VII.

REGIMURI POLITICE DICTATORIALE

1. Istoria dictaturii
'LFWDWXUD URPDQ  Q DQXO  vHQ DX RFXSDW ORFXO UHJHOXL GRL FRQVXOL D F URU DXWRULWDWH

HUD YDODELO  SHQWUX R SHULRDG  GH XQ DQ /D SURSXQHUHD VHQDWXOXL SXWHDX QXPDL FRQVXOLL V 

deVHPQH]HXQGLFWDWRU$FHDVWDSXWHDV DLE ORFQXPDLvQFD]GHSULPHMGLHGHU ]ERLVDXGHUHYROWH

LQWHUQHFkQGVHDFRUGDRSXWHUHQHOLPLWDW SHQWUXRGXUDW GHFHOPXOWDVHOXQLvQPkQDXQXLVLQJXU

E UEDW 6DUFLQD GLFWDWRUXOXL FRQVWD vQ SULPXO UkQG vQ FRQGXFHUHD U ]ERLXOXL GLFWDWRU UHL JHUXQGDH

FDXVD 'LFWDWXUD HUD GHFL R LQVWLWX LH SHQWUX R VWDUH GH FUL]  FDUH GLQ DQXO  vHQ GHVHPQD

GLFWDWRUL FX FRPSHWHQ H VSHFLDOH vPSLHGLFDUHD DOHJHULORU V UE WRUL UHOLJLRDVH Q FRQWUDVW FX

consulii, dictatorul reprezenta un element de concentrare a puterii. De la nceputul secolului III

vHQGLFWDWXUDL-DVXERUGRQDWSRVLELOLW LOHGHLQWHUYHQ LHDOHWULEXQLORUSRSRUXOXL&DUHSUH]HQWDQW

DOLQVWLWX LHLGLFWDWRUDIRVW6XOOD-vHQLDSRL&DHVDU. Caesar a primit n 46 .e.n. o nvestire

GH GLFWDWXU  SHQWUX DQL LvQvHQRGLFWDWXU SH YLD GLFWDWRUSHUSHWXXV'XS  XFLGHUHDOXL

&DHVDUGLFWDWXUDD IRVWGHFODUDW vQDIDUDOHJLL SHQWUXWRWGHDXQDLvQORFXLW SHYUHPHDOXL $XJXVWXV

prin principat. Arcul istoric al dictaturii s-D vQWLQV SHVWH GLFWDWXUD 5HQDWHULL SHVWH &URPZHOO SHVWH
dictatura lui Robespierres (1792-FDXUPDUHDUHYROX LHLIUDQFH]HLDSRLDOXL%RQDSDUWHSkQ 
OD GLFWDWXULOH WRWDOLWDUH SUHFXP L GLFWDWXUD SUROHWDriatului. Dictatura proletariatului a fost

VFKL DW FKLDUvQvQ0DQLIHVWXOFRPXQLVW

&RQFHSWXOGHGLFWDWXU

7HUPHQXOGLFWDWXU SURYLQHGLQFXYkQWXOODWLQGLFWDWXUDGHULYDWGLQFXYkQWXOGLFWDUHFDUH

vQVHDPQ DDILUPDDSRUXQFL

DecL XQ vQ HOHV DO GLFWDWXULL HVWH GRPLQD LD QHOLPLWDW  D XQHL SHUVRDQH D XQXL JUXS LDU DOW

vQ HOHVH[SULP LQVWLWX LDLUHVSHFWLYSHULRDGDGHWLPSDGRPLQD LHLGLFWDWRUXOXL

'HFL QR LXQHD GLFWDWRU GHVHPQHD]  SHUVRDQD FDUH H[HUFLW  FRQGXFHUHD VWDWXOXL

GLVSXQkQGGHSXWHULGLVFUH LRQDUH

Q 5RPD DQWLF  GLFWDWXUD UHSUH]HQWD SXWHUHD DEVROXW  D XQXL GLFWDWRU Q OLWHUDWXUD SROLWLF 

WHUPHQXOGHGLFWDWXU  HVWHLGHQWLILFDWFXFHOGHWRWDOLWDULVPDEVROXWLVPWLUDQLH'LFWDWXUDWRWDOLWDU

VHFDUDFWHUL]HD] SULQXUP WRDUHOHHOHPHQWH

3ULQWUDQVIRUPDUHDVWDWXOXLGHGUHSWvQVWDWSROL LHQHVF

3ULQWUHFHUHDGHODVHSDUD LDSXWHULORUODFRQFHQWUDUHDSXWHULL

3) Printr-un partid de stat;

3ULQWUHFHUHDGHODFRQWUROXOWRWDOLWDUID GHVRFLHWDWH

n forma pULQFLSLXOXLFRQGXF WRUDSULQXQLIRUPL]DUHESULQL]RODUHDLQGLYLGXOXLFSULQ

WUDQVIRUPDUHDFXOWXULLvQSURSDJDQG GSULQH[LVWHQ DWHURULLH

'HFLSULQGLFWDWXU SXWHPV vQ HOHJHPXQUHJLPSROLWLFFDUDFWHUL]DWSULQGH LQHUHDSXWHULL

absoOXWH GH F WUH R SHUVRDQ  VDX XQ JUXS UHVWUkQV 3XWHUHD GLFWDWRULDO  HVWH RE LQXW  DGHVHD SULQ

YLROHQ  L PLMORDFH QHFRQVWLWX LRQDOH ILLQG H[HUFLWDW I U  UHVWULF LL VDX FX SX LQH UHVWULF LL GLQ

SDUWHDSXWHULORUOHJLVODWLYHLMXGLFLDUHvQP VXUDvQFDUHDFHVWHDPDLIXQF LRQHD] VHSDUDWQPRG

RELQXLWVHSDUDUHDSXWHULORUHVWHvQORFXLW FXXQLWDWHDSXWHULORU
 3. Diversitatea regimurilor dictatoriale
'LFWDWXUDSRDWHvPEU FDIRUPHOHGLFWDWXU SHUVRQDO GLFWDWXU PLOLWDU GLFWDWXU UHOLJLRDV 

Dictatura SHUVRQDO FRQVW vQFRQFHQWUDUHDvQWUHJLLSXWHULSROLWLFHOHJLVODWLYHMXGHF WRUHWL

vQ PkQD XQHL VLQJXUH SHUVRDQH VDX D XQXL JUXS GH SHUVRDQH FDUH R H[HUFLW  SULQ GHFUHWH -lege,
LQVWLWXLH R FHQ]XU  OLPLWHD]  GUHSWXULOH L OLEHUW LOH FHW HQHWL UHFXUJH OD UHSULPDUHD IRU HORU

democrate.
Dictatura PLOLWDU  VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]  SULQ SUHOXDUHD vQWUHJLL SXWHUL GH F WUH PLOLWDUL FDUH

FRRUGRQHD] PLOLWDUL]DUHDYLH LLHFRQRPLFHLVRFLDOH

2 YDULDQW  D GLFWDWXULL totalitare este GLFWDWXUD IDVFLVW  2 DOW  YDULDQW  HVWH dictatura de
tip comunist.
5HJLPXULOHGLFWDWRULDOHFDXW V RE LQ FDUDFWHUOHJLWLPLSHQWUXDFHDVWDUHFXUJODLQYRFDUHD

XQRUvPSUHMXU ULH[FHS LRQDOHFXPDUILLQWUDUHDXQHL ULvQWU RVWDUHGHFUL] HFRQRPLF DJUDYDUHD

-
VW ULORU GH WHQVLXQH LQWHUQ  SHULFROXO L]EXFQLULL XQXL U ]ERL VDX YRLQ D GH D WUDQVIRUPD XQ VLVWHP

VRFLDOvQDOWXOGLIHULWGHFHOH[LVWHQW/HJLWLPLWDWHDHVWHvQW ULW SULQSOHELVFLWVDXHODERUDUHDXQHLQRL

FRQVWLWX LL

1R LXQHDGHWRWDOLWDULVP

Mussolini a folosit primul acest termen. El opune statului liberal ideea statului totalitar.
Pentru fascism totul este n Stat, nimic uman sau spiritual nu are valoare n afara Statului. n acest
VHQVIDVFLVPXOHVWHWRWDOLWDUL6WDWXOIDVFLVWVLQWH]DXQLW LLWXWXURUYDORULORULQWHUSUHWHD] GH]YROW 
147
LG IRU WXWXURUDVSLUD LLORUYLH LL .
Q*HUPDQLDWHUPHQXODSDUHvQvQVFULHUHDMXULVWXOXLLSROLWRORJXOXL&DUO6FKPLWW'LH

'LNWDWXUvQFDUHVXQWSUH]HQWDWHFDUDFWHULVWLFLOH6WDWXOXLWRWDO&k LYDDQLPDLWkU]LX Ernst Junger

IRORVHWHvQOXFUDUHDVD'LHWRWDOH0RELOPDFKXQJ0RELOL]DUHWRWDO WHUPHQXOUHVSHFWLYvQVHQVXO

PLOLWDUDOPRELOL] ULLJHQHUDOHWRWDOH

n anii 1930-VXQWSXEOLFDWHVWXGLLLPSRUWDQWHSULYLQGIHQRPHQXOWRWDOLWDU$FHVWHOXFU UL

au cRQWULEXLWODHODERUDUHDFRQFHSWXOXLGHVWDWWRWDOLWDU&RQIRUPDFHVWRUFRQFHS LLPRGHOXOWRWDOLWDU
SUHVXSXQHFRQWUROXOWRWDODVXSUDvQWUHJLLVRFLHW LFXDMXWRUXOPLMORDFHORUGHFRQVWUkQJHUHDOHVWDWXOXL

n vederea atingerii integrale a scopurilor lui. O DSUHFLHUHGHRVHELW DVXSUD WRWDOLWDULVPXOXLRJ VLP

n lucrarea Originile totalitarismului148 vQ FDUH VH DSUHFLD]  F  QD]LVPXO L VWDOLQLVPXO FRQVWLWXLH
vPSUHXQ  R QRX  IRUP  GH JXYHUQ PkQW VSHFLILF PRGHUQ  WRWDOLWDULVPXO FDUH VH GLVWLQJH SULQ

GHILQL LHGHDOWHIRUPHGHRSUHVLXQHSROLWLF SHFDUHQRLOHFXQRDWHPFXPVXQWGHVSRWLVPXOWLUDQLD

LGLFWDWXUD2ULXQGHDFHVWDDDMXQVODSXWHUHDJHQHUDWLQVWLWX LLSROLWLFHFRPSOHWQRL7RWDOLWDULVPXO

HVWH VLVWHPXO SROLWLFDO GRPLQD LHL  WRWDOH 'RPLQD LD WRWDO  HVWH GHILQLW  vQ OXFUDUHD UHVSHFWLY  FD
149
R GRPLQD LH SHUPDQHQW  DVXSUD ILHF UXL LQGLYLG vQ ILHFDUH VIHU  D YLH LL . Autoarea studiului
DPLQWLWDMXQJHODFRQFOX]LDF WHURDUHDFRQVWLWXLHQDWXUDVDXHVHQ DVLVWHPXOXLWRWDOLWDULDULGHRORJLD

princiSLXOV XGHDF LXQH

2GHILQL LHDWRWDOLWDULVPXOXLDIRVWSUH]HQWDW LGHFXQRVFXWXOSROLWRORJ5$URQ'XS HO

1) Fenomenul totalitar apare ntr-XQ UHJLP FDUH DFRUG  XQXL SDUWLG PRQRSROXO DFWLYLW LL
politice;
2) Partidul monopolist este narmat cu o LGHRORJLH F UHLD vL FRQIHU  R DXWRULWDWH DEVROXW  L
FDUHSULQXUPDUHGHYLQHDGHY UXORILFLDODOVWDWXOXL

 3HQWUX U VSkQGLUHD DFHVWXL DGHY U RILFLDO VWDWXO vL UH]HUY  OD UkQGXO V X XQ GXEOX

PRQRSRO PRQRSROXO PLMORDFHORU YLROHQWH L DO PLMORDFHOR r persuasive. Ansamblul mijloacelor de

FRPXQLFDUHUDGLRWHOHYL]LXQHDSUHVDHVWHGLULMDWFRPDQGDWGHVWDWLGHFHLFDUHvOUHSUH]LQW 

&HDPDLPDUHSDUWHDDFWLYLW LORUHFRQRPLFHLSURIHVLRQDOHVXQWVXSXVHVWDWXOXLLGHYLQ

ntr-un anumit mod, SDUWH LQWHJUDQW  D DFHVWXLD QWUXFkW VWDWXO HVWH LQVHSDUDELO GH LGHRORJLD VD FHD

147
Ploncard d Assaec, Doctrines du nationalisme, Editios de Chirs, 1978, p. 58.
148
Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarism, New York, 1966, p. 113.
149
Ibidem, p. 115.
PDLPDUHSDUWHDDFWLYLW LORUHFRQRPLFHLSURIHVLRQDOHDUHFRORUDWXUDDGHY UXOXLRILFLDO

7RDWHILLQGDFWLYLWDWHGHVWDWLRULFHDFWLYLWDWHILLQGVXERUGRQDW LGHRORJLHLRJUHHDO GH

QDWXU HFRQRPLF VDXSURIHVLRQDO GHYLQHVLPXOWDQRJUHHDO LGHRORJLF $VWIHOvQFkWvQILQDODSDUH

R SROLWL]DUH R WUDQVILJXUDUH LGHRORJLF  D WXWXURU JUHHOLORU LQGLYLGXDOH SRVLELOH L vQ FRQFOX]LH R
150
WHURDUHvQDFHODLWLPSSROL LHQHDVF LLGHRORJLF .
'HILQL LD GDW  GH 5$URQ  SUH]HQWDW  vQ IRUPXO  VLQWHWLF  WRWDOLWDULVPXO HVWH R GLFWDWXU 

ED]DW  SH XQ SDUWLG XQLF L SH R LGHRORJLH D IRVW XQDQLP DGRSWDW  GH FHUFHW WRULL WLLQ HL SROLWLFH

GHRDUHFHDFHDVW  GHILQL LH SHUPLWHD UHXQLUHD vQDFHHDLFDWHJRULHI U  QLFLR GHRVHELUHD OXL +LWOHU

Mussolini, Lenin, Stalin, Franco.

