4/29/2017 ConcreteAdmixturesTypes,Selection,PropertiesandApplications

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ConcreteAdmixturesTypes,Selection,Propertiesand
Applications
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Concreteadmixturesareusedtoenhancethepropertiesofconcreteforapplicationsinconcreteworkswith
specialrequirements.

Concreteadmixturesareusedtomodifythepropertiesofconcretetoachievedesiredworkabilityincaseoflow
watercementratio,andtoenhancesettingtimeofconcreteforlongdistancetransportationofconcrete.

So,itisofmuchimportanceforacivilsiteengineertoknowaboutthepropertiesofadmixturesforbetter
selectionandapplicationinconcreteworks.

DefinitionofConcreteAdmixtures
AsperBIS(IS9103:1999)PageNo.1,ConcreteAdmixtureisdefinedasamaterialotherthanwater,
aggregatesandhydrauliccementandadditiveslikePozzolanaorslagandfiberreinforcement,usedason
ingredientofconcreteormortarandaddedtothebatchimmediatelybeforeorduringitsmixingtomodifyone
ormoreofthepropertiesofconcreteintheplasticorhardenedstate.

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4/29/2017 ConcreteAdmixturesTypes,Selection,PropertiesandApplications

ReasonsforUsingAdmixtures(ACICommitteeReportPage298)
Admixturesareusedtomodifythepropertiesofconcreteormortartomakethemmoresuitableforthework
athandorforeconomyorforsuchotherpurposesassavingenergy.

Someoftheimportantpurposesforwhichadmixturesareusedare:

Tomodifypropertiesoffreshconcrete,mortarandgroutsoasto:

Increaseworkabilitywithoutincreasingwatercontentordecreasewatercontentatthesame
workability.

Retardoracceleratetimeofinitialsetting.

Reduceorpreventsettlement.

Modifytherateorcapacityforbleedings.

Reducesegregation.

Improvepumpability.

Reducetherateofslumploss.

Tomodifythepropertiesofhardenedconcrete,mortarandgroutsoasto:

Retardorreduceheatevaluationduringearlyhardening.

Acceleratetherateofstrengthdevelopmentatearlyages.

Increasestrength(compressive,tensileorflexural).

Increasedurabilityorresistancetosevereconditionofexposure.

Decreasepermeabilityofconcrete.

Controlexpansioncausedbythereactionofalkalieswithcertainaggregateconstituents.

Increasebondofconcretetosteelreinforcement.

Increasebondbetweenexistingandnewconcrete.

Improveimpactresistanceandabrasionresistance.

Inhibitcorrosionofembeddedmetal.

Producecoloredconcreteormortar

WhentoUseConcreteAdmixtures
Whenpropertiescannotbemadebyvaryingthecompositionofbasicmaterial.

Toproducedesiredeffectsmoreeconomically.

Unlikelytomakeapoorconcretebetter.

Notasubstituteforgoodconcretepractice.

Requireddosemustbecarefullydeterminedandadministered

HowtoUseConcreteAdmixtures
Checkjobspecification

Usethecorrectadmixture

Neveruseonefromanunmarkedcontainer.

Keepcontainersclosedtoavoidaccidentalcontamination.

Addthecorrectdosage.

Avoidaddingalittlebitextra

Useadispenser

Washthoroughlyattheendtheday

Bestifaddedtothemixingwater

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Manufacturersrecommendeddosageisusuallyadequate

Trialmixesareimportanttodeterminemosteffectivedosage

TypesofConcreteAdmixtures
AdmixturesareclassifiedaccordingtotheIndianStandard(IS9103:1999)areasfollows:

a)Acceleratingadmixtures

b)Retardingadmixtures

c)Waterreducingadmixtures

d)Airentrainingadmixtures

e)Superplasticizingadmixtures

ClassificationaccordingtoAmericanConcreteInstituteCommitteereport.

a)Airentrainingadmixtures

b)Acceleratingadmixtures

c)Waterreducingandsetcontrollingadmixtures

d)Admixturesforflowingconcrete

e)Miscellaneousadmixtures

ClassificationofadmixturesaccordingtothebookofConcreteAdmixtures:UseandApplicationseditedbyM.
R.Rixomaregivenintheforwardpages.

