ECE 2201 : ELECTRICAL AND

COMPUTER ENGINEERING LAB 1

EXPERIMENT 8 :

NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIERS

DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 4/04/2013 DATE OF SUBMISSION : 19/04/2013

GROUP MEMBERS :
OBJECTIVES

To demonstrate the operation of the non-inverting amplifier.

To demonstrate the effect of resistor faults on the operation of the non-
inverting amplifier.

THEORY

Voltage amplification is a main application of an operational amplifier.

Considering these two main applications, this electronic device is termed as
operational amplifier (Op-amp). Operational amplifiers can be constructed from
discrete components, mainly transistors, which provide stable and high voltage
amplification. But commonly they are available as monolithic integrated
circuits.

They are also used as video and audio amplifiers, oscillators and others.
Because of their versatility, Op-amps are widely used in all branches of
electronics in both digital and analogue circuits. One of the most common Op-
amp IC is CA 741. An Op-amp IC is activated by applying a dual DC power
supply (approximately 15V and +15V).

An operational amplifier or op-amp is an electronic circuit module

(normally built as an integrated circuit) which has a non-inverting input (+), an
inverting input (-) and one output. The output voltage is the difference between
the + and - inputs multiplied by the open-loop gain: Vout = (V+ V) x Gopenloop.
Since op-amps have uniform parameters and often standardized packaging as
well as standard power supply needs, they help in designing an application.
 So the voltage gain of the amplifier is where there is
no negative
sign as its convention indicating that the output is not negated. Below shows the
example of basic configuration of non-inverting op-amp.
CALCULATIONS

Calculated close-loop voltage gain of amplifier, ACL :

= +1

Measured close-loop voltage gain of amplifier, ACL :

Calculated
Value Measured close-
close-loop
of Rf, loop voltage gain Percentage Error
voltage gain of
k of amplifier, ACL
amplifier, ACL
2.28 |2 1.97|
10 = =
= +1 1.16 2
10
10
= 2 100%
= 1.97 = 1.5%
|3.7 3.66|
27 4.24 =
= +1 = 3.7
10 1.16
27
= 3.7 100%
= 3.7
= 1.08%
|4.9 4.83|
39 5.60 =
= +1 = 4.9
10 1.16
39
= 4.9 100%
= 4.9
= 1.43%
|5.7 5.59|
47 6.48 =
= +1 = 5.7
10 1.16
47
= 5.7 100%
= 5.59
= 1.93%
|9.2 9.14|
82 10.6 =
= +1 = 9.2
10 1.16
82
100%
= 9.2 = 9.14
= 0.65%
DISCUSSION

In this experiment, the non-inverting operational amplifier is being

investigated. This is known as an non-inverting amplifier because the output
waveform has a 0 degrees phase shift from the input waveform but the wave is
amplified. This is achieved by connecting the input to the positive terminal of
the op-amp, while the negative terminal is grounded. The operational amplifier
also amplifies the signal, so the output voltage is also scaled. The amount of
scaling is equal to the ratio of the impedances plus one from the feedback to the
input.

In this experiment, the input resistance and feedback resistance are both
equal to each other: 10 k. This means the scaling factor is 1.98, i.e. double
scaling. In other words, this can only demonstrate the non-inverting property of
this operational amplifier. As calculated, the experimental voltage gain was
found to be 2. The output waveform had a double increased.

The percentage error of 0% to nearly 1% is quite interesting. It is

extremely rare to acquire a percentage error of 0% for any electrical experiment.
This shows that the practical situation in the experiment was very close to the
theorized ideal model. There may have been differences, such as the resistor
values not being exactly equal to each other, and the op-amp not being ideal
practically, but such sources of error may have canceled each other out until the
overall error was not large enough to affect the limited sensitivity of the
oscilloscope.

The feedback resistor is then replaced with resistors of other given values.
The amplification is calculated and compared with the theoretical. Here, there
are two aspects of these results that are interesting. The first is that the
percentage error seems to decrease as the resistance value increases, and the
second is that the percentage errors are quite significant compared to the 0%
error of 10 k.

The percentage value decreasing with increasing resistance can be easily

explained. As the feedback resistance increases, the amplification also increases.
The variations between the theoretical and calculated arent a lot, but with
increased amplification, these errors are a small proportion of the whole
amplification and thus, they have a lower percentage error with increased
resistance. As for why the produced error is much more significant compared to
the original 10 k, its possibly because the decade resistance box was used
instead of actual resistors, so faults in the accuracy of the resistance box were all
manifested in step H but not step G.

In Step I, a load resistance was added. The value of the load resistance did
not alter the amplification whatsoever. This shows that in an inverting amplifier,
the output voltage is truly just the ratio of the feedback impedance to the input
impedance and is independent of load impedance. This raises the issue of power
consumption, since increased resistance with the same voltage would consume
more power. Since the output voltage is independent of load resistance, it means
the power consumed by the load resistor is not obtained from the ac input signal.
Rather, it is supplied by the dc voltage supplied at terminals 4 and 7 of the
operational amplifier. After all, it doesnt logically make sense for a signal to be
amplified without an extra supply of power, so the DC biasing is essential for
the amplification, even though the shape of the output waveform and its peak
values depend only on the input signal.

This concept can be used to explain the distortion that is observed in step
J. Although the output voltage is a scaled (and inverted) version of the input
voltage, the power supplied to the load is from the dc supplies. Therefore, as the
potentiometers resistance decreased while the output voltage remained the
same, the power consumed by the potentiometer increased (P = V2/R).
Eventually, the power consumed reached the maximum power supplied by the
dc supply, and so the output waveform was distorted, and the voltage gain was
less, to reduce the power consumption of the load.

By the end of the experiment, we can see that the value obtain is not as
accurate as the theoretical value. This is due to some errors such as the
additional resistance that exist in the connecting wire and other electrical
devices, and also the malfunction on devices and apparatus. The reading on
oscilloscope also fluctuated and this harden us to record the exact value. In order
to prevent these errors, we need to reduce the number of wire used in
construction of circuit and also check for the functionality of each device before
starting the experiment. Repeated readings were also taken to find the average
value.
CONCLUSION

The non-inverting op-amp was investigated and its characteristics were

identified. It doesn't inverts the input voltage (0 degrees phase difference) which
is the opposite of inverting op-amp and scales it with a scaling factor equal to
the ratio of feedback resistance to input resistance plus one. Therefore the bigger
the ratio, the smaller the effect of plus one. The output waveform, however,
relies on the dc supplies of the op-amp to receive its power. Therefore, even if
the scaling is set to infinity (by removing the feedback resistance), the output
will still be clipped to the dc values.