Revised Annotated Source List

.Azar, B. (2011). The limits of eyewitness testimony . Retrieved October 13, 2017, from
http://www.apa.org/monitor/2011/12/eyewitness.aspx.

The American Psychological Association site has nine tabs on the top of the site. You can
become a member and join a community of people who share a passion for psychology. because
They have a topics tab with over 50 different topics.They also give you different databases that
are reliable. They also have a tab for careers in psychology and they are able to help you choose
a path that is good for you.You can also contact them about public affairs in the news and events
tab.
This website was very helpful because it helped me learn about the psychological side of
witness testimony.This website is beneficial because I could be able to find other people who
know alot about the topic of witness testimony. I learned that there are many factors that
contribute to witness testimony that juries don't know about.

Eyewitness ID Reform. Retrieved October 12, 2017, from http://floridainnocence.org/index.php

The website has a page on eyewitness reform. The problem of eyewitness is that the same
methods have been used for decades and they are not accurate. They have five differents ways
they want to reform eyewitness testimony.One of which is blind administration, it is when the
police officer is unaware of who the suspect is when showing a photo or live lineup. Lineup
Composition is when in a live lineup the suspect doesn't stand out .All the people in the line
should look similar. They would have instructions telling the witness that the criminal may not
be in that lineup making the witness try harder to reveal the correct person. Another way to
reform eyewitness testimony is with confidence in statements which is when, right after the
lineup the witness should give a statement showing how confident they are in their choice. The
last way they want to reform eyewitness ID is by recording the identification process when ever
possible to make sure there is not any misconduct by the administrator.
This page was very helpful. This will help my research more towards the examples of how
eyewitness ID is put at a really high standard. There should be strict rules on witness testimony.
The page is not the only way they want to solve the problem of wrongful conviction. The page
also clarified how witnesses ID'd suspects.

Tversky, B. & Fisher , G.(1999) The problem with Eyewitness testimony

https://agora.stanford.edu/sjls/Issue%20One/fisher&tversky.htm
 The paper talks about perjury and how purposely lying on the stand is illegal , but
misremembering isn't. There have been studies that show people remembering things that
didn't happen. In that study it showed that the way questions are asked can affect the
answer.When humans are given bits and pieces of information they fill in the gaps by using
assumptions. We are constantly filling in the gaps in our memory and interpreting things we
hear. Having gaps in our memory is not a bad thing but when you are giving a statement to the
police it is not good. Memory is affected by retelling and our bias distorts the formation of a
memory.
The article informed me more on how people remember and how that affects them and the
case. This article will be very useful in my research because they have studies which have been
cited . I will be able to cite them in my synthesis paper. I will also read and gain more
information from

Wexler, L.(2011). Eyewitness testimony often lies

http://www.cnn.com/2011/09/20/opinion/wexler-witness-memory-davis/index.html

The article is about how we need eyewitness reform. The author was witness to a crime and
she went to the police and was asked to identify the criminal. The author said that she had
subconsciously picked the wrong person because she never want to see that man again . If we
want reform we need to research how emotion plays a part in remembering traumatic
experiences. Other factors can affect a person's ability to pick the right person, like stress
whether there was a weapon and or racism.
This article is extremely helpful. This is a first person account of the process and even as a
scholar of visual studies she still picked the wrong person. This will be a great source because I
know it's reliable and she cited the Innocence project which is another one of my sources. The
woman was truthful and she was open about her mistake. I will be able to use this in the
synthesis paper because it shows that some people do not make this mistake on purpose

Hameed, M .(2014, November). 2 Men Walk Free After 40 Years in Prison for Crime They
Didn't Commit. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/

The article is two men named Ricky Jackson and Wiley Bridgeman who were wrongfully
convicted of the murder of Harry Franks.They spent almost 40 years in jail and were almost
sent to death row. One of the main reason they went to jail is because of a little boy who
testified saying that he saw these two men kill Harry Franks. Later closer to the exoneration
date, the boy named Edward Vernon confused that the police intimidated him to falsely testify.
Edward talked about how the stress and the pain affected him all these years and you said that
he was afraid to come forward because he thought that he would go to jail.
The article is very helpful for my research because I can use it as proof. I know what my
presentation is going to be and to convince politicians and people in the government that
something is wrong that they need proof. I will find more articles like this , that state the names
and state how long the person has been in jail.
 Saul, J. Greene, L .(2014 , October) Man wrongfully convicted of murder freed after 28 years
Retrieved from http://nypost.com/

The article is about two men who were convicted of kidnapping and murder. One of them
named David McCallum spent 28 years in jail for a crime he didn't commit. The other man
named Willie Stuckey died in jail. After they were arrested they admitted to the crime, which
they promptly took back. The lawyers said that there was no DNA evidence and that there were
not any fingerprints. They entire conviction was based on false confessions full of inaccuracies
and it was riddled with detail that seemingly the police supplied.
This article will help me add to the list of people that I want to help with the evidence. I also
noticed that all four men are black men. I really hope that my observation is false but with the
tread, I am seeing it seems like more of the wrongful convictions are of black people. I think that
this new information could be very helpful.