AirEntrainingAgentConcreteAdmixtures
Thesearegenerallyusedtoimproveworkability,easeofplacing,increaseddurability,betterresistancetofrost
actionandreductioninbleeding.

ThecommonAirEntrainingagentsarenaturalwoodresins,neutralizedvinsolresins,polyetheleneoxide
polymersandsulphonatedcompounds.

MechanismofAirEntrainingConcreteAdmixtures

Theseareanionic,becausethehydrocarbonstructurescontainnegativelychargedhydrophilicgroups,suchas
COO,SO3andOSOsothatlargeanionsarereleasedinwater.Conversely,ifthehydrocarbonionispositively
charged,thecompoundiscationactiveorcationic.

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Inotherwords,anionicsurfaceactiveagentsproducebubblesthatarenegativelycharged,cationiccharged
causebubblestobepositivelycharged,surfaceactiveagentsofallclassescancauseairentrainmentin
concrete,buttheirefficiencyandcharacteristicsofairvoidsystemvarywidely.

AirentrainingAdmixtureshavefollowingproperties:

Thesearefoamingagents,gasproducingchemicals.Itintroducesmillionsoftiny,stablebubblesof
uniformsizethatareuniformlydistributedthroughoutthemix(usuallyabout5%ofthevolume).

Improvespropertiesoffreshconcretesuchasworkability,cohesionandreducessegregationand
bleeding.

ImprovespropertiesofhardenedconcreteForevery1%ofairthereisa4%lossinstrengthwhich
isminimizedbythereductioninwatercontent.Itimprovesdurabilityofhardenedconcrete.

AcceleratingAdmixturesforConcrete
Acceleratingadmixturesareusedforquickersettingtimesofconcrete.Itprovideshigherearlystrength
developmentinfreshlycastconcrete.

MainusesofAcceleratingConcreteAdmixtures

Theseadmixturesaresuitableforconcretinginwinterconditions

Duringanyemergencyrepairwork

Incaseofearlyremovalofformwork

DisadvantagesofAcceleratingConcreteAdmixtures

Ithasincreaseddryingshrinkage

Itoffersreducedresistancetosulphateattack

CaCl2highriskofcorrosionofsteelnotpermittedinreinforcedconcrete

Itismoreexpensiveandlesseffective

WaterReducingAdmixtures
ChemicalTypesforWaterReducingAdmixtures

a)Calciumorsodiumsaltoflignosulfonicacid

b)Polycarboxylicacid

ModeofAction

Theprincipalroleonmechanismofwaterreductionsandsetretardationofadmixturesareusuallycomposedof
longchainorganicmoleculesandthatarehydrophobic(notwetting)atoneendandhydrophilic(readilywet)
attheother.

Suchmoleculestendtobecomeconcentratedandformafilmattheinterfacebetweentwoimmisciblephases
suchascementandwater,andalterthephysiochemicalforcesactingatthisinterface.

Themechanismbywhichwaterreducingadmixtureoperateistodeflocculatedortodispersethecement
agglomeratesintoprimaryparticlesoratleastintomuchsmallerfragments.

Thisdeflocculatingisbelievingtobeaphysiochemicaleffectwherebytheadmixtureisfirstofalladsorbedon
tothesurfaceofthehydratingcement,formingahydrationsheath,reducestheantiparticleseparatedfrom
oneanother.

Thepresenceofwaterreducingadmixtureinafreshconcreteresultsin:

(i)areductionoftheinterfacialtension.

