Engineering Graphics

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Draw the three views of the fig()
A rectangular lmlna ABCD of sides 70mm X 35mm has its shorter side AD in HP and
inclined at 45degree to the HP and the plane of the laniina is inclined at 30 to the VP.
Draw its projections.
1. From the given statements we observe that the lamina is inclined to both vertical plane
(VP) and HP.
2. In the first stage we assume the rectangle to be lying on ground with its shorter side
perpendicular to XY.
3. In the second stage the plane in tilted about the side ad so that the surface is inclined at
45degree to the ground in the elevation. Top view is projected from the front view by
drawing projectors from d c to meet projector from bc of the top view. These lines meet
at points a1, b1, c1, d1. Join a1, b1, C1 & d1 to get the new top view.
4. Tilt the top view so that the side a1d1 is 306 to XY, thereby this becomes the final top
view.
5. Draw projectors from a1, b1, c1 & d1 and horizontal lines from d c to meet at a1 b1
ci, d1. Join these pointsto get the final front view.
6. Since the side ad is Fri HP we get line a1 d1touching the XY line.
A hexagonal lamina of side 30 mm is resting on a corner in the HP with its surface

making an angle of 30 degree with the HP. Then the top view is inclined at 40 degrees to
the VP. Draw the projection.
1. Draw the plan, assuming the plane lying on the ground with one edge 23 parallel
to XY. Draw the projectors from 1', 2', . 6' to get the front view.
2. Tilt the front view at an angle of 30 degree to the XY plane.
3. Draw the projectors from the tilted front view 1' . 4' and horizontal lines from
top view 1..6 to get the new top view 1 2
Draw the projections of a circular thin plate of diameter 50mm resting on the ground on a
point A on the circumference, its plane inclined at 450 to HP and plan of the diameter AB
making 30 with VP.
1. Draw the top view first, a circle or radius 25mm. Divide the circle into 12 equal points.
Draw projectors from these points to meet XY at 1 ... 7, gives the front view
2. Tilt the front view keeping the point 1 to.uching the XY, inclined at an angle 45 to
XY.
3. Draw projectors from the tilted front view and horizontal lines from the top view to
meet at - points i, 2, ... 12g.
4. Draw a smooth curve along these points to get the new top view
5. Tilt this top view so that the line 17 makes an angle of 30 to XY
6. Draw projectors from this tilted top view 1, 2, ... 12, and lines parallel to XY from the
front view 1....T to meet at points at 1,, ... 12.
7. Draw a smooth curve in free hand along these points to get the final front view
PROJECTION OF POINTS
Draw the projection of a point B
1. Draw the line XY.

2. Draw a projector somewhere in the middle of xY.
3. Mark point b on it 40mm below XY, which s the
front view of the point 8.
4. On the same projector mark b 10mm below XY,
which is the top view of the paint B.
Draw the projection of a point C 30mm away from both the reference planes
and is in the fourth quadrant.
1. Draw the line XY.