Vinegrad , A. , Bloom, D .( 2007, October 12) Compensating the Wrongly Convicted. New York
Law Journal, Retrieved from
https://www.cov.com/~/media/files/corporate/publications/2007/10/compensating-the-
wrongly-convicted.pdf

The article starts off by talking about the problem which is the wrongful conviction. It
mentioned a statistic saying that New Yorkers spend an average of 11.7 years in prison for a
crime they did not commit. The article also says that the number of exonerations increased
dramatically because of DNA evidence. It goes on to talk about how there are only 22 states that
have laws that are specific to compensation for a wrongful conviction. Even with those laws,
getting compensation can be difficult. If they get compensated it often limited and they are not
able to get the much compensation.
This article is helpful because it gives me a starting point. The compensation of wrongfully
convicted is not as good as it could be. The few laws that they have in compensation are not
much and when the victim can get compensation it is usually not much. The information that I
found will help me dive deeper into how the victims will be compensated and how they are
compensated.

Baumgartner , F. , S. Westervelt, S. Cook , K. ( 2013 , September 13) Public Policy Responses to

Wrongful Convictions.University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Retrieved from
http://www.unc.edu/~fbaum/Innocence/BaumgartnerWesterveltCookPolicyResponses-
2013.pdf

The paper discusses the origin of wrongful conviction, it mentions the farmers and how they
required due process to prevent wrongful convictions.It has a section called public response to
 innocence. This section discusses the rise of the conversation about the death penalty. The people
that are against the death penalty increased in the late 1990s when more people were being
released because of their innocence. The paper states that there has not been substantial policy
made to help the victims of wrongful conviction.
The paper is very helpful, throughout the whole paper there were graphs and quantitative
data. I think that this paper will help me come up with a way to compensate the victims. The
policy that they mentioned is a good start. There is a lot of room for improvement and I will be
adding more quantitative data in my synthesis paper because after I read this paper. I noticed that
having quantitative data makes the argument more convincing.

Sinclair, K .Personal Communication. November 30 2017

In one of the interview question , Kathleen talked about refreshing the recollection which
is when a witness is shown a piece of evidence to try and refresh their memory. She also said that
as a lawyer , the cons of witness testimony is that sometimes the testimony did not go the way
she wanted it too.Stress has a large effect and it can make a witness seem unreliable. A part of
witness preparation is to give the witnesses the tools to avoid negative stress
response.Throughout all of the questions she would always mention credibility. The judge and
jury can determine whether or not the witness is credible.
The interview had a lot of information that I did not know about. The refreshing the
recollection strategy gave me a question that I want to ask the psychology professor. If the
testimony should not have to go the lawyer wants it to because the witness should just say what
happened. What I got from the interview is that the credibility of a witness is the most important
part.

Government Misconduct. (n.d.). Retrieved December 01, 2017, from

https://www.innocenceproject.org/causes/government-misconduct/

The article is about the lawyers and prosecutors trying to get the person in trial convicted
instead of finding justice. The article also says that police officers are dishonest which will make
wrongful conviction continue.It talks about the common forms of misconduct like suggesting
someone during identification procedures, forcing false confessions and giving incentives to get
an unreliable source.The common forms of misconduct with prosecutors is holding evidence ,
purposely destroying or mishandling evidence and persuading a witness into not testifying
The article was really helpful because I did not know that the government could be able to
cause a wrongful conviction. The article will be a springboard for my research into how the
government can cause a wrongful conviction.The prosecutorial conduct will be part of my
synthesis as some of the factors of wrongful conviction.
Waude, A. (2016, February 23). Emotion And Memory: How Do Your Emotions Affect Your
Ability To Remember Information And Recall Past Memories? Retrieved December 06, 2017,
from https://www.psychologistworld.com/emotion/emotion-memory-psychology#references

Emotion plays a role in the different stages of how we remember.In the article it talked about
flashbulb moments. These moments are remember in vivid detail because that moment is some how
significant in there life. Another interesting fact said in the article is that memories are better
remembered when the person puts themselves in the mood they were in when it happened. It also
shed light on the fact that emotion can distort a memory. In the article it states that attention blinks
is the moment between the first and second stimuli , where they are not really focused on it.
The article was really helpful , I learnt about a lot of different psychological terms which I will
be able to use in my synthesis paper.The article went in depth about how emotions affect our
memory. I will be going back to this a lot throughout the rest of the process.

Grossa1, S. R., O'Brien, B., Hu, C., & Kennedy, E. H. (2014, April 28).Rate of false conviction of
criminal defendants who are sentenced to death . Retrieved December 07, 2017, from
http://www.pnas.org/content/111/20/7230

The significance of wrongful conviction is that when it is occurring it is really hard to detect
and it is even harder to detect after the fact.Lawyers and Judges alike say that the amount of
innocent people in jail is negligible.The majority of criminal convictions are not contenders for
exonerate because no one address the guiltiness of the defendant. For death sentences , the case
lasts a lot longer and goes through more procedures to make sure that the defendant is not
innocent.Of ninety percent of the exoneration that occured before 2004 were under the threat of
execution.
The article was very enlightening, I learnt that a lot of the people that are put on death row
were exonerated of the crimes that they were accused of. I can use that fact in my synthesis paper to
convince the reader for a form of legislation.