(ii)anincreaseintheelectrokineticpotentialsand

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(iii)protectionsheathofwaterdipolesaroundeachparticlei.e.mobilityoffreshmixbecomesgreater,partly
becauseofreductionininterparticleforcesandpartlybecauseofwaterfreedfromtherestraininginfluenceof
thehighlyflocculatedsystemwhichisnowavailabletolubricatethemixture.Hencelesswaterisrequiredto
achievegivenconsistency.

WhyWaterReducingAdmixturesareused?

a)Concretehavinggreaterworkabilitybemadewithouttheneedformorewaterandsostrengthlossesare
notencountered

b)Bymaintainingsomeworkability,butatalowerwatercontent,concretestrengthsmaybeincreasedwithout
theneedforfurthercementaddition

c)Whilemaintainingthesamew/cratioandworkabilityconcretecanbemadetoagivenstrengthasinthe
referenceconcreteatlowercementcontent.

Effectondurability

Thestraightadditionofadmixturesofthistypedoesnotcameanyincreaseinpermeabilityandindeedwhere
theadmixtureisusedtoreducethew/c,thenpermeabilityisconsiderablyreduced.

Effectonshrinkage

Admixtureofthistypewhenusedasworkabilityaidsonwaterreducersdonotadverselyeffecttheshrinkage.

Effectoncreep

Materialsofthistypeofadmixturehavenodeleteriouseffectonthecreepofconcrete.

Detrimentaleffect

a)Whileusingwaterreducingagent.Caremustbetakenincontrollingtheaircontentinthemix.Mostwater
reducingagententrainairduetotheirsurfactantproperties.

b)Athighdosagesoflignosulphonatematerial,retardationofthemixoccurs.

ApplicationsofWaterReducingConcreteAdmixtures

Theapplicationofthetypeofadmixturesareasfollows

a)Whenconcretepoursarerestrictedduetoeithercongestedreinforcementorthissections.

b)Whenharshmixesareexperiencedsuchasthoseproducedwithaggregates(crushed).Thenconsiderable
improvementintheplasticpropertiesofconcretecanbeobtained.

c)Whenrequiredstrengthsaredifficulttoobtainwithinspecifiedmaximumcementcontentandwhereearly
liftingstrengthsarerequired.

d)Byadditionofthisadmixtureinconcretecementeconomicsofabout10%canbeobtained.

RetardingConcreteAdmixtures
Thefunctionofretardingconcreteadmixtureistodelayorextendthesettingtimeofcementpastein
concrete.Thesearehelpfulforconcretethathastobetransportedtolongdistanceintransitmixersand
helpfulinplacingtheconcreteathightemperatures,speciallyusedasgroutingadmixtureandwaterreducers
resultsinincreaseofstrengthanddurability.

ChemicaltypeforRetardingConcreteAdmixture

a)Unrefinedlignosulphonatescontainingsugar,whichofcoursethecomponentresponsibleforretardation.

b)Hydroxylcarboxylicacidandtheirsalts

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c)Carbohydratesincludingsugar

d)Solublezinc

e)Solubleboratesetc.

Modeofaction

ItisthoughtthatretardingadmixturesareabsorbedontotheC3Aphaseincementformingafilmaroundthe
cementgrainsandpresentingorreducingthereactionwithwater.Afterawhilethusfilmbreaksdownand
normalhydrationproceeds.Thisasimplemixtureandthereisareasontobelievethatretardsalsointeract
withC3Ssinceretardationcanbeextendedtoaperiodofmanydays.

WhyRetardingConcreteAdmixturesareused?

Todelayinthesettingtimeofconcretewithoutadverselyeffectingthesubsequentstrengthdevelopment.

AdvantageofRetardingConcreteAdmixture

a)Thehydroxylcarboxylicacidtypeadmixturenormallyproducesconcretehavingaslightlyloweraimcontent
themthatofacontrolmix.

b)Materialsofthisclass(lignosulphonatecontainingsugarandderivativesofhydroxylcarboxylicacid)insome
caseshaveamuchhigherdispersingeffectandhencewaterreducingcapacity.

c)Durabilityincreases.