6LVWHPXO WRWDOLWDU D DS UXW FD XUPDUH D FUL]HL VLVWHPXOXL FDSLWDOLVW L D FUL]HL GHPRFUD LHL

OLEHUDOH DPEHOH PDQLIHVW UL GH]Y OXLWH FX RFD]LD SULPXOXL U ]ERL PRQGLDO 7RWDOLWDULVPXO QX V -a
PDQLIHVWDWLGHQWLFH[LVWkQGGHRVHELULGHOD DU OD DU $VWIHOGDF DGXFHPvQGLVFX LH*HUPDQLDGH

GXS  SULPXOU ]ERLPRQGLDODSDUL LD LDVFHQVLXQHDIDVFLVPXOXLDXIRVWOHJDWHGHFUL]DFDUHDXUPDW

U ]ERLXOXL FDUH DDWLQV WRDWH VHFWRDUHOH YLH LL HFRQRPLFH VRFLDO SROLWLFH L FXOWXUDOH (IHFWHOHFUL]HL
-
DXVO ELWSR]L LDPLFLLEXUJKH]LL(OHPHQWHOHHLFHOHPDLDFWLYHDXF XWDWV VHRUJDQL]H]HvQF XWDUHD

XQHLQRLVROX LLDWU JkQGvQMXUXOORUPDVHGHFODVDWHLGHUXWDWHGLQDOWHS WXULVRFLDOHLQWHUHVDWHvQ

OXSWD SHQWUX SXWHUH 6LWXD LD V D DJUDYDW L SULQ SLHUGHULOH VXIHULWH vQ XUPDU ]ERLXOXL 'H DVHPHQHD
-
s-D VFKLPEDW UDSRUWXO GH IRU H vQ GHIDYRDUHD DFHORU IRU H FDUH XUP UHDX V  UHFXFHUHDVF  SR]L LLOH
avute anteriRU Q DFHVW FDGUX GLFWDWXUD D DS UXW FD XQLF  VROX LH SHQWUX XQHOH IRU H SROLWLFH GH
realizarea obiectivelor lor.
6LWXD LD vQ 5XVLD HUD GHRVHELW  GH *HUPDQLD $LFL VFKLPE ULOH HUDX JHQHUDWH GH VWDUHD

HFRQRPLF  vQDSRLDW  GH DJUDYDUHD IHQRPHQHORU VRFLDOH ca urmare a evenimentelor explozive n

SODQQD LRQDOHWQLF5HJLPXOVRYLHWLFV DQ VFXWGLQWU RYRLQ
- - UHYROX LRQDU FDUHXUP UHDUHDOL]DUHD

XQHLVRFLHW LPDLGUHSWH$FHDVW PLFDUHUHYROX LRQDU ERJDW vQLGHLFDUHXUP UHDXWUDQVIRUPDUHD

UDGLFDO DVRFLHW LLvQWU RGLUHF LHDQWLFDSLWDOLVW DWUHFXWODIRORVLUHDYLROHQ HLFDPLMORFSULQFLSDOGH

-
JXYHUQDUH Q FRQVHFLQ  D DS UXW XQ UHJLP GH RSUHVLXQH SROLWLF  FDUH VH J VHD vQ FRQIOLFW FX

propriile sale idealuri morale. Spre deosebire de regimul sovietic, regimul hitlerist s-D Q VFXW GLQ

YRLQ DGHDUHIDFHXQLWDWHDPRUDO D*HUPDQLHLLvQDIDU GHDFHDVWDGHDFXFHULQRLWHULWRULLFDUHV 

DVLJXUHKLWOHULVPXOXLGRPLQD LDPRQGLDO SURSRY GXLQGFKLDUH[WHUPLQDUHDWRWDO DXQRUSRSRDUHL

QD LXQL

Lund GLQ QRX vQ GLVFX LH UHJLPXO FRPXQLVW FDUH D IRVW GHILQLW L FD RUGLQH SULQ WHURDUH
PHQ LRQ P F  WHURDUHD D DS UXW FD XUPDUH D LQVWDXU ULL XQHL GLFWDWXUL D SDUWLGXOXL FD HIHFW DO

FRQIOLFWHORUSROLWLFHLELURFUDWLFHGLQWUHJUXSXULOHGHFRQGXFHUHQ*HUPDQLDGLQFRQWU RELHFWLYXO

GHDWHURUL]DDIRVWFODUIRUPXODWGHF WUHFRQGXF WRULvQDLQWHGHOXDUHDSXWHULL

Q DPEHOH UHJLPXUL WRWDOLWDUH vQ FHO FRPXQLVW L vQ FHO IDVFLVW YLROHQ D HUD IRORVLW  FD

SULQFLSDO PHWRG GHJXYHUQDUH

Totalitarismul fascist
Analiza totalitarismului a constituit obiectul a numeroase studii prin care autorii au ncercat
V LGHQWLILFHU G FLQLOHRUJDQL] ULLWRWDOLWDUHDYLH LLGHVWDW

&X SULYLUH OD JHQH]D IDVFLVPXOXL *HRUJ /XNDFV vQ VWXGLXO $VXSUD XQRU SDUWLFXODULW L DOH
151
GH]YROW ULL LVWRULFH D *HUPDQLHL  D SUH]HQWDW IDFWRULL JHQH]HL IDVFLVPXOXL JHUPDQ L DQXPH

*HUPDQLDDDWLQVPDLWkU]LXGH]YROWDUHDPRGHUQ EXUJKH] I XULUHDFRQWLLQ HLQD LRQDOHV

-a realizat
prin unele curente religios-ideologice, n Germania burghezia a ajuns la un compromis cu
nobilimea.
152
8UP ULQG DVFHQVLXQHD IDVFLVPXOXL LWDOLDQ $QJHOR 7RVFD  VXEOLQLD VLWXD LD FODVHL

FRQGXF WRDUH LWDOLHQH vQFRQGL LLOH GHSUHVLXQLL L VLWXD LHL GHRVHELWH GH GXS  SULPXO U ]ERL PRQGLDO

n care s-D SURGXV R FUL]  HFRQRPLF  L R FUL]  PRUDO  /D DFHDVW  VWDUH DX FRQWULEXLW VO ELFLXQHD

150
Raymond Aron, Dmocratie et totalitarisme, Paris, 1965, p. 287 288.
151
Lukacs G., La destruction de la Raison, vol 2, LArche, 1958, p. 82.
152
Angelo Tosca, Italy from Risorgimento to Fascism, New York, 1970.
PLF ULL VRFLDOLVWH RIHQVLYD PDULORU SURSULHWDUL SULQ DF LXQL PLOLWDUH L FXFHULUL WHULWRULDOH

complicitatea corpurilor statului, discreditarea parlamentului, etc.

Studii referitorHODJHQH]DIDVFLVPXOXLDvQWUHSULQVLUHQXPLWDFRDO GHOD)UDQNIXUWFDUH

F XWDH[SOLFD LLED]DWHSHIDFWRULLVRFLDOHFRQRPLFLLSHIDFWRULSVLKRORJLFL

/XkQGvQFRQVLGHUD LHDQDOL]HOHFXSULYLUHODJHQH]DWRWDOLWDULVPXOXLSXWHPV QHG PVHDPD

F  geneza totalitarismului fascist s-D GDWRUDW vQ HVHQ  XQRU PXOWLSOL IDFWRUL GLIHUL L FD QDWXU  L

FRPSOH[LWDWHHFRQRPLFVRFLDOLSROLWLFLQD LRQDOLSVLKRORJLFLFHSRWILWRWXLUHFRQVWLWXL LXQLWDU

WR LDFHWLDvQV GLQFRORGHDVSHFWHOHFHDXvQYHGHUHFUL]DSXWHULLLDDXWRULW LLQHDSDUFDILLQGvQ

153
VWUkQV FRQH[LXQHFXFUL]DVRFLHW LLFLYLOHvQFRQWH[WXOSULPXOXLU ]ERLPRQGLDO .
5 ]ERLXO V D vQFKHLDW L FX SLHUGHUHD vQFUHGHULL GLIHULWHORU FDWHJRULL L JUXSXUL VRFLDOH vQ
-
GHPRFUD LD UHSUH]HQWDWLY  vQ SURJUHVXO SH FDOHD GHPRFUD LHL $FHDVW  VLWXD LH D IDYRUL]DW

DVFHQVLXQHDVSUHSXWHUHDIRU HORUDQWLGHPRFUDWLFH'HFLGHPRFUD LDYDVXIHULXQHHFvQWU XQQXP U -

FRQVLGHUDELO GH ULHXURSHQH $FXP GLFWDWXUD DSDUH FD R VROX LH VDOYDWRDUH LPSXV  GH IRU H LQWHUQH

VDX H[WHUQH 'HFL FUL]D HFRQRPLF  D GXV OD R FUL]  SH SODQ VRFLDO FX HIHFWH GLVWUXJ WRDUH DWkW vQ

,WDOLDFkWLvQ*HUPDQLD

,QVWDODUHD IDVFLVPXOXL OD SXWHUH QX D IRVW SRVLELO  GHFkW FX DGH]LXQHD L VSULMLQXO XQHL

LPSRUWDQWHS U LDIRU HORUVRFLDOH(VWHYRUEDGHHOLWHOHSROLWLFHOLEHUDOHLS U LLPSRUWDQWHDOHPDULL

burghezii, care au ncurajat spre a-L VDOYD SXWHUHD HFRQRPLF  L VRFLDO  IRU H DQWLOLEHUDOH L

DQWLVRFLDOH UDVLVWH L QD LRQDOLVWH 7RWRGDW  DFHWLD DX WUHFXW L OD VROX LL SROLWLFH GH vQW ULUH D

IXQF LLORU VWDWXOXL GH FRQWURO DXWRULWDU ID  GH DF LXQLOH VRFLDOH 6 D DMXQV DVWIHO OD I XULUHD XQXL
-
FRUSFRPXQDXQHLDOLDQ HvQWUHHOLWHOHXOWUDFRQVHUYDWRDUHLIRU HOHPLOLWDULVWH

La fel ca n Germania, perioada dH GXS  U ]ERL vQ ,WDOLD s-a caracterizat prin dezordine
SROLWLF HFRQRPLF VRFLDO 

3URILWkQG GH I UkPL DUHD IRU HORU SROLWLFH WUDGL LRQDOH L GH VO ELFLXQHD IRU HORU SROLWLFH GH

VWkQJD 0XVVROLQL YD XUP UL XQ SURFHV GH D J VL R FDOH OHJDO  SHQWUX D DMX nge la putere. Partidul
IDVFLVW YD XUP UL FD SULQ RUJDQL]DUHD GH EDQGH DUPDWH V  H[HUFLWH FRQWUROXO DVXSUD DGPLQLVWUD LHL