2. Draw a projector somewhere in the middle of the XY line.
3. On it mark points c & c 30mm below XY. which is the projection of C.
Draw the projection of a square prism of size 30mm and axis 60 mm with a solid
diagonal vertical.
1. Draw the square prism in plan such that all the edges are equally inclined at 45 to VP.
Draw the corresponding front view.
2. Now considering the solid diagonal a3 tilt the elevation such that it is vertical, which
is the final elevation.
3. Draw a projector from a and a horizontal line parallel to XY from a cutting each other
at a1, which is the point of the solid in final plan. Follow the same to obtain remaining
points.
4. Join all the points in proper sequence to complete the final plan. Here since the point 3
is nearer/on the XY line the edges 31c1, 32 & 34 are not visible. So draw these by thick
dashed line type and other lines by thick continuous line type.
Draw the projections of a cylinder of diameter 30mm & axis 50mm long, when it
lies on HP on one of its generators & the base is perpendicular to HP and inclined at 600
to VP.
1. Draw the front view of the cylinder, which is a circle of diameter 30mm with one point
of the circle on the HP.
2. Get the corresponding plan of height 50mm.
3. Now tilt the cylinder such that the base is inclined at 60 degree toVP.
4. Get the corresponding final elevation by drawing projectors from all the plan points
and lines from the first elevation. V
5. Here half of the base circle is not visible. So draw that portion by thick dashed line
type by free hand. And darken only the extreme generators.
A cone of diameter 30mm & axis 50mm long touches the VP with one of its
generators and its axis is parallel to & 25mm. above HP Draw its projections. Find out
the inclination of the axis to VP
1. Draw the front view of the cone, which is a circle of diameter 30mm, such that the
centre is 25mm above HP, with one point of the circle on the HP.
2. Get the corresponding plan of height 50 mm.
3. Now tilt the cone, in plan, such that one of the generators is in VP. Get the
corresponding final elevation.
4. In the final elevation the base is completely visible, so darken it. Also show only the V
extreme tangent generators.
5. The inclination of the axis with VP here is 17.
Draw the projections of a hexagonal pyramid 70mm high and side base 30mm
when one triangular face of the pyramid is vertical.
1. Draw the base of the pyramid in plan, a hexagon with an edge parallel to VP. Draw the
diagonal lines and mark the apex point 0.
2. Get the elevation of height 70mm by drawing projectors from the plan points.
3. Now tilt the elevation such that the c(d) Y triangular face ocd is vertical.
4. Get the corresponding plan after drawing the projectors from all the final elevation
points. Here the entire base edges and slant edges are completely visible. So darken all
the edges by thick continuous line type.
Draw the projections of a hexagonal pyramid of base 35mm side and axis 60mm
long when it lies on the HP on one of its slant edges with its axis parallel to VP.
1. Draw the plan of the given pyramid of base side 35mm with one of its sides (fe)
parallel to XY.
2. Project the elevation from plan of axis length 60mm.
3. Draw a line od of same length as in previous elevation; on XY. Fix the other points
a, b, c, d, e, f & o at the same position and distance with respect to od of the
previous elevation. Join these to get the final elevation
4. Draw a projector from a and horizontal line from a so that they intersect at a1, the
finial plan of A.
5. Similarly get the final plan of other points (b1, c1, d1, e1 and oi). Join the outer most
points Oi, b1, c1, d1 and f1.
6. On looking through the final elevation, the lines od and oc (e) are hidden. So draw
their plans o1d1, o1c1 and o1e1 by dashed line and the remaining lines by thick
continuous line.
A cone of 15mm radius & 70mm height rests on the ground on one of its base
circle points such that the apex is 20mm and the nearest base circle point is 50mm in
front of VP and the base is perpendicular to HP. Draw the projection.
1. Draw the elevation first, which is a circle of diameter 30mm, with one point of the
circle in the XY line.
2. Draw the corresponding top view such that the base is 50mm in front of VP.
3. To get the final top view draw locus lines 20mm & 50mm in front of VP. Now mark e,
point in final plan, on the 50mm line. With e as centre oe as radius cut an arc on 20mm
locus line. Join e & o and with respect to it complete the final plan.
4. Follow the usual procedure to get the final elevation. Here the base is fully visible and
darken it. Also show only the tangent generators in the final elevation.
A pentagonal prism of base side 25mm and height 45mm is cut by a plane
perpendicular to VP and 35 to HP and passing through the axis 25mm above the base.
Draw the development of the lower portion of the solid.
1 .Draw the projections of the prism with a lateral face parallel to VP.
2. Show the cutting plane line making 350 with HP and meeting the axis at a point 25mm
above the base.
3. Give notations for various cutting points.
4. Draw full development of the prism without considering the cutting plane.
5. Transfer the cutting points to the corresponding edge in the development i.e. for 1 draw