Detrimentaleffect

a)Whenlignosulphonatebasedmaterialused,thentheaircontentmightbe0.2to0.3%higherunless
materialsofthetributylephosphatetypeareadded.

b)Asthewatercontentincreases,sothereisatendencyfordryingshrinkage.

ApplicationsofRetardingConcreteAdmixture

Retardingadmixturesareused

a)Wherelongtransportationofreadymixedconcreteisrequiredthenprematuresettingcanbeusefully
avoidedbythistypeadmixture.

b)Whenconcreteisbeingplacedortransportedunderconditionsofhighambienttemperature.

c)Incaseoflargeconcretepours

d)Concreteconstructioninvolvingslidingformwork

SuperPlasticizersorHighRangeWaterReducingAdmixturesinConcrete
ThesearethesecondgenerationadmixtureandalsocalledasSuperplasticizers.Thesearesyntheticchemical
productsmadefromorganicsulphonatesoftypeRSO3,whereRiscomplexorganicgroupofhighermolecular
weightproducedundercarefullycontrolledcondition.

Thecommonlyusedsuperplasticizerareasfollows:

i)Sulphonatedmelamineformaldehydecondensate(SMFC)

ii)ii)Sulphonatednapthaleneformaldehydecondensate(SNFC)

iii)iii)Modifiedlignosulphonatesandothersulphonicesters,acidsetc.,

Chemicaltype

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a)formaldehydederivativessuchasmelamineformaldehydeandnapthalenesulphonateformaldehyde.

ModeofactionofSuperPlasticizerAdmixtures

Thisadmixtureactsasthesamewayasthatofawaterreducingadmixtureacts.Itdispersesthecement
agglomerateswhencementissuspendedinwaterandadsorbedontothesurfaceofcement,causingthem
mutuallyrepulsiveasaresultoftheanionicnatureofsuperplasticizers.

WhySuperPlasticizerAdmixturesareused?

a)Atagivenw/cratio,thisadmixtureincreasestheworkability,typicallybyraisingtheslumpfrom75mmto
200mm.

b)Theseconduseofthisadmixturesisintheproductionofconcreteofnormalworkabilitybutwithanextreme
highstrength(superplasticizercanreducethewatercontentforagivenworkabilityby2535percent
comparedwithhalfthatvalueinthecaseofconventionalwaterreducingadmixtures).

AdvantagesofSuperPlasticizerAdmixtures

a)Theconcreteusingthisadmixturecanbeplacedwithlittleornocompactionandisnotsubjecttoexcessive
bleedingorsegregation.

b)Theycanbeusedashighdosagesbecametheydonotmarkedlychangethesurfacetensionofwater.

c)Itdoesnotsignificantlyaffectthesettingofconcreteexceptthatwhenusedthecementshavingaverylow
C3Acontent.

d)Theydonotinfluenceshrinkage,creepmodulusofelasticityorresistancetofreeingtothawing.

Disadvantage

Theonlyrealdisadvantageofsuperplasticizeristheirrelativelyhighcost.

ApplicationsofSuperPlasticizerAdmixtures

a)Inveryheavilyreinforcedsections,ininaccessibleareasinfloororroadslabs.

b)Whereveryrapidplacingisdesired.

MineralAdmixturesforConcrete
Mineraladmixturesarefinelydividedmaterialswhichareaddedtotheconcreteinrelativelylargeamounts,
usuallyoftheorderof20to100percentbyweightofPortlandcement.

SourceofMineralAdmixtures

a)Raworcalcinednaturalminerals

b)Industrialbyproducts

Reasonsforusingmineraladmixtures

a)Inrecentyearsconsiderableeffortshavebeenmadebythecementindustryworldwidetoreduceenergy
consumptioninthemanufactureofPortlandcement.Therefore,apartialreplacementofPortlandcementby
mineraladmixtureswhichcanbeoftheorderof5060%byweightoftotalcementitiousmaterial,represents
considerableenergysavings.

b)Theabilityofcementandconcreteindustriestoconsumemithionsoftonsofindustrialbyproducts
containingtoxicmetalwouldqualifytheseindustriestobeclassifiedasenvironmentallyfriendly.

