Friction, fk opposing force when the body is FC = maC 2
aC = v /R v linear or tangential velocity (m/s)
in motion FC = mv2/R v = /R angular velocity (rad/s)
Ex: FC = mR2 = 2/T T period of rotation, time for 1 complete
Three identical blocks are pulled or pushed across revolution (seconds)
a horizontal surface by a force F, as shown in the drawings. FC = 4mR2/T2 T = 1/f f frequency, number of revolutions at a
given time (per second or hertz)
The force F in each case has the same magnitude. Which
figure will give the least kinetic frictional force? FC = 4mR2f2

Newtons Second Law of Motion Applications

1. Horizontal Circle
1.1 Flat Curve Where:
vMAX = (SRg) v linear or tangential velocity (m/s) : vMAX maximum
Ex:
velocity
A 10-kg block is set moving with an initial speed of S static coefficient of the road surface
1.2 Banked Curve
6 m/s on a rough horizontal surface. If the friction force is 20 2 R radius of curvature (m)
tan = v /(Rg)
N, approximately how far does the block travel before it 1 2 banking angle ()
= tan [v /(Rg)]
stops?
2. Vertical Circle (Non Uniform)
@ Lowest Point @ Highest Point
D. Circular Motion aCmax = vMAX2/R aCmin = vMIN2/R
FC is maximum FC is minimum
Centripetal Force (FC)

The net force Ex: A 10 kg garbage bag is whirled into a uniform circular motion.
that causes object to move in The diameter of this circle is 50m. If the centripetal force was
 measured to be 84,100 dynes, what is the linear speed of the c. one-third as large as it is now
garbage bag? d. one-ninth as large as it is now
A. 1.45 m/s B. 12.5 m/s C. 20.56 m/s D. 17.677 m/s

E. Newtons Law of Gravitation

-Every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other
particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of the
masses of the particles and inversely proportional to the square of
the distance between them.

F = Gm1m2 / (R2)
Where:
m1 & m2 masses of the two particles F force of attraction (N)
(kg)
R distance between the two particles G gravitational constant
(m) = 6.67 x10-11 N m2 /kg2

Determining the Acceleration Due to Gravity, g

Consider an object of mass m falling near a planets surface, the force
of attraction is the gravitational pull of the planet toward the object
which is the weight of the object on that planet.

F=W
G m MPlanet/ R2 = mg
g
= G Mplanet/ R2
Ex:
If the earth were three times farther from the sun
than it is now, the gravitational force exerted on it by the
sun would be

a. three times as large as it is now

b. nine times as large as it is now