horizontal line from 1 till it meets the vertical edge A. Similarly get other point on
corresponding edges.
6. Join points 1,2,3 .. in proper sequence by straight line segments and darken only the
retainable portion of the solid.
A vertical square prism of 40mm side and height 60mm has a circular hole of
diameter 30mm. Their axes intersect at right angles. The axis of the horizontal hole is
perpendicular to VP. Two sides of the vertical prism are equally inclined to VP. Develop
the surface of the prism.
l. Draw the projection of the prism with a lateral face inclined at 45 to VP.
2. In the FV with the mid point of the axis as center draw of diameter 30mm to represent
the hole.
3. Give notations for four quadrant points of the circle.
4. Draw the full development of prism with out considering the hole.
5. In the development two holes will come, one far the front side and the other for the
rear side.
6. Transfer the cutting points on to the development. (I) For front hole.
(a)For points C & G draw horiontal through c and g till meet the lateral edge 2 in the
development. (same for Cl and Gi)
(b)For point A, draw a projector from a on to plan and mark it as a. Mark the point A in
the development by setting the distance 1A=la
(c)Follow the same for the points b,d,e,f & h.
(d)Join the points by free hand to form as an ellipse.
(ll)For rear hole
Follow the procedure as described for the first hole
7. Darken the stretch out lines and lateral edges up to the portion not affected by the hole.
A vertical cylinder of diameter 40mm and height 60mm and height 60mm is
drilled by a hole of diameter 30mm such that the axis of the hole is perpendicular to VP
and parallel to HP. Draw the lateral surface development of the solid.
Follow the steps as described in the previous problem. The profile obtained on the
development will be a curved one. So join these by free hand.
1. Draw the projection of the cylinder. Divide the circle into 12 equal parts in the plan
and draw the generators lines in FV. Give notations.
2. Draw the cutting plane line FV and give notations for various cutting points.
3. Draw the full development of the cylinder with out considering the cutting planes (a
rectangle, height =65mm, width 45 it = 14 1.3mm)
4. Transfer the cutting points to the corresponding generators on the development. For
point A, draw horizontal line form a till it meets the lateral edge / generator line of 1 in
the development. Follow the same procedure for all the other points.
5. Join all the points improper sequence by free hand and darken the portion remaining.
A cylinder of 50mm diameter and 60mm height stands on HP. A section plane
Perpendicular to VP inclined at 55 degree to HP cuts the cylinder and passing through a
point on the axis at a height of 45mm above the base. Draw the Isometric view of the
truncated portion of the cylinder such that the cut surface is clearly visible to the
observer.
1. Draw the projection of the cylinder showing the section with the given data.
2. Enclose the circle in plan in a box pqrs.
3. Now draw the box in isometric. Using four centre method construct the isometric circle
in the box PQAS.
4. Locate points A, B, C, D ... on the isometric circle. Now to get the top face in isometric
through P & R draw vertical lines equal to 60mm. With reference to the ends of these
lines construct another box and on which draw the portion up to 1 & 7 of the top circle in
isometric. To draw it transfers the points K, 1, 7 and I in the isometric. From I draw the
line II equal to the height of the solid. Similarly get 7 in isometric. Now draw portion of
the isometric circle starting with I and ending at 7,
5. Through all the base points draw perpendicular lines and on which mark the points
1, 2, 3 ... by taking the heights of the same with respect to XY in the elevation. Join all
the points in sequence by free hand and show only the extreme generators in isometric.
Draw the isometric view of a cone of diameter 40mm and height 60mm rests on
its base in the HP when it is cut by a plane perpendicular to VP, inclined at 50 to HP and
meeting the axis at 30mm above the base.
1. Draw the plan and elevation of the cone showing the section plane with the given data.
2.Assuming that the cone is contained in a box, draw the isometric view of the box first.
On this draw the section plane TU in isometric by setting the heights of the points from
the elevation.
3. To mark the point 1 in isometric, first mark the point I on the line pq. Now mark the
point I in isometric such that p1 = P1. And from I draw a line parallel to the vertical line
PT till it meets the cutting plane TU. From that point draw line parallel to QR and on it
mark 1 such that the distance from the point on the section plane equal to the distance of
the point 1, in plan, from the line pq.
4. Follow the same to get the other cutting points in the section plane in isometric.
5. Join all the points in sequence by free hand and show the tangent generators.
A hexagonal prism of base 25mm side and axis 75mm long Is lying on the ground
on one of its rectangular faces. A cylinder of 40mm diameter and axis 50mm height is
located centrally and vertically on the top of the prism. Draw the isometric view.
1. Draw the front view of the bottom solid as shown in figure.

2. Enclose the hexagon in a box 1234. Construct the box 1234 isometrically by
considering one vertical and one 300 making isometric axis as the solid is lying
horizontally.
3. In the box 1234 locate a, b, C, d, e & f and darken it. From each of the corners draw
lines parallel to the third isometric axis.
4. Since the edges from a and b will be hidden draw lines only from c, d, e & f parallel to
isometric axis 33, and on these set distance equal to the length of the axis to get c1, d1, e1
& f1, i.e. cc1 = dd1 = 75. Now join C1,
5. The cylinder is located centrally on the rectangular face fee1f1. So locate the centre o
on the rectangular face fee1f1. Through o draw lines parallel to the two 30 making
isometric axis (lines parallel to 23 & 33)
6. On these lines get pr and qs by setting the diameter 40mm with o as mid point. Now
through p & r draw lines parallel to 33 and through q & s. Draw lines parallel to 23 to get
the rhombus 5678. Inside the rhombus construct the base of the cylinder, which is a circle
of diameter 40mm, by four-centre method from o draw a vertical line and set height
50mm to get the centre oi for top face of the cylinder. Now with O as centre construct to
top face circle by four-centre method.
7. Since the cylinder is the top most component it will be fully visible so keep the top
ellipse, the two extreme generators and the front portion of bottom ellipse dark.
8. As far as the bottom solid is concerned part of the edge ff1 & ee1 will be blocked by the
cylinder, which should not be darkened.
Draw the isometric view of a hexagonal pyramid of base side 30mm and height
70mm rests on its base on HP with a base edge parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane
perpendicular to VP, inclined at 450 to HP and meeting the axis at 40mm from the base.
1. Draw the plan and elevation of the hexagonal pyramid showing. the section plane with
the given data.
2.Assuming that the pyramid is contained in a box, draw the isometric view of the box
first. On this draw the section plane TU in isometric by setting the heights of the points
from the elevation.
3. To mark the paint 1 in isometric, first mark the point I on the line pq by drawing
projector from 1 in plan. Now mark the point 1 in isometric such that p1 = P1. And from
1 draw a line parallel to the vertical line PT till it meets the cutting plane TU. From that
point draw line parallel to QR and on it mark 1 such that the distance from the point on
the section plane equal to the distance of the point I, in plan, from the line pq.
5. Join all the points in sequence by free hand and show the extreme generators.
A cylinder of diameter 50mm and height 70mm is resting on its base on HP. It is
cut by a plane perpendicular to VP, inclined at 400 to HP and bisects the axis. Draw the
isometric view of the cylinder.
1. Draw the plan and elevation of the cylinder showing the section plane with the given
data.
2. Assuming that the cylinder is contained in a box, draw the isometric view of the box
first. On this draw the section plane TU in isometric by setting the heights of the points
from the elevation. -
3. To mark the point 1 in isometric draw a line from T parallel to the isometric right line
and on it mark the point 1 such that TI1 = p1 in plan.
5. Join all the points in sequence by free hand and show the extreme generators.
.

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Draw the three views of the fig()

Draw the three views of the fig()

Draw the three views of the fig()

Draw the three views of the fig()

Draw the three views of the fig()

Draw the three views of the fig()

A hexagonal lamina of side 30 mm is resting on a corner in the HP with its surface

Draw the projection of a point B

1. Draw the line XY.

1. Draw the line XY.

1. Draw the front view of the bottom solid as shown in figure.

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