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c)SincenaturalPozzolanaandindustrialbyproductsaregenerallyavailablesubstantiallylowercoststhan
Portlandcement,theexploitationofthePozzolanicandcementitiouspropertiesofmineraladmixturesareused
asapartialreplacementofcementcanleadtoaconsiderableeconomicbenefit.

d)Possibletechnologicalbenefitsfromtheuseofmineraladmixturesinconcreteincludeentrancementof
impermeabilityandchemicaldurability,improvedresistancetothermalcrackingandincreaseinultimate
strength.

ClassificationofMineralAdmixture

Mineraladmixturesmaybeclassifiedasfollows

a)PozzolanicSiliceonorsiliceonsandadmixturesmaterialwhichitselfpossesseslittleornocementitious
valuebutisthepresenceofmoisturechemicallyreactwithCalOH2atordinarytemperaturetoformcompounds
possessingcementitiousproperties.

b)Pozzolanic&CementitiousThematerialswhichhavesomecementitiouspropertiesinitself.

ASIMspecificationC618recognizesthefollowingthreeclassesofmineraladmixtures.

a)ClassNRaworcalcinednaturalpozzolanicsuchasdiatomaceousearths,clayandshales,tuffsand
volcanicashes.

b)ClassFFlyashproducedfromburninganthraciteorbituminouscoal.

c)ClassCAshnormallyproducedfromligniteorsubbituminouscoalwhichmaycontainanalyticalCaO
higherthan10%.

SilicaFumeasConcreteAdmixture
Althoughtheuseofsilicafume(SF)inconcretehasincreasedsignificantlyinthepastfewyears,itsbeneficial
propertieswerenotwellrealizeduntilcomprehensiveresearchwasundertakeninthelate70sandearly80s
attheNorwegianIns.oftechnologytostudytheinfluenceofSFonconcreteproperties.

ProductionofSilicaFume

Silicon,ferrosiliconorotheralloysareproducedinsocalledsubmergedareelectricfurnaces.Therearetwo
typesofelectricfurnacesoneiswithheatrecoverysystemandtheotheriswithoutheatrecoverysystem.

TypesofAlloysProducedinSubmergedArcElectricFurnaces

a)FerrosiliconofvariousSicontents

FeSi50%witha43to50%Sicontent

FeSi75%witha72to78%Sicontent

FeSi90%witha87to96%Sicontent

b)Calciumsilicon

c)FerrochromiumSilicon

d)Silicomanganese

SpecificGravityandSpecificSurfaceAreaofSF

ThespecificgravityofSFisgenerallyequaltothatofamorphoussilicawhichisabout2.20.However,
dependingonitschemicalcomposition,thespecificgravityofSFparticlecanbeashighas2.40and2.55,as
inthecaseofFeGSi.

ThespecificsurfaceareaofSFismeasuredbynitrogenabsorptionisgivenbelow.

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CalculatedSurfaceArea MeasuredbyNitrogen
SF MeanDiameter(mm)
(m2/kg) Adsorption

Si 20000 18500 0.18

FeCrSi 16000 0.18

FeSi50% 15000 0.21

FeSi75% 13000 15000 0.26

However,regardlessofthedifferencesinchemicalcomposition,colorandcarboncontent,alltypesofSFshare
acertainnumberofcommon,yetimportantphysiochemicalcharacteristics,whichmakethemeffective
supplementarycementitiousmaterialstocementconcrete.thesepropertiesareasfollows

a)SForiginatesfromthecondensedSiOvaporsandgenerallyhasahighcontentofsilicaof35to98%

b)SFisanamorphousmaterial

c)SFiscomposedmostlyoffinesphereswithameandiameterof0.1to0.2mm.

FillerandPozzolaniceffectsofSilicaFume

TheuniquecharacteristicsofSFthatmakeitsuitableforuseassupplementarycementitiousmaterialsareits
fineness,highlyamorphousinnatureandelevatedcontentofSiO2.

ThesmallSFspheresactasfillerssincetheyoccupysomeofthespacebetweentherelativelycoarsercement
grainswhichcanbeotherwiseoccupiedbywater.Thisresultsalsoinadensermatrixwithabettergradationof
fineparticles.

Bachestatedthatinasuperplasticized,loww/cratioconcrete,smallSFspherescandisplacewaterentrapped
betweentheflocculatedcementgrains,thusincreasingtheamountoffreewaterinthepastewhichenhances
fluidity.

SeveralresearchershavestudiedthepozzolanicpropertiesofSF.TheresultingreactionsbetweenSFand
Ca(OH)2increasesthevolumeofCSHandreducesthetotalvolumeofcapillaryporesinthecementpaste.The
pozzolanicreactionsofSFwithCa(OH)2reducestheamountofPortlanditeinthehydratecementpaste.

MehtaexplainedthattheabsenceoflargePortlanditecrystalsinaSFmixturecanbeduetothefactthateach
SFparticlescanactasanucleationsiteforprecipitationofCa(OH)2.Asaresult,numeroussmallcrystalsof
Ca(OH)2canformratherthanafewlargeones.

ThisabsenceoflargeandweekcrystalsofPortlanditeenhancethemechanicalpropertiesofconcrete.

ThebeneficialactionofSFhasalsobeenattributedtothereductionoftheporosityofthetransitionzone
betweenthecementpasteandaggregatewhichincreasesthestrengthandimpermeabilityoftheconcrete.In
orconventionalconcrete,thetransitionzonecanhavelargeandorientedPortlanditecrystalswhichformweak
zonesintheconcrete.

ThethicknessofthetransitionzonecanbedrasticallyproducedbyaddingSFtotheconcretesinceSFreduces
bleedingandtheamountofwateraccumulationunderaggregate.Asaresult,itdecreasestheporosityofthe
transitionzoneanditalsoreducestheconcentrationoforientedCa(OH)2crystals.

SelectionofConcreteAdmixtures:
Concreteadmixturesshallbeselectedcarefullyasperthespecificationsandshallbeusedasrecommendedby
themanufacturerorbylabtestingreport.Thequantityofadmixturestobeusedforspecificapplicationof
admixturesarerecommendedbythemanufacturers.

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Foruseinlargeconstructionprojects,thequantityoftheadmixturetobeusedshallbeobtainedfromtests
reportsforconcretemixedwithadmixturesatvariouspercentageadmixturesuse.Thesetestsareconducted
tounderstandthebehaviourofadmixturesonthedesiredqualityandstrengthofconcreteatdifferentquantity
ofadmixturesused.Thus,theoptimumquantityofadmixturescanbeselectedforspecificapplicationbased
onresults.

Theselectionofspecificadmixturesforuseinconcretetoalterpropertiesofconcreteshouldbeselected
carefullyasperrequirementofconcreteworks.Concreteadmixturesshouldbeusedjudiciouslyaccordingto
specificationandmethodofapplicationtoavoidadverseeffectonconcretepropertiesatfreshandhardened
state.

Afterselectingtheadmixturesproduct,oneshouldcarefullychoosethesupplierwithqualityproduct,timely
serviceandatcompetitiveprice.Theadmixturesuppliershouldbewithgoodhistoryandshouldpossessthe
staffwithefficientandprofessionalexperiencetoguideoneffectiveapplication/useofadmixtureinrightway.

Concreteadmixturesshouldbeacceptedwithtestcertificate,manufacturingdateanditschemical
composition,shouldcomplyspecificationsgivenbytheauthorities.

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