ORFDOH 3DUWLGXO IDVFLVW ,WDOLDQ L JUXS ULOH VDOH F P LOH QHJUH YD GHYHQL SHQWUX ,WDOLD FHHD FH YD

reprezenta pentru Germania PartLGXO1D LRQDO-6RFLDOLVWL%DWDOLRDQHOHGHDVDOW

'LQPRPHQWXODMXQJHULLODSXWHUHvQFDGUXOVWDWXOXLSDUWLGXOIDVFLVWPRELOL]HD] vQMXUXOV X

QD LXQHDvQWUHDJ XUP ULQGLFXFHULUHDGHQRLWHULWRULLU ]ERLXOLWDOR HWLRSLDQQDFHODLWLPSVH

-
rHDOL]HD]  RUJDQL]DUHD FRUSRUDWLVW  D VRFLHW LL FLYLOH FDUH SUHYHGHD PLOLWDUL]DUHD FODVHL PXQFLWRDUH

SHQWUX D DWULEXL PXQFLL XQ IHO GH YDORDUH U ]ERLQLF  1X HUD DGPLV  QLFL R DVRFLD LH FDUH V -ar fi
LQWHUSXVvQWUHSXWHUHDFHQWUDO LFHW HDQ

TotalitariVPXO SURSRY GXLHWH VXSUHPD LD DEVROXW  D VWDWXOXL ,OXVWUDWLYH vQ DFHVW VHQV VXQW
aprecierile lui Mussolini1543HQWUXIDVFLVPVWDWXOHVWHDEVROXWXOvQID F UXLDLQGLYL]LLLJUXSXULOH
QX VXQW GHFkW UHODWLYH ,QGLYL]LL L JUXSXULOH QX VXQW FRQFHSXWH dect n cadrul statului ... Statul a

GHYHQLWDGHY UDWDUHDOLWDWHDLQGLYLGXOXL3HQWUXIDVFLVPWRWXOH[LVW GRDUvQVWDWLQLPLFRPHQHVF

VDX VSLULWXDO QX H[LVW  L QX DUH YDORDUH vQ DIDUD VWDWXOXL 'HFL VWDWXO DFDSDUHD]  WRWDO VRFLHWDWHD

XUP ULQGV GLVWUXJ RULFHPDQLIHVWDUHDVRFLHW LLFLYLOH

'XS SUHOXDUHDSXWHULLHYROX LDVWDWXOXLIDVFLVWVHPDQLIHVW vQIHOXOXUP WRU

QWLPSXOSULPHLSHULRDGHDIDVFLVPXOXLODSXWHUHSDUWLGXOIDVFLVWGRPLQ WRDWHHOHPHQWHOH

aparatului reprezentativ: DUPDWDDGPLQLVWUD LDSROL LDPDJLVWUDWXUD

 Q FHD GH D GRXD SHULRDG  D IDVFLVPXOXL VWDELOL]DW DSDUDWXO GH VWDW GHYLQH R SkUJKLH GH

exercitare a puterii partidului fascist.

n acest fel s-DPDQLIHVWDWHYROX LDVWDWXOXLIDVFLVWDWkWvQ*HUPDQLDFkWLvQ,WDOLD
6 YHGHPWU V WXULOHFDUHDXFRQVWLWXLWHVHQ DVWDWXOXLIDVFLVW

3ULPDP VXU vQWUHSULQV GHQD RQDOVRFLDOLVPXOJHUPDQLIDVFLVPXOLWDOLDQVSUH constituirea

statului totalitar a reprezentat-o instaurarea sistemului monopartidist, prin licKLGDUHD IRU DW  D

FHORUODOWH SDUWLGH SROLWLFH SUHFXP L D RUJDQL]D LLORU VRFLHW LL FLYLOH Q ,WDOLD SULPXO SDUWLG FDUH

153
 $ULVWLGH &LRDE  /RUHQD 3 Y ODQ 5R]PDUL 3RJ FHDQX 6RFLHWDWHD FLYLO  L GUHSWXULOH RPXOXL , Ed.Institutului de
7HRULH6RFLDO %XFXUHWL
154
Benito Mussolini, Le fascisme, doctrine, institutions, Paris, 1993, p. 50.
WUHEXLD V  ILH QLPLFLW D IRVW 3DUWLGXO 3RSXODU SDUWLGXO EXUJKH]LHL PLFL L PLMORFLL Q *HUPDQLD

constituirea sistemului monopartidist D vQFHSXW FX OLFKLGDUHD SDUWLGXOXL FRPXQLVW L D FRQWLQXDW FX
SDUWLGHOH EXUJKH]H 'XS  DFHDVW  DF LXQH JXYHUQXO QD LRQDO VRFLDOLVW D LQWHU]LV UHIDFHUHD L FUHDUHD

GH QRL SDUWLGH 3DUWLGXO 0XQFLWRUHVF 1D LRQDO Socialist German este unicul partid politic n
*HUPDQLDRULFLQHYDvQFHUFDV PHQ LQ VWUXFWXUDRUJDQL]DWRULF DDOWXLSDUWLGSROLWLFYDILSDVLELOGH

R FRQGDPQDUH OD PXQF  VLOQLF   VDX R FRQGDPQDUH  OD vQFKLVRDUH I U  D H[FOXGH VDQF LXQLOH
155
VHYHUH SUHY ]XWH GHDOWH OHJL  Q SULYLQ D RUJDQL]D LLORU VRFLHW LL FLYLOHVH VSHFLILF  GUHSWXO GH

H[LVWHQ DFRUGDWQXPDLDFHORURUJDQL]D LLFDUHFUHDWHILLQGGHSDUWLGXOQD]LVWvLDFFHSW SURJUDPXOL

statutul.
QSULPHOHOXQLDOHJXYHUQ ULLIDVFLVWHSDUWLGHOHEXUJKH]HDXYRWDWvQPDUWLHO egea prin
FDUHVHDFRUGDXvPSXWHUQLFLULH[FHS LRQDOHOXL+LWOHUFDUHDFRQVROLGDWSXWHUHDSDUWLGXOXLQD]LVW

$F LXQL DVHP Q WRDUH SXWHP V  FRQVWDW P L vQ ,WDOLD 3DUWLGXO IDVFLVW D DMXQV OD SXWHUH vQ

,WDOLD OD VIkULWXO DQXOXL  FkQG GXS  YHVWLWXO PDU DO GHWDDPHQWHORU IDVFLVWH DVXSUD 5RPHL

regele i-D SURSXV OXL 0XVVROLQL V  IRUPH]H QRXO JXYHUQ QF  GLQ DFHO PRPHQW SDUWLGXO IDVFLVW V -a
PDQLIHVWDW SHQWUX D LQVWDXUD XQ PRQRSRO SROLWLF$VW ]LvQFHSH QRXD YLD  L QRXD LVWRULHD SDWULHL

Fascismul dHYHQLW VWDW SUHLD FRQGXFHUHD SHQWUX D LPSXQH VLH vQVXL L SDWULHL GLVFLSOLQD VXEOLQLD
0XVVROLQL $FHVWH HOXUL V-au realizat n anii 1925 1926, cnd au fost adoptate legile fasciste

H[FHS LRQDOHFDUHDXLQVWDXUDWSXWHUHDSDUWLGXOXLIDVFLVW'XS DFeste evenimente, Mussolini putea

156
DILUPDFXVLJXUDQ vQWUHDJDSXWHUHDSDU LQHIDVFLVPXOXL .
Un alt element n formarea statului totalitar al fascismului a constat n deplina unitate dintre
SDUWLG L VWDW $FHVW SULQFLSLX D IRVW FRQVHPQDW GH QD]LWL SULQtr-R OHJH VSHFLDO  LQWLWXODW  SHQWUX
157
DVLJXUDUHDXQLW LLGLQWUHSDUWLGL6WDWGHFHPEULH .
8QLWDWHD GLQWUH SDUWLG L VWDW V-D XUP ULW vQF  GLQ PRPHQWXO FXFHULULL SXWHULL SULQ SUHOXDUHD

XQRUSRVWXULLIXQF LL GHFRQGXFHUH GHF WUHPHPEULL SDUWLdului fascist. Liderii partidului fascist au

DMXQVRDPHQLFXIXQF LLvQVWDW$VWIHO+LWOHUSHOLQLHGHSDUWLGHVWHLQYHVWLWFXWLWOXOGH)KUHULDUSH

OLQLH GH VWDW FDQFHODU DO5HLFKXOXL $FHDVW FXPXODUH D SRVWXULORU GH SDUWLG L GH VWDW V -a realizat n
ntreaga ierarhie a puterii de stat.
Contopirea aparatului de partid cu cel de stat s-a concretizat prin:
D RFXSDUHD SUHSRQGHUHQW  D SRVWXULORU GLQ DSDUDWXO GH VWDW GH F WUH YkUIXULOH FRQGXF WRDUH

ale partidului fascist;

EFXPXODUHDIXQF LLORUJXYHUQ amentale cu cele de partid;
F FRQWUROXO JHQHUDO DO SDUWLGXOXL DVXSUD WXWXURU RUJDQHORU GH VWDW DVXSUD IXQF LRQDULORU L D

DFWLYLW LORUORU

GFRQWRSLUHDXQRUIRUPD LXQLGHVWDWLGHSDUWLGVLPLODUH

H UHWULEXLUHD FHQWUDO  GH F WUH VWDW D DFWLYLWLORU VDODULD L FDUH VH RFXSDX GH PXQFD

RUJDQL]DWRULF GHSDUWLGVDXGHDFWLYLWDWHDGHSURSDJDQG LDJLWD LH3DUWLGXOHUDvQDDIHOUHDOL]DW

vQFkWV SRDW FRQWURODRUJDQLVPHOHVWDWDOH

QF  GH OD vQFHSXWXO DVFHQVLXQLL VDOH QD]LVPXO D WUHFXW OD H[HUFL tarea terorii asupra
GXPDQLORU SROLWLFL L LGHRORJLFL QX SULQ SROL LD GH VWDW FL SULQ WUXSHOH GH SROL LH VSHFLDO  66

$FHVWH WUXSH GH SDUWLG DX FRQVLGHUDW SRVLELOLWDWHD DSOLF ULL WHURULL FD XQ WULXPI DO SDUWLGXOXL ORU

3R]L LD SULYLOHJLDW  D SDUWLGXOXL IDVFLVW VH HYLGHQ LD QX QXPDL SULQ FRQGXFHUHD L FRQWUROXO DVXSUD

VWDWXOXL FL L SULQ IDSWXO F  SDUWLGXO L PHPEULL V L U PkQ LQYXOQHUDELOL ID  GH OHJLOH VWDWXOXL XQ

PHPEUXDOSDUWLGXOXLQXSXWHDILMXGHFDWGHF WUHXQWULEXQDOFLYLO'HFLSDUWLGXOIDVFLVWVW GHDVXSUD

legilor statului.
8QLWDWHD GLQWUH SDUWLGXO IDVFLVW L VWDW V D UHDOL]DW L SULQ LGHRORJLD IDVFLVW  FDUH D GHYHQLW
-
LGHRORJLHGHVWDWSHQWUXDvPSLHGLFDDILUPDUHDRULF UHLLGHRORJLLVWDWXOIDVFLVWWRWDOLWDUYDUHFXUJHOD

WHURDUHIL]LF LODODJ UHOHGHFRQFHQWUDUH6WDWXOIDVFLVWSHQWUXDQX LSULPHMGXLFDUDFWHUXOWRWDOLWDU

-
YDUHFXUJHODLQWROHUDQ ID GHGHPRFUD LH

$OW  WU V WXU  D VWDWXOXL WRWDOLWDU HVWH IDSWXO F  HO XUP UHWH XQLILFDUHD vQWUHJLL YLH L VRFLDOH

155
Shirer W., Le troisime Reich des origines la chute, Paris, 1965, p. 116.
156
Lemaitre H., Les fascismes dans lhistorie, Paris, 1959.
157
Ibidem.
Unificarea reprezinW  H[WLQGHUHD FRQWUROXOXL SDUWLGXOXL DVXSUD WXWXURU VIHUHORU YLH LL VRFLDOH L

SDUWLFXODUH 3DUWLGXO FRQGXFH VWDWXO IRU HOH DUPDWH SH ILHFDUH FHW HDQ GLQ FDGUXO DFHVWXL VWDW

SDUWLGXO OLFKLGHD]  WRDWH LQVWLWX LLOH WRDWH JUXSXULOH SH WR L RDPHQLL FDUH QX GRUHVF V  DFFHSWH

conducerea Fhrerului158QVFRSXOXQLILF ULLVHWUHFHODOLFKLGDUHDWXWXURUIRUPHORUGHDGPLQLVWUDUH

ORFDO  PSXWHUQLFLULOH DFHVWRUD VXQW WUDQVIHUDWH vQ PkLQLOH SXWHULL FHQWUDOH GH SDUWLG L GH VWDW

QO WXUDUHDDGPLQLVWUD LHLORFDOHDIRVWXUP ULW QXQXPDLvQ*HUPDQLDFLLvQ,WDOLD

,OXVWUDWLY  vQ DFHVW VHQV HVWH OHJHD GLQ  IHEUXDULH  SULQ FDUH UHJLPXO IDVFLVW LWDOLDQ D

PRGLILFDW VLVWHPXO GH DOHJHUH D FRQVLOLHULORU FRPXQDOL &RQIRUP OHJLL QXP UXO PHPEULORU

consiliului comunDO HUD VWDELOLW GH F WUH SUHIHFW QX GH F WUH FHW HQLL FX GUHSW GH YRW SH ED]D

VLVWHPXOXL HOHFWRUDO 3UHIHFWXO L VLQGLFDWHOH VH J VHDX VXE FRQWUROXO GLUHFW DO SDUWLGXOXL IDVFLVW LDU

FRQVLOLLOH FRPXQDOH HUDX DOHVH GH F WUH UHVSHFWLYHOH VXEGLYL]LXQL DOH S artidului, devenind
LQVWUXPHQWH DOH VDOH vQ DFHODL PRG FD RUJDQHOH SXWHULL FHQWUDOH GH VWDW Guvernul, parlamentul,
Camera. Astfel s-D DMXQV OD XQ 6WDW IDVFLVW RPRJHQ FDUH IXQF LRQD FRQIRUP YRLQ HL SDUWLGXOXL 6H
putea trece la unificarea ntregii socieW L 6H YRU FRQVWLWXL RUJDQL]D LL REWHWL VXERUGRQDWH
controlului partidului unic. n mod concret s-D WUHFXW OD GL]ROYDUHD YHFKLORU DVRFLD LL FDUH
IXQF LRQDX GH SH WLPSXO 5HSXEOLFLL GH OD :HLPDU Q ORFXO VLQGLFDWHORU OLEHUH D IRVW FUHDW )URQWXO

German DO 0XQFLL vQ ORFXO GLYHUVHORU RUJDQL]D LL GH WLQHUHW D IRVW FUHDW +LWOHUMXJHQG -ul.
2UJDQL]D LLOH GH FRODUL DX IRVW FRQVWLWXLWH vQ -XQJYRON 6 DX vQILLQ DW QRL XQLXQL /LJD 1D LRQDO
-
6RFLDOLVW  D IRWLORU 0HPEUL DL &RUSRUD LHL 6WXGHQ LORU *HUPDQL 8QLXQ ea Femeilor Germane,
8QLXQHD 6WXGHQ LORU *HUPDQL HWF 7RDWH DFHVWH RUJDQL]D LL VH J VHDX VXE FRQGXFHUHD SDUWLGXOXL

fascist.
$FHHDL VLWXD LH GH VXERUGRQDUH GH F WUH SDUWLG D vQWUHJLL VRFLHW L J VLP L vQ ,WDOLD 8Q

exemplu n acest sens este realizarea sLVWHPXOXLFRUSRUDWLY$FHVWDFRQFHQWUDvQFHOHFRQIHGHUD LL

DOH PXQFLWRULORU L SDWURQLORU vQWUHDJD VRFLHWDWH LQGXVWULH DJULFXOWXU  FRPHU  WUDQVSRUW PDULWLP

DHULDQWHUHVWUXIOXYLDOE QFLLQFOXVLYSURIHVLLOHOLEHUHFDUHFRQVWLWXLDXFHD GHD  -aFRQIHGHUD LH

$SDUWHQHQ DREOLJDWRULHODDFHVWHRUJDQLVPHVHUHDOL]DSULQFRWL]D LHREOLJDWRULH

Q FRQFOX]LH SROLWLFD VWDWXOXL WRWDOLWDU vQ *HUPDQLD L ,WDOLD D XUP ULW QX QXPDL

vQUHJLPHQWDUHD ILHF UXL FHW HDQ vQ YUHR RUJDQL]D LH FL L SHUPDQHQWL]DUHD DFHVWHL VW UL GH OXFUXUL

(VWH HORFYHQW  vQ DFHVW VHQV DILUPD LD I FXW  GH +LWOHU vQ 0HLQ .DPSI (VWH DEVXUG V  VH FUHDG 

F GUHSWXOSHFDUH OGH LQHVWDWXOGHDFRQWURODWLQHULLFHW

- HQLVHvQWUHUXSHEUXVFRGDW FXWHUPLQDUHD
159
FROLL$FHVWGUHSWFRQVWLWXLHRREOLJD LHSHUPDQHQW .
'HFL SULQ LQVWDXUDUHD VLVWHPXOXL IDVFLVW VXQW OLFKLGDWH OLEHUW LOH FHW HQHWL L SROLWLFH DOH

individului.

Totalitarismul stalinist
Nu putem considera acest fenomen istoric ca putnd fi redus la un singur om, la Stalin.
$YHP GH D IDFH FX XQ VLVWHP SROLWLF FDUH L D H[WLQV LPSDFWXO  DVXSUD vQWUHJLL PLF UL FRPXQLVWH
-
160
LQWHUQD LRQDOHLDVXSUDDFHORUVWDWHFDUHXUPkQGPRGHOXOVRYLHWLFV-au autointitulat socialiste .
Q SULYLQ D GLIHULWHORU LGHL FX SULYLUH OD VWDOLQLVP SXWHP DSUHFLD GH PDUH LPSRUWDQ 

FRQFOX]LD DFFHSWDW  F  DFHVW VLVWHP D UH]XOWDW GLQ LQVWLWXLUHD vQ VRFLHW LOH XQGH  D IRVW vQO WXUDW

FDSLWDOLVPXOD XQXL VLVWHP WRWDOLWDU L  VDXDXWRULWDU DF UXL SULQFLSDO  WU V WXU FRQVWD vQ DFHHDF 

puterea eUD PRQRSROL]DW  GH R FDWHJRULH VRFLDO  ELURFUD LD FX LQWHUHVH SURSULL GLVWLQFWH L RSXVH

ID  GH FHOH DOH PXQFLWRULORU SH FDUH HD SUHWLQGHD F  OH UHSUH]LQW  Q OHJ WXU  FX WRWDOLWDULVPXO

VWDOLQLVW QHFHVLW  D IL VXEOLQLDW F  PDUHD PDMRULWDWH D SRSXOD LHL vQ SULQFLSDO FODVD PXQFLWRDUH

IUHFYHQW PHQ LRQDW  QX VH EXFXUD GH SULQFLSDOHOH GUHSWXUL GHPRFUDWLFH OLEHUWDWH GH RUJDQL]DUH GH

JUHY GHDOHJHUHDFRQGXF WRULORU/DFHDODOW H[WUHP DVRFLHW LLGHJ VHDELURFUD LDVWDOLQLVW FX

rol dominant carH FXSULQGHD HOHPHQWHOH GH YkUI DOH SDUWLGXOXL RILFLDO DOH VWDWXOXL L DOH HFRQRPLHL

158
Documents of Nazism, 1919 1945, London, 1974, p. 75.
159
Documents of Nazism, 1919 1945, London, 197 S Y L $ULVWLGH &LRDE  /RUHQD 3 Y ODQ 5R]PDUL

Pogoceanu, op.cit., p.146, nota 28.

160
$ULVWLGH&LRDE LFRODERUDWRULLop.cit., p.147.
FDUH DYHD OD GLVSR]L LH SULYLOHJLL PDWHULDOH VRFLDOH L SROLWLFH 7U V WXULOH HFRQRPLHL DOH DFHVWRU

tipuri de state se caracterizau prin proprietatea statului asupra mijORDFHORU GH SURGXF LH SULQ
PRQRSROXOFRPHU XOXLH[WHULRUSULQSODQLILFDUHFHQWUDOL]DW 

7U V WXULOHVSHFLILFHVLVWHPXOXLVWDOLQLVW

'XS  YLFWRULD UHYROX LHL VH SXQHD SUREOHPD FXPWUHEXLDH[HUFLWDW  SXWHUHD vQ VWDWXO VRYLHWLF

LGHF WUHFLQH"

nainWH GH YHQLUHD ORU OD SXWHUH vQ  /HQLQ L EROHYLFLL DX FRQVLGHUDW F  UHYROX LD

SUROHWDU  YD GXFH OD GLVSDUL LD VWDWXOXL $VWIHO vQ OXFUDUHD 6WDWXO L UHYROX LD /HQLQ SUHLD LGHHD

6I UkP ULL VWDWXOXL EXUJKH] FRQVLGHUkQG F  DFHDVWD HVWH SULPD L FHD PDL LPSRUWDQW  VDUFLQ  D

XQHLPLF ULLDXQXLSDUWLGDXWHQWLFH/HQLQvLSXQHSUREOHPHSULQFHLFXPV ILHvQORFXLWFHHDFH

VH GLVWUXJH 'HFL GLQ DFHVW SXQFW GH YHGHUH VWDWXO EXUJKH] ILLQG R SXWHUH VSHFLDO  GH UHSULPDUH D

proletariatului, nu poatH IL VXSULPDW GHFkW SULQ vQORFXLUHD OXL FX R SXWHUH VSHFLDO  GH UHSULPDUH D

EXUJKH]LHL GH F WUH SUROHWDULDW 5HYROX LD FD DWDUH QX HVWH QXPDL R WUHFHUH D SXWHULL GH OD R FODV  OD

alta, ci trecerea de la un tip de putere la altul. Acest nou tip de putere este de fapt dictatura
proletariatului 'LFWDWXUD SUROHWDULDWXOXL D IRVW Y ]XW  GH /HQLQ FD R VROX LH SHQWUX UH]ROYDUHD
WXWXURU SUREOHPHORU SROLWLFH HFRQRPLFH VDX VRFLDOH $FHDVW  GLFWDWXU  D SURYRFDW vQ DQLL 

XQIHQRPHQGHUHVSLQJHUHJHQHUDO FRQFUHWL]DWvQU VFRDOH U QHWLLUHYROWHOHGLQ.URQVWDGW

Q FRQGL LLOH UHVSHFWLYH /HQLQ DGPLWH FRPXQLVPXO GH U ]ERL FD R HURDUH 6 D Y ]XW QHFHVLWDWHD
-
WUHFHULL OD1RXD 3ROLWLF  (FRQRPLF  3HQWUX VLVWHPXO SROLWLF 1(3 XO HVWH XQFRPSURPLV I FXW GH
-
pXWHUHFX U QLPHDQRFWRPEULHLvQIHEUXDULH/HQLQDIRVWFRQVWUkQVV  LQ VHDPDGH

UHDOLWDWH $FHDVW  UHDOLWDWH R FRQVWLWXLH U QLPHD FDUH GRUHD S PkQW L QD LXQLOH FDUH UHYHQGLFDX

GUHSWXO SURPLV OD DXWRGHWHUPLQDUH )D  GH DFHDVW  UHDOLWDWH /HQLQ DFFHSW  FRPSURPLVXUL L DQXPH

IHGHUDOLVPXOL1(3 XO&XWRDWHDFHVWHDVLVWHPXOSROLWLFDDFXPV
- -a dezvoltat din primele zile ale
UHYROX LHLGLFWDWXUDSDUWLGXOXLLPLMORDFHOHVDOHWHRUHWLFHSUHFXPLPRQRSROXOSURSDJDQGHLLGHLORU

U PkQHD QHWLUELW vQHVHQ  FX WRDWH FRPSURPLVXULOH I FXWH FX VRFLHWDWHD vQWUXFkW QLFL UDQLL QLFL

QD LRQDOLW LOHQXDXDYXWDFFHVODVIHUDSXWHULLODPLMORDFHOHGHGLIX]DUHDFHULQ HORUORU

2 WU V WXU  HVHQ LDO  D VLVWHPXOXL VRYLHWLF D FRQVWLWXLW -o acest dezechilibru dintre o putere
DXWRULWDU  FDUH vL FRQVROLGD PHUHX XQLWDWHD L PHWRGHOH GH DF LXQH FRQFHVLLOH SH FDUH OH I FHD

UHDOLW LL

&RQGL LLOH vQ FDUH V-D UHDOL]DW FRPSURPLVXO VRFLDO GLQ  DX FRQWULEXLW OD IRUPDUHD L

modelarea sistemului politic VRYLHWLF 'XS  FH WUHFXVHU  SDWUX DQL GH OD UHYROX LD GLQ RFWRPEULH
/HQLQ UHDOL]DVH XQ LQVWUXPHQW GH vQFDGUDUH D RDPHQLORU FDUH YD GD QDWHUH XQXL QRX WLS GH VLVWHP

politic: dictatura unui partid-VWDW $FHDVW  GLFWDWXU  HUD IXQGDPHQWDW  SH R FRQFHS LH GLFWDWRULDO 

DQWLGHPRFUDWLF  SULYLQG VWDWXWXO VRFLDOLVW FRQFHS LH FDUH DEVROXWL]D UROXO SDUWLGXOXL FRPXQLVW 6H

SXQHvQWUHEDUHDGDF vQVLWXD LDFUHDW VHSXWHDDMXQJHODLGHQWLILFDUHDXQHLQRLIRUPHGHGHPRFUD LH

superioare celei burgheze ? Legat de aceaVW  SUREOHP  REVHUY P F  QX VH DMXQJHD OD UHDOL]DUHD
obiectivelor pe care le avea n vedere societatea. Astfel, Lenin proclama puterea consiliilor
PXQFLWRUHWL VRYLHWHOH FUHkQG vQ DFHODL WLPS SDUWLGXO XQLF DILUPD F  UHVSHFWD 9RLQ D PDVHORU

dar a dizROYDW $GXQDUHD &RQVWLWXDQW  /HQLQ YRUEHWH vQ QXPHOH SRSRUXOXL GDU SHQWUX OLEHUWDWHD

OXLDIRVWFUHDW &(.$QDFHDSHULRDG DIRVWGHFODQDW LRDF LXQHGHSXULILFDUHVRFLDO SULQFDUH

unele grupuri sau clase sociale (culaci, burghezi, intelectuali) HUDX FRQVLGHUDWH SDUD]LWDUH L

SHULFXORDVH SHQWUX VRFLHWDWH L GHFL WUHEXLDX H[FOXVH GLQ FRUSXO VRFLDO L SULYDWH GH RULFH GUHSWXUL

printr-RSROLWLF GHHSXUDUHFHPHUJHDSkQ ODH[WHUPLQDUH

5HIHULWRUODDFHDVW SUREOHP PHQ LRQ PF vQSULPDFRQVWLWX LHVRYLHWLF GLQLDQXPH

vQSUHDPEXOXOHLLQWLWXODW'HFODUD LDGUHSWXULORUSRSRUXOXLPXQFLWRULRSULPDWVHIRUPXODSULYDUHD

GHFHW HQLHDIRWLORUEXUJKH]L

3DUWLGXO EROHYLF XQLW RSHUD OXL /HQLQ D PDQLIHVWDW GLVSUH  ID  GH QRUPHOH L LQVWLWX iile
GHPRFUD LHL OLEHUDOH $FHDVWD D IRVW SRVLELO GLQ PDL PXOWH PRWLYH OLSVD GH H[SHULHQ  GH WUDGL LH

GHPRFUDWLF  D SUROHWDULDWXOXL GLQ 5XVLD FD L D FHORUODOWH JUXSXUL VRFLDOH DEVHQ D XQHL VRFLHW L

FLYLOH vQDSRLHUHD HFRQRPLF  VRFLDO  L FXOWXUDO  D 5XVLHL L]EXFQLUHD U ]ERLXOXL FLYLO

LQWHUYHQ LRQLVPXO VWU LQ 7RDWH DFHVWHD DX FDQDOL]DW XWLOL]DUHD YLROHQ HL UHSUHVLYH QX QXPDL

vPSRWULYD DGYHUVDULORU FL L vPSRWULYD WXWXURU PHPEULORU VRFLHW LL FDUH PDQLIHVWDX DOWH FRQFHS LL

$QFRUD LvQYLROHQ EROHYLFLLDXXLWDWF YRLDXV vQO WXUHH[SORDWDUHDRPXOXLGHF WUHRPLQL LLQG

RH[SORDWDUHLRDVHUYLUHPDLPXOWGHFkWvQRULFHDOW IRUP SROLWLF 1LPLFLQGOLEHUW LOHLQGLYLGXDOH

QXDXPDL LQXWVHDPDGHREOLJD LDSHFDUHL -au luat-o de a construi XQVWDWFXDGHY UDWGHPRFUDWLF

Sistemul creat n 1917   L GHQXPLW vQ PRG RELQXLW OHQLQLVP VH GH]YROW  vQ DQLL
XUP WRUL XUP ULQG PDL PXOWH GLUHF LL 6WDOLQ vQ FDOLWDWHD VD GH VXFFHVRU DO OXL /HQLQ V
-a manifestat
FDXQVXV LQ WRUDO1(3-ului. Dar ntre timp efectele politicii NEP-ului vor apare nu numai pe plan

HFRQRPLFGDULSHSODQHFRQRPLFLSHSODQVRFLDO6HPDQLIHVW LQHJDOLWDWHvQVkQXOFODVHL U QHWL

XQLL GLQ DJULFXOWRUL vL VSRUHVF VXSUDIH HOH GH S PkQW GH LQXWH OXFUX FH D LPSXOVLRQDW UHDSDUL LD

EXUJKH]LHLUXUDOHFDUHDUILSXWXWMXFDvQSHUVSHFWLY UROXOGHFRQWUDSXWHUH0DLPHQ LRQ PF RGDW 

FX UHYHQLUHDOD 1(3 FHHD FH FRQVWLWXLD R FYDVLHFRQRPLH GH SLD  V D SHUPLV H[LVWHQ
-  XQRU IRUPH

GH RUJDQL]DUH SURIHVLRQDO  vQ XQHOH ILLQG LQFOXVH L FDWHJRULL GH LQWHOHFWXDOL $FHDVWD DU IL GXV OD R

UHYHQLUHDXQRUFRPSRQHQWHDOHVRFLHW LLFLYLOHDQLKLODWHGXS UHYROX LH&DXUPDUHDDFHVWHLVLWXD LL

create, n perioada 1929  DUDDIRVWDQWUHQDW vQWU RUHYROX LHGH

- n versiune staliQLVW FDUH

PDQLIHVWD WUHL DVSHFWH WUDQVIRUPDUHD FRPSOHW  D VRFLHW LL SULQ FROHFWLYL]DUH L LQGXVWULDOL]DUH

UHYROX LD SROLWLF  SULQ GLVWUXJHUHD WXWXURU FDGUHORU SROLWLFH H[LVWHQWH FUHDUHD XQHL VRFLHW L SROLWLFH

FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQWU -un tip de putere SXWHUHDVWDOLQLVW LSULQWU RQRX FXOWXU SROLWLF 
-
'DF  /HQLQ D IRVW I XULWRUXO SDUWLGXOXL 6WDOLQ D SXV ED]HOH XQXL LQVWUXPHQW GH DF LXQH

anume aparatul respectiv, care i-DSHUPLVV -LDVLJXUHGRPLQD LDDVXSUDVLVWHPXOXLSROLWLFLDVXSUD

VRFLHW LL,QVWUXPHQWHOHVLVWHPXOXLUHVSHFWLYDXIRVWFUHDWHvQF GLQSHULRDGDGHvQFHSXWDUHJLPXOXL

VRYLHWLFSULQLQYHQWDUHDLQVWLWX LLORUVSHFLDOL]DWH&(.$vQ]HVWUDWHFXSXWHULFRQVLGHUDELOH3HOLQLD

RUJDQL] ULL WHURULL PHQ LRQ P OHJHD GLQ  FDUH SUHYHGHD SURFHGXUL DFFHOHUDWH L R H[HFX LH

LPHGLDW DSHGHSVHORUFXFDUDFWHUSROLWLF(SRFDVWDOLQLVW VHFDUDFWHUL]HD] SULQSUHRFXSDUHDGHDGD

XQVWDWXWOHJDOWHURULL7HURDUHDVWDOLQLVW VHFDUDFWHUL]DSULQDPSORDUHDHLQXPHULF LSULQvQWLQGHUHD

HLVRFLDO 1LFLXQJUXSVRFLDOQX HUDvQVLJXUDQ LQXSXWHD VF SDWHURULL 7HURDUHDDGLVWUXVRULFH

SRVLELOLWDWHGHUH]LVWHQ GXFkQGODDQXODUHDOLEHUW LORULQGLYLGXOXLLDVRFLHW LLFLYLOH3XWHUHDSULQ

WHURDUH vL SURSXQH V  HOLPLQH SH FHL HWLFKHWD L FD GXPDQL DL SRSRUXOXL GDU vL SURSXQHD GH D -i
UHHGXFDvQODJ UHGHFRQFHQWUDUH

'DF SHQWUX/HQLQFUHDUHDSDUWLGXOXLDIRVWU VSXQVXO SHQWUXUH]ROYDUHDSUREOHPHL GHD J VL

LQVWUXPHQWXO SHQWUX WUDQVIRUPDUHD QRLL VRFLHW L SHQWUX 6WDOLQ UH]ROYDUHD SUREOHPH i era n
IRUPDUHD RPXOXL QRX 6WDOLQ LQWHUSXQH vQWUH SDUWLG L VRFLHWDWH RPXO QRX 8QD GLQ H[SUHVLLOH

XWLOL]DWHvQDFHDYUHPHHUDPRGHOXOVWDOLQLVWFDUHvQXOWLP LQVWDQ UH]XP SURLHFWXORPXOXLQRX

0RGHOXO VWDOLQLVW PRGHOXOFRQFUHW GHFRQGXLW  i convingeri a evoluat progresiv spre ceea ce s-a
QXPLW JkQGLUHD OXL 6WDOLQ FDUH D G XQDW SURIXQG LGHRORJLD vQ DQVDPEOXO HL 0DU[LVPXO RULJLQDO D

GHYHQLW SH QHVLP LWH XQ P QXQFKL GH LGHL UHXQLWH VXE WLWXODWXUD FRPXQ  D RSHUHORU 0DU[ -Lenin-
Stalin, n cDGUXOF URUDDFFHQWXOHUDSXVvQWRWGHDXQDSHUHYROX LDUXV 

6WDOLQ UHDELOLWHD]  L WUHFXWXO LVWRULF PkQGULD QD LRQDO  L VHQWLPHQWXO QD LXQLL (O DGXFH vQ

GLVFX LH R LVWRULH VRYLHWLF  FDUH DYHD FD VFRS GXS  S UHUHD OXL PRGHODUHD PHPRULHL FROHFWLYH D

pRSRUXOXLVRYLHWLFLSURILOXORPXOXLQRX
6  YHGHP FDUH D IRVW UROXO SHUVRQDO DO OXL 6WDOLQ 7RWDOLWDULVPXO VRYLHWLF GLQ SHULRDGD

VWDOLQLVW  VH SRDWH GHILQL SULQ vPELQDUHD SXWHULL VWDOLQLVWH FX VLVWHPXO PRQR RUJDQL]D LRQDO DGLF 
-
sistemul totalitar care nX UHFXQRDWH QLFL R VIHU  GH DFWLYLWDWH DXWRQRP  D VRFLHW LL 3XWHUHD
161
SHUVRQDO DOXL6WDOLQVHSRDWHFDUDFWHUL]DSULQIRU DXWRULWDWHPRGGHOHJLWLPDUH .
6WDOLQ D IRVW PDL vQWkL HI GH SDUWLG DSRL HI GH JXYHUQ DSRL VH YD WUDQVIRUPD vQWU-un

dictatRU FH OHJLIHUD vQ WRDWH GRPHQLLOHDFWLYLW LL L JkQGLULL XPDQH162. Stalin se considera singurul
DS U WRU DO LGHRORJLHL V-D VXEVWLWXLW SDUWLGXOXL SUHWLQ]kQG FRPSHWHQ  vQ GLYHUVH GRPHQLL WLLQ HOH

H[DFWH ILORVRILH OLQJYLVWLF  OLWHUDWXU  1X DX H[LVWDW GRPHQLL XQGH GHFL]LLOH VWDOLQLVWH V  QX FDSHWH

FDUDFWHU QRUPDWLY $XWRULWDWHD VD VSLULWXDO  L SROLWLF  QHOLPLWDW  VH vQWHPHLD SH R GLYHUVLWDWH GH

instrumente ale puterii care se modificau n timp. mai nti partidul a fost utilizat de el ca instrument
161
$ULVWLGH&LRDE LFRODERUDWRULL op.cit., p. 164.
162
Ibidem.
aO DILUP ULL DXWRULW LL VDOH $SRL vQ VSHFLDO vQ SHULRDGD U ]ERLXOXL VWDWXO YD GHYHQL DGHY UDWXO

LQVWUXPHQWDOSXWHULLVWDOLQLVWH6HYDDMXQJHODROHJLWLPLWDWHSHUVRQDO DSXWHULLDEVROXWHDOXL6WDOLQ

(O HUD FRQGXF WRUXO HIXO PLOLWDU IRQGDWRUXO VWDWXOXL L DO PRGHUQL] ULL 8566 RPXO FDUH GRPLQD

8566vQQXPHOHSURSULLORUYLUWX L

n anii postbelici se va manifesta cultul lui Stalin.

4. Elemente particulare ale regimurilor dictatoriale din Romnia

5RPkQLDDFXQRVFXWLHDUHJLPXULSROLWLFHGLFWDW oriale.
n februarie 1938, printr-RORYLWXU GHVWDWV -a instaurat dictatura regelui Carol al II-lea care a
GXUDWSkQ OD ;,&D XUPDUHDLQVWDXU ULLGLFWDWXULLDIRVWVXVSHQGDW  &RQVWLWX LDLDUvQWUHDJD

SXWHUH VH FRQFHQWUHD]  vQ PkLQLOH PRQDUKXOXL 3DUWLGHOH L RUJDQL]D LLOH SROLWLFH YRU IL GHVILLQ DWH

/LEHUW LOH FHW HQHWL VXQW vQJU GLWH 6LQJXUXO SDUWLG SROLWLF FDUH DFWLYD HUD )URQWXO 5HQDWHULL

1D LRQDOHGHQXPLWXOWHULRU3DUWLGXO1D LXQLL

Q SHULRDGD 'LFWDWXULL 5HJDOH DUD QRDVWU  WUHFH SULQ VXIHULQ H JUHOH 3ULQ FODX]HOH SDFWXOXL

Ribbentrop-0RORWRYLDOH'LFWDWXOXLGHOD9LHQD5RPkQLDDIRVWVXSXV ODDPSXW ULWHULWRULDOHIDSW

FDUH D FRPSURPLV GHILQLWLY GLFWDWXUD UHJDO  Q XUPD XOWLPDWXPXOXL VRYLHWLF GLQ LXQLH  IRVWD

Uniune SoviHWLF DDQH[DW%DVDUDELDL%XFRYLQDGH1RUGLDUSULQ'LFWDWXOGHOD9LHQDGLQDXJXVW

 LPSXV 5RPkQLHL GH *HUPDQLD KLWOHULVW  L ,WDOLD IDVFLVW  vQ vQ HOHJHUH FX JXYHUQXO KRUWLVW

SDUWHD GH QRUG D 7UDQVLOYDQLHL D IRVW DQH[DW  8QJDULHL 6LWXD LD LQWHUQ  L H[WHUQ  D 5RPkQLHL VH

DJUDYHD]  /D vQFHSXWXO OXQLL VHSWHPEULH  GLFWDWXUD UHJDO  D IRVW vQORFXLW  FX GLFWDWXUD

JHQHUDOXOXL ,RQ $QWRQHVFX Q DXJXVW  UHJLPXO SROLWLF DQWRQHVFLDQ D IRVW vQO WXUDW 'DWRULW 

vPSUHMXU ULORU LVWRULFH GLQ SHULRDGD UHVSHFWLY  V D GHVFKLV GUXPXO LQVWDXU ULL XQXL DOW UHJLP
-
dictatorial, cel comunist.
Regimul totalitar din Romnia nu s-DGHRVHELWvQHVHQ GHFHOHODOWHUHJLPXULGLQ(XURSDGH
Est, nefiind altceva dect un caz particular de transplantare a modelului stalinist163.
Q &HQWUXO L (VWXO (XURSHL LJQRUkQGX-VH SDUWLFXODULW LOH LVWRULFH L QD LRQDOH V-a

implementat sistemul stalinist al dictaturii proletariatului, prin care puterea era n mod absolut de
LQXW  GH SDUWLGHOH FRPXQLVWH FDUH L-au asigurat exercitarea tuturor formelor puterii de stat. La
VFXUW WLPS DX IRVW vQO WXUDWH GLQ YLD D SROLWLF  SDUWLGHOH L RUJDQL]D LLOH SROLWLFH LQVWLWXLQGX-se

SDUWLGXO XQLF GH JXYHUQ PkQW $VWIHO VH DQXOHD]  VHSDUD LD SXWHULORU vQ VWDW GUHSWXULOH L OLEHUW LOH

FHW HQHWL VXQW OLSVLWH GH JDUDQ LL OHJDOH QWUHDJD SUHV  WRDWH PLMORDFHOH GH FRPXQLFDUH VXQW

VXERUGRQDWHWRWDOSDUWLGXOXLFRQGXF WRUVXQWQHJDWHYDORULOHGHPRFUDWLFH

6XERUGRQDUHD H[FHVLY  D YLH LL VRFLDOH RUGLQLL WRWDOLWDUH FDUH UHJOHPHQWD RULFH DFW XPDQ a
FRQGXVODVXSULPDUHDOLEHUW LORU LDGUHSWXULORURPXOXLGHF WUHUHJLPXOWRWDOLWDUGLQ5RPkQLD6 -a
SURGXV R GHJUDGDUH PRUDO  PDL DOHV SHQWUX F  LQGLIHUHQW GH FDSDFLWDWHD SURIHVLRQDO  LQWHJULWDWH L

LQWHOLJHQ  LQGLYLGXDO  SR]L LD L DVFHQVLXQHD VRFLDO  DX IRVW FRQGL LRQDWH GH ORLDOLWDWHD ID  GH

partidul comunist.
n analiza totalitarismului comunist s-a reliefat nu numai monopolul partidului asupra
RUJDQL] ULL SROLWLFH FkW L GHSHQGHQ D RUJDQL]D LLORU VRFLDOH H[LVWHQWH GH DSDUDWXO GH SDUWLG (VWe

QHvQGRLHOQLFF SDUWLGXOFRQWURODDFHVWHRUJDQL]D LLGDUHOHPHQWXOSULQFLSDOO-a constituit integrarea,

vQUHJLPHQWDUHDWXWXURUDVRFLD LLORUvQVWUXFWXUDWRWDOLWDU XQLF vQSLUDPLGDSXWHULL$FHDVWDDDYXWFD

XUPDUH VXSULPDUHD RULF UHL IRUPH GH LQGHSHQGHQ  D FODVHL PXQFLWRDUH D RULF UXL JUXS VRFLDO FH

SXWHD GREkQGL R H[LVWHQ  DXWRQRP  DMXQJkQGX VH vQ ILQDO OD vQUHJLPHQWDUHD VWULFW  D WXWXURU
-
FRPSRQHQWHORUVRFLHW LLFLYLOH&RQFOXGHQW vQDFHVWVHQVDSDUHVLWXD LDVLQGLFDWHORU GLQ5RPkQLD vQ

perioada WRWDOLWDU  RGDW  FX FUHDUHD 8QLXQLL *HQHUDOH D 6LQGLFDWHORU FDUH D SUHOXDW VXFFHVLXQHD

&RQIHGHUD LHL *HQHUDOH D 0XQFLL &RPLWHWHOH VLQGLFDOH GLQ X]LQH L LQVWLWX LL DX GHYHQLW SUDFWLF

RUJDQH DOH SXWHULL DFWLYLWLL VLQGLFDOL ILLQG VXERUGRQD L GLUHFW RUJDQL]D LHL GH SDUWLG 7RWRGDW 

VLQGLFDWHOH DX GHYHQLW R FRPSRQHQW  D VWUXFWXULL WRWDOLWDUH UROXO ORU D[kQGX -se pe constrngerea la
ORFXO GH PXQF  'HFL SDUWLGXO FRPXQLVW D IRORVLW VLVWHPDWLF RUJDQL]D LLOH H[LVWHQWH SHQWUX

vQI SWXLUHDFRQWUROXOXLWRWDO

163
Radu Florian, 3U EXLUHDGLFWDWXULORUHVW -euroSHQHLDOWHUQDWLYHOHLVWRULHL%XFXUHWL
 Q SHULRDGD WRWDOLWDU  OLEHUWDWHD SROLWLF  D IRVW GHVILLQ DW  vQ 5RPkQLD SULQ FRQVDFUDUHD

UROXOXL FRQGXF WRU DO SDUWLGXOXL FRPXQLVW DUW  &RQVWLWX LD GLQ  SULQ OLPLWDUHD RUJDQL] ULL

SROLWLFH OD SDUWLG L DVRFLD LLOH FRQWURODWH GH DSDUDWXO GH SD rtid (art. 167 al Codului penal), prin
LQWHU]LFHUHD GLVFX LHL OLEHUH DVXSUD VRFLDOLVPXOXL VXE SHGHDSVD GUDVWLF  DUW  L  GLQ &RGXO

SHQDOSULQOHJHDHOHFWRUDO FDUHGHFODUDF VLQJXU)URQWXOXQLW LLVRFLDOLVWHFRQGXVGHSDUWLGSXWHD

propune canGLGD LODDOHJHUL

Q FRPSDUD LH FX DOWH UL QXFOHXO FRQGXF WRU DO SDUWLGXOXL FRPXQLVW D vQW ULW DF LXQLOH GH

UHSUHVLXQL vQ FDGUXO SDUWLGXOXL L vQ VRFLHWDWH DFFHQWXkQG FXOWXO SHUVRQDOLW LL FDUH D UHXLW V  VH

VXEVWLWXLHGHPRFUDWL] ULL

6LWXD LD GHRVHELW GH JUHD GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH HFRQRPLF DUELWUDMXO vQ OHJLVOD LH GHOLUDQWXO

FXOWDOGLFWDWRUXOXLLDOVR LHLVDOHDXGXVvQFHOHGLQXUP ODGHFODQDUHDFUL]HLUHJLPXOXLWRWDOLWDU

/(&785

KARL MARX, SATANIST

$OWHVRFLHW LVHFUHWHSURVSHUDXGHDVHPHQHD'LQHOHI FHDXSDUWHXQHOHSHUVRQDMHLVWRULFH

DOH WUHFXWXOXL LDU IDSWXO F  DFHWL RDPHQL DSDU LQHDX UHVSHFWLYHORU VRFLHW L VHFUHWH QX D IRVW

UHFXQRVFXWvQJHQHUDOGHLVWRULFLLFDUHDXVFULVFRDODDFFLGHQWDO DLVWRULHLWHRULDFDUHVSXQH

c  HYHQLPHQWHOH PDMRUH VH vQWkPSO  DFFLGHQWDO 6XV LQH F  GH IDSW QLPHQL QX WLH GH FH DX ORF

U ]ERDLHOH FUL]HOH LQIOD LLOH HWF 6H SURGXF L JDWD 2SLQLD FRQWUDU  DVXSUD LVWRULHL VH QXPHWH

9L]LXQHD &RQVSLUDWLY  D ,VWRULHL $FHDVW  RSWLF  DILUP F  HYHQ imentele importante din trecut au
DYXWORFSUHPHGLWDW2DPHQLLSO QXLHVFU ]ERDLHFUL]HLQIOD LLLUHYROX LLFXDQLGH]LOHvQDYDQV

8QXOGLQWUHDFHWLLQGLYL]LDIRVW.DUO0DU[DD ]LVXOS - ULQWHDOFRPXQLVPXOXL'O0DU[

s-D Q VFXW vQWU -o familiH UHOLJLRDV  (UD R IDPLOLH GH HYUHL FRQYHUWL L OD FUHWLQLVP FX VFXUW WLPS

vQDLQWHGHQDWHUHDOXL.DUODIRVWERWH]DWvQFRQIHVLXQHDSURWHVWDQW 

3ULPDVFULHUHDOXL0DU[DIRVW8QLILFDUHDFUHGLQFLRLORUFX&KULVWRVvQFDUHDDILUPDW

Prin iubireD GH &KULVWRV QH vQWRDUFHP vQ DFHODL WLPS LQLPLOH VSUH IUD LL QRWUL FDUH VXQW
OHJD LO XQWULFGHQRLLF UXLD(OOL6-DG UXLWSULQMHUWI 

'XS VFXUWWLPS0DU[DVFULVDFHDVW SRH]LHLQWLWXODW )HFLRDUDSDOLG 

Astfel de cer nu m-DPOHS GDW

WLXWX-LGDUFXDGHY UDW

Cndva jurat lui Dumnezeu,

Al iadului e azi sufletul meu.

*HRUJH -XQJ XQ SULHWHQ DO OXL 0DU[ GLQ DFHD SHULRDG  D DG XJDW DFHVW FRQGLPHQW GHVSUH

atitudinea sa:

0DU[ I U  vQGRLDO  vOYD L]JRQL SH 'XPQH]HX GLQ FHU L FKLDUvO YD GXFHvQ ID D MXGHF LL

0DU[GHFODU UHOLJLDFUHWLQ XQDGLQWUHFHOHPDLLPRUDOHUHOLJLL

0DU[L DFRQILUPDWDWLWXGLQHDID
- GHFUHWLQLVPFXXUP WRDUHOHFLWDWHGLQVFULHULOHVDOH

Abolirea religiei ca fericire iluzorie a omului este o ceriQ SHQWUXDGHY UDWDOXLIHULFLUH

$GRULV P U ]EXQSHFHOFDUHGRPQHWHVXV

ntr-DGHY U FHYD DQXPH vL VFKLPEDVH OXL 0DU[ S UHUHD GHVSUH FUHWLQLVP ,DW  L

continuarea:
 7UHEXLH V  SRUQLP U ]ERL vPSRWULYD WXWXURU LGHLORU SUHFXPS QLWRDUH GHVSU e religie, stat,
DU  SDWULRWLVP ,GHHD GH 'XPQH]HX HVWH FKHLD VRO D XQHL FLYLOL]D LL SHUYHUWLWH 7UHEXLH V  ILH

GLVWUXV 

$DFXPVHSRDWHLOXVWUDSULQSURSULLOHOXLVFULHULFHYDDQXPHvLVFKLPEDVHQXQXPDLLGHLOH

GHVSUH FUHWLQLVP FL L RSLQLD FX S

rivire la ceea ce-O vQY D 'XPQH]HX SH RP SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO
bibliei. Marx devenise critic asupra perceptelor lui Dumnezeu despre:

FXPV -ODGRSW PSHFUHDWRU

FXPV FUH PRQD LXQHFDUHV DSHUHGUHSWXULOHSULPLWHGHOD'XPQH]HX

GHFHV VWDELOLPLV PHQ LQHPIURQWLHUHOHQD LRQDOH

FXPV FUH PFRQGL LLOHVXEFDUHWR LV SRDW ILOLEHULSHQWUXD LLXEL&UHDWRUXO

-
7RDWHDFHVWHLGHLDYHDXIXQGDPHQWELEOLF7RDWHDFHVWHSULQFLSLLHUDXIRUPXODWHvQ%LEOLHL

fiecare dintre aceste idei fusese verificaW GHGLYHUVHFLYLOL]D LLVHFROHGH DUkQGXOvQV

- 0DU[GXS 

FXPVHSRDWHYHGHDGLQVFULHULOHOXL GRUHDV  GHFODUHU ]ERLvPSRWULYDWXWXURUDFHVWRU SULQFLSLL

biblice.
ntr-DGHY UFHYDvOI FXVHV VHU ]JkQGHDVF 

Q SOXV 0DU[ J VLVH XQ DOW PRWLY sin care planurile lui Dumnezeu pentru om l
QHPXO XPHDX'HVFRSHULVHF WUHEXLDV SRUQHDVF U ]ERLLvPSRWULYDIDPLOLHL

Marx a scris, n MANIFESTUL PARTIDULUI COMUNIST:

$EROLUHDIDPLOLHL&KLDULFHL PDLUDGLFDOLVHDSULQG ODDX]XODFHVWHLLQID me propuneri a
FRPXQLWLORU

QYHUXQDUHD VD FRQWUD XQLW LL IDPLOLDOH OH D SURYRFDW VXIHULQ H L XQRUD GLQ PHPEULL
-
propriei sale familii:

Arnold Kunzli,n cartea sa KARL MARX  2 36,+2*5$0  VFULH GHVSUH YLD D OXL
0DU[ LQFOXVLY VLQXFLGHUHD D GRX
 ILLFH L D XQXL JLQHUH 7UHL FRSLL GH-ai lui) au murit de foame.

)LLFDVD/DXUDP ULWDW FXVRFLDOLVWXO/DIDUJXHL-DvQPRUPkQWDWLHDWUHLFRSLLDSRLV-a sinucis

vPSUHXQ FXVR XOHL

2DOW ILLF (OHDQRUV DKRW

- UkWvPSUHXQ FXVR XOHLV IDF DFHODLOXFUX(DDPXULWHOD

UHQXQ DWvQXOWLPXOPRPHQW

Q FRQWLQXDUH 0DU[ L D PDQLIHVWDW GLVSUH XO ID

-  GH XQLWDWHD IDPLOLDO I FkQG XQ FRSLO FX

SURSULDOXLVHUYLWRDUHSHUVRQDO 3HDFHDVWDL RI

- FXVHFDGRXVRDFUDOXLFXRFD]LDQXQ LLOXL0DU[

6H SDUH F  QX J VHD QLFL R LSRFUL]LH vQ IDSWXO F  DYHD R VHUYLWRDUH vQ SHULRDGD FkQG VH FRQVLGHUD

FDPSLRQ DOFODVHLPXQFLWRDUH 0DU[WXQDL IXOJHUD vPSRWULYDFHORUERJD LLSURVSHULVXILFLHQWGH

DYX LSHQWUXD LQHVHUYLWRUL'DUDYHDLHOXQD

Este pRVLELO V  vQ HOHJHP vQ PLF P VXU  GLVSHUDUHD DEVROXW  SH FDUH WUHEXLH V R IL VLP LW
-
-HQQ\ YRQ :HVWSKHODQ VR LD OXL .DUO 0DU[ GH D VH IL P ULWDW FX XQ RP FDUH SHUPLWHD V  VH

ntmple asemenea tragedii. Marx a fost citat ca scriind:

=LOQLFVR LDPHD vPLVSXQHD F  DU GRULV ] FHP vQPRUPkQWDO WXULGHFRSLL L

ntr-DGHY UQXSRWV RFRQGDPQ

'DULVWRULFLLFDUHDXVRQGDWWUHFXWXOOXL0DU[QXDXUHXLWvQJHQHUDOV GHVFRSHUHPRWLYXO

SHQWUX FDUH VH vQYHUXQDVH DWkW GH FUXQW vPSRWULYD FUHWLQLVPXOXL L D WXWXURU vQY PLQWHORU

DFHVWXLD &k LYD LVWRULFL RQHWL DX GHVFRSHULW DFHO FHYD FDUH VFKLPEDVH S UHULOH OXL 0DU[ LDU DFHO

FHYDHUDDGRUD LDVDWDQLVW 0DU[GHVFRSHULVHOXPHDRFXOWLVPXOXL

0DU[IXVHVHLQL LDWSHQWUXSULPDRDU vQLGHLOHVRFLDOLVPXOXLGHF WUH0RVHV+HVVODYkUVWD

GH GRX ]HFL L WUHL GH DQL 'DU FHD PDL LPSRUWDQW  LQIOXHQ  GLQ WLQHUH HD OXL D DYXW R DGRUD LD
-
VDWDQLVW 

0XO L GLQWUH SULHWHQLL OXL GHVFRSHULVHU  vQF  GLQDLQWH DFHDVW  UHOLJLH 8QXO HUD 0LKDLO

Bakunin, anarhistul rus, care a scris:

Satana a fost primul liber-FXJHW WRU L 0kQWXLWRU DO OXPLL (O vO HOLEHUHD]  SH $GDP L vL

vQWLS UHWHSHIUXQWHSHFHWHDXPDQLW LLLDOLEHUW LLI FkQGX OV

- ILHQHVXSXV

Un alt prieten al lui Marx a fost Pierr ProudhRQVRFLDOLVWLVFULLWRUIUDQFH]0DU[vLIXVHVH

SUH]HQWDW OXL 3URXGKRQ GH F WUH +HVV 'O 3URXGKRQ vO DGRUD SH 6DWDQD FRQIRUP XQHL F U L

GHVSUHHOLGHVSUHUHOD LDVDFX.DUO0DU[

3URXGKRQVFULVHVHF 'XPQH]HXHUDSURWRWLSXOQHGUHSW LL

AjungePODFXQRDWHUHvQFLXGDOXLDMXQJHPODVRFLHWDWHvQSRILGDOXL)LHFDUHSDVvQDLQWH
H R YLFWRULH SULQ FDUH vQYLQJHP GLYLQLWDWHD 'XPQH]HX vQVHDPQ  SURVWLH L ODLWDWH 'XPQH]HXHVWH

LSRFUL]LHLIDOVLWDWH'XPQH]HXHWLUDQLHLV U FLH'XPQH]HXHU X

$FRORXQGHRPHQLUHDVHvQFOLQ vQID DXQLDOWDURPHQLUHDVFODYDUHJLORULDSUHR LORUYD

ILFRQGDPQDW 

-XU 'XPQH]HXOH FX PkQD vQWLQV  VSUH FHU F  QX HWL QLPLF PDL PXOW GHFkW F O XO UD LXQLL

PHOH VFHSWUXO FRQWLLQ HL PHOH  'XPQH]HX HVWH SULQ HVHQ  DQWL -civilizat, anti-liberal, anti-
uman.

$LFL 3URXGKRQ vO GHFODUD SH 'XPQH]HX U X ILLQGF  HUD GH S UHUH F  'XPQH]HX vL UHIX]DVH

RPXOXLFDSDFLWDWHDGHDUD LRQD

2EVHUYD L F  JkQGXULOH DFHVWRU RDPHQL QX DSDU LQHDX XQRU DWHL 0DU[ L S
rietenii lui, n
DFHDHWDS DYLH LLORUQXHUDXDWHLvQVHQVXOvQFDUHVHDXWR GHILQHVFPDU[LWLL]LOHORUQRDVWUH0DL
-
H[DFW VSXV GHQXQ kQGX-/ L LQVXOWkQGX-L pe Dumnezeu, l urau recunoscnu-, WRWRGDW  H[LVWHQ D

Nu-,SXQHDXODvQGRLDO UHDOLWDWHDLFRQWHVWDXGRDUVXSUHPD LD

)DSWXO FDUH VFKLPEDVHYHGHULOH OXL 0DU[ ID  GHYLD  D IRVW DFHOD GH D IL GHVFRSHULWOXPHD

DGRUD LHLOXL6DWDQD

([LVW  GRYH]L F  LQWUDVH vQWU XQ FXOW VDWDQLF FRQGXV GH -RDQD 6RXWKFRWW R SUHRWHDV
- 

VDWDQLVW  FDUH VH FRQVLGHUa a fi n contact cu un demon numit Shiloh. Una dintre caracteristicile

GLVWLQFWLYH DOH DSDUWHQHQ HL OD DFHVW FXOW HUD S UXO OXQJ L EDUED QHvQJULMLW  SXUWDWH GH F WUH

PHPEUL3URXGKRQvLSXUWDS UXOODIHOLHVWHIRDUWHSUREDELOV ILIRVWLHOPHPEUX al cultului.

$O L FRPXQLWL L DX GHFODUDW OD UkQGXO ORU XUD ID
-  GH 'XPQH]HX 8QXO XQ FRPXQLVW SH

nume Flourens, a scris n 1871:

'XPDQXOQRVWUXHVWH'XPQH]HX8UDGH'XPQH]HXHvQFHSXWXOvQ HOHSFLXQLL

8Q DOW FRPXQLVW GH PDUF  /HQLQ S ULQWHOH UHYROX LHL FRPXQLVWH UXVH GLQ  L -a
H[SULPDWLHOXUDID GH'XPQH]HXLUHOLJLH/XLvLDSDU LQXUP WRDUHOHFRPHQWDULL

$WHLVPXO IDFH SDUWH LQWHJUDQW  GLQ PDU[LVP 0DU[LVPXO HVWH PDWHULDOLVP 7UHEXLH V 

combatem religia.
)LUHWH QRL VSXQHP F  QX FUHGHP vQ 'XPQH]HX 1X FUHGHP vQ PRUDOD HWHUQ  0RUDOD H

DFHHDFDUHVHUYHWHODGLVWUXJHUHDYHFKLLVRFLHW L

Este moral tot ceea ce e necesar pentru anihilarea vechii ordini sociale exploatatoare
/HQLQ GRUHD V  GLVWUXJ  9HFKHD 2UGLQH 0RQGLDO  vQOocuind-R FX 1RXD 2UGLQH 0RQGLDO  L

pentru a uni proletariatul.

7UHEXLH V  FRPEDWHP UHOLJLD -RV UHOLJLD 7U LDVF  DWHLVPXO 5 VSkQGLUHD DWHLVPXOXL H

SULQFLSDOD QRDVWU  VDUFLQ  &RPXQLVPXO DEROHWH DGHY UXULOH HWHUQH $EROHWH RULFH UHOLJLH L

PRUDO 

5HOLJLD H XQ VRL GH GURJ VSLULWXDO vQ FDUH VFODYLL FDSLWDOXOXL vQHDF  RPHQLD L FX FDUH

X]HD] GRULQ DXQHLH[SHULHQ HRPHQHWLGHFHQWH

9RP SUHGLFD vQWRWGHDXQD R ILORVRILH WLLQ LILF  7UHEXLH V  OXSW P vPSRWULYD

LQFRQVHFYHQ HORUFUHWLQH

Lenin, asemenea lui Marx naintea lui, provenea dintr-R IDPLOLH UHOLJLRDV  7DW OOXL IXVHVH

LQVSHFWRU FRODU L PHPEUX GHYRWDW DO ELVHULFLL RUWRGR[H UXVH 'DU OD YkUVWD GH RSWVSUH]HFH DQL

/HQLQDvQFHSXWV -OFLWHDVF SH.DUO0DU[LvQFXUkQGDvPEU LDWSULQFLSLLOHPDU[LVWH

Ulterior, el a scris:

$WHLVPXO H R SDUWH ILUHDVF  L LQVHSDUDELO  D PDU[LVPXOXL D WHRULHL L SUDFWLFLL

VRFLDOLVPXOXLWLLQ LILF3URSDJDQGDQRDVWU LQFOXGHFXQHFHVLWDWHSURSDJDQGDDWHLVW 

n atacul aspra religiei s-auDO WXUDWLDO LFRPXQLWL1LNLWD+UXFLRYDVFULVXUP WRDUHOH

6  QX FUHGH L F  FRPXQLWLL V DX U

- ]JkQGLW vQ SULYLQ D UHOLJLHL 5 PkQHP DFHLDL DWHL

GLQWRWGHDXQDIDFHPWRWFHSXWHPSHQWUXDHOLEHUDSRSRDUHOHFDUHvQF VHPDLDIO VXEYUDMDRSLXOXL

religios.

'DUUHPDUFD LF GO+UXFLRYDPHUVFXXQSDVPDLvQDLQWHDID GH6WDOLQVDXDO LDWHL(O

GHFODU F  VDUFLQD DWHLORU UXL HUD DFHHD GH D -i elibera pe oamenii cu frica lui Dumnezeu de
'XPQH]HXO ORU (YLGHQW DFHDVW  VDUFLQ  QX OH DSDU LQH QXPDL FRPXQLWLORU FL L 1RLL 2UGLQL

Mondiale.
0DL UHFHQW L DO LL DX SURVO YL PDU[LVPXO 8QXO GLQWUH DFHWLD D OXFUDW FKLDU vQWU R SR]L LH
-
DGPLQLVWUDWLY  vQ FDELQHWXO SUHHGLQWHOXL -LPP\ &DUWHU (VWH YRUED GH =ELJQLHZ %U]H]LQVFNL

Asistentul Special al3UHHGLQWHOXLSHQWUX$IDFHULOHGH6HFXULWDWH1D LRQDO (ODIRVWVDXPDLHVWH

L'LUHFWRUDO,QVWLWXWXOXLGH&HUFHW ULSHQWUX6FKLPE ULOH,QWHUQD LRQDOH3URIHVRUGH'UHSW3XEOLF

L*XYHUQDPHQWDOLPHPEUXDO,QVWLWXWXOXL5XVWRDWHOD8QLYHUVLWDWHD&R lumbia.
Q  GO %UH]LQVFNL D VFULV R FDUWH LQWLWXODW  175( '28  (32&, vQ FDUH I FHD

FkWHYD REVHUYD LL VXUSULQ] WRDUH DVXSUD QDWXULL PDU[LVPXOXL 8QHOH GLQWUH DFHVWHD VXQW

XUP WRDUHOH

PDU[LVPXOUHSUH]LQW XQDOWVWDGLXYLWDOLFUHDWRUv n maturizarea viziunii universale a

omului.
0DU[LVPXO HVWH VLPXOWDQ R YLFWRULH D RPXOXL H[WHULRU DFWLY DVXSUDFHOXL LQWHULRU L SDVLY

LRYLFWRULHDUD LXQLLDVXSUDFUHGLQ HL

(...) Marxismul a servit ca mecanism al progresului omenesc, cKLDU GDF  SUDFWLFD VD

adeseori nu i-a mplinit idealurile.

7KHLOKDUGGH&KDUGLQXQVFULLWRULWHRORJLH]XLWDO]LOHORUQRDVWUHUHPDUF ODXQPRPHQW

GDU F  RULFkW H GH PRQVWUXRV WRWDOLWDULVPXO PRGHUQ QX HVWH vQ UHDOLWDWH GHFkW GHIRUPDUHD D FHYD

magnLILFLDVWIHOIRDUWHDSURSLDWGHDGHY U"

 FHHD FH YD U PkQH SUREDELO SULQFLSDOD FRQWULEX LH D PDU[LVPXOXL LQIOXHQ D VD

UHYROX LRQDU  L GH O UJLUH D RUL]RQWXULORU FDUH D GHVFKLV PLQWHD RPHQHDVF  VSUH SHUVSHFWLYH

DQWHULRULJQRUDWHLDDFFHQWXDWGUDPDWLVPXOXQRUSUHRFXS ULSkQ DWXQFLQHJOLMDWH

(...) marxismul, diseminat la nivel popular sub forma comunismului, a reprezentat un

progres major n capacitatea omului de a-LFRQFHSWXDOL]DUHOD LDFXOXPHD
Marxismul (...) a oferit un instrXPHQW LQWHOHFWXDO XQLF SHQWUX vQ HOHJHUHD L vQK PDUHD
IRU HORUIXQGDPHQWDOHDOHYUHPXULORUQRDVWUH

DIXUQL]DWFHDPDLMXVW LQWXL LHSRVLELO DUHDOLW LLFRQWHPSRUDQH

Q OXPHD vQWUHDJ  H[LVW  QD LXQL FDUH DX DSOLFDW vQ SUDFWLF  WHRULLOH PDU[LV te devenind astfel
SRVLELOFDSURPLVLXQLOHV VHFRQIUXQWHFXUHDOLWDWHD

8Q RP FDUH D vQFHUFDW HIHFWLY V  GHWHUPLQH SUDFWLFD SURSULX ]LV-  D PDU[LVPXOXL vQ 5XVLD

FRPXQLVW  D IRVW 5REHUW &RQTXHVW XQ FHOHEUX VRYLHWRORJ EULWDQLF O &RQTXHVW D HVWLPDW F 

miQLPXPGH ILLQ HRPHQHWLDXIRVWH[HFXWDWHVDXXFLVHSH DOWHF L GHF WUHDXWRULW LOH

comunist-PDU[LVWH vQ WLPSXO UHYROX LHL UXVH GLQ  L vQ FRQWLQXDUH 'O &RQTXHVW D SUHFL]DW F 
FLIUDUHSUH]LQW RHVWLPD LHPLQLP LF WRWDOXODUSXWHDDMXQJHSkQ OD
 5HYROX LDGLQ5XVLDDIRVWSULPDvQFHUFDUHUHXLW GHDFUHDvQWU R DU
- XQJXYHUQ ED]DW SH

WHRULLOHPDU[LVWHYLFWRULDUD LXQLLDVXSUDFUHGLQ HL

&KLQD FD QD LXQH D FXQRVFXW L HD R VRDUW  VLPLODU  vQ WLPSXO PLF ULORU VDle comuniste

din 1923-1947. profesorul Richard L.Walker, ntr-un raport guvernamental oficial emis de
6XEFRPLVLD6HQDWRULDO SHQWUX6HFXULWDWHD,QWHUQ vQDHVWLPDWF WRWDOXOPRU LORUGLQ&KLQD

DU SXWHD DMXQJH SkQ  OD 'H DVHPHQHD &KLQD aplicase principiul marxist al victoriei
UD LXQLLDVXSUDFUHGLQ HL

8Q WXULVW FDUH D YL]LWDW &KLQD GXS  6WDWHOH 8QLWH DX VWDELOLW UHOD LL GLSORPDWLFH FX DFHDVW 

DU  vQ  L D VLQWHWL]DW LPSUHVLLOH GHVSUH PRGXO vQFDUH D IXQF LRQDWPDU[LVPXO vQ &KL
- na ntr-
XQ DUWLFRO DS UXW OD GDWD GH  DXJXVW  vQ ]LDUXO 1HZ <RUN 7LPHV $FHVW DUWLFRO VH LQWLWXOD

'( /$ 81 & / 725 35,1 &+,1$ L DSDU LQH EDQFKHUXOXL DPHULFDQ 'DYLG 5RFNHIHOOHU LDW 

ce a scris turistul nostru despre marxismul din China:

IndifeUHQWGHSUH XO UHYROX LHLFKLQH]HQXPDL SX LQGHGH PRU LHHYLGHQWF 

DFHDVWD D UHXLW QX QXPDL V  SURGXF  R DGPLQLVWUD LH PDL HILFLHQW  L PDL GHYRWDW  FL L V  ULGLFH

PRUDOXOLVLP XOSUDFWLFDOFRPXQLW LL

3 VWUHD] VHFUHWXOQRVWUX (...)

UH LQHF VFRSXOVFX] PLMORDFHOH

Nimeni n afara d-OXL 5RFNIHOOHU QX WLH FH D YUXW V   vQVHPQH DFHVW FRPHQWDULX GDU FX

VLJXUDQ  F  vL S UHD U X SHQWUX FHL  GH FKLQH]L DVDVLQD L FX EUXWDOLWDWH GH F WUH

FRPXQLWLLPDU[LWLvQV UH]XOWDWHOHMXVWLILFDXFXFHUWLWXGLQHPRDUWHDORU'O 5RFNIHOOHUUHJUHWDF 

IXVHVHQHFHVDUFDGHFKLQH]LV PRDU vQUHYROX LHGDUDFHVWDHUDXQSUH QHvQVHPQDWvQ

VFKLPEXODGPLQLVWUD LHLHILFLHQWHLDOVLP XOXLSUDFWLFDOFRPXQLW LL1XXLWD LVFRSXOVFX] 

mijloacele.
,DUFHUFHW WRUXOQXWUHEXLHV XLWH=ELJQLHZ%UH]H]LQVNLDVFULVF PDU[LVPXOHRYLFWRULH

DUD LXQLLDVXSUDFUHGLQ HL

3RDWH F  FHO PDL FRQFOXGHQW H[HPSOX GH SHUVRDQ  FDUH D IRORVLW UD LXQHD DVXSUD

FUHGLQ HL VH J VHWH vQWU R SRYHVWLUH RIHULW

-  GH :KLWWDNHU &KDPEHUV IRVW PHPEUX DO SDUWLGXOXL

Comunist American, care s-DKRW UkWV UXS OHJ WXULOHFXSDUWLGXOLV GHPLVLRQH]HGLQUkQGXULOH

acestuia. D. Chambers a fost citat ca spunnd:

Comunismul e ceea FH VH vQWkPSO  DWXQFL FkQG vQ QXPHOH 0LQ LL RDPHQLL UHQXQ  OD

Dumnezeu.

Dl. Chambers s-a desprins ntr-XQ PRG IRDUWH LQWHUHVDQW GH FHULQ HOH VDOH PDU[LVWH L
FRPXQLVWH$UHODWDWSRYHVWHDvQFDUWHDVDLQWLWXODW 0$57258/

'DU GHVS U LUHD VH GDWRUHD]  XQXL HYHQLPHQW DEVROXW vQWkPSO WRU 6W WHDP vQ

apartamentul nostru de pe strada St Paul, din Baltimore.

)LLFD PHDHUDvQ VF XQHOXOvQDOW2SULYHDPPkQFkQG (DHUDFHO PDLPLUDFXORVOXFUX FDUH

VHvQWkPSODVHYUHRGDW vQYLD DPHDPLSO FHDV -o privHVFFKLDULFkQGVHPkQMHDSHID FXSLXUH

VDXvOVF SDPHGLWDWLYSHMRV

Ochii mi s-DXRSULWDVXSUDFRQYROX LXQLORUGHOLFDWHDOHXUHFKLLHLDFHOHXUHFKLFRPSOH[HL

SHUIHFWH L PL
-a trecut prin minte un gnd: Nu, aceste urechi nu au fost create prin ntrunirea
vQWkPSO WRDUH D DWRPLORU GLQ QDWXU  RSLQLD FRPXQLWLORU 1-DX SXWXW IