IMMUNIZATION

Definition of Immunization is the process whereby a person is made

immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a
vaccine. Vaccines stimulate the bodys own immune system to protect the person
against subsequent infection or disease.

Immunization is a proven tool for controlling and eliminating life-

threatening infectious diseases and is estimated to avert between 2 and 3 million
deaths each year. It is one of the most cost-effective health investments, with
proven strategies that make it accessible to even the most hard-to-reach and
vulnerable populations. It has clearly defined target groups; it can be delivered
effectively through outreach activities; and vaccination does not require any major
lifestyle change.

That must do immunization is Infants, Children, & Teens (birth to age 18),
Child Catch-up (age 4 months to 18 years), College & Young Adults (age 19 to
24), Adults (age 19 and older), Seniors (age 65 and older), Pregnant, and Health
Conditions

Types of Immunization

There are two types of immunization:

Active immunization
Passive immunization

Active immunization

In active immunization, vaccines are used to stimulate the bodys natural

defense mechanisms. Vaccines are preparations that contain one of the following:

Noninfectious fragments of bacteria or viruses

 A usually harmful substance (toxin) that is produced by a bacteria but has
been modified to be harmlesscalled a toxoid
Weakened (attenuated), live whole organisms that do not cause illness

The bodys immune system responds to a vaccine by producing substances

(such as antibodies and white blood cells) that recognize and attack the specific
bacteria or virus contained in the vaccine. Then whenever the person is exposed to
the specific bacteria or virus, the body automatically produces these antibodies
and other substances to prevent or lessen illness. The process of giving a vaccine
is called vaccination, although many doctors use the more general term
immunization.

Passive immunization

In passive immunization, antibodies against a specific infectious organism are

given directly to a person. These antibodies are obtained from several sources:

The blood (serum) of animals (usually horses) that have been exposed to a
particular organism or toxin and have developed immunity
Blood collected from a large group of peoplecalled pooled human
immune globulin
People known to have antibodies to a particular disease (that is, people
who have been immunized or who are recovering from the disease)
called hyperimmune globulinbecause these people have higher levels of
antibodies in their blood
Antibody-producing cells (usually taken from mice) grown in a laboratory

Passive immunization is used for people whose immune system does not
respond adequately to an infection or for people who acquire an infection before
they can be vaccinated (for example, after being bitten by an animal with rabies).

Passive immunization can also be used to prevent disease when people are
likely to be exposed and do not have time to get or complete a vaccination series.
For example, a solution containing gamma globulin that is active against
chickenpox virus can be given to a pregnant woman who does not have immunity
to the virus and has been exposed to it. The chickenpox virus can harm the fetus
and cause serious complications (such as pneumonia) in the woman.

Passive immunization lasts for only a few days or weeks, until the body
eliminates the injected antibodies.

DAPUS :

WHO. 2016. http://www.who.int/topics/immunization/en/. Diakses pada tanggal

11 Desember 2016 pukul 09.50 Wita.

Sharp, Merck & Dohme. 2016.

http://www.msdmanuals.com/home/infections/immunization/overview-of-
immunization. Diakses pada tanggal 11 Desember 2016 pukul 09.55 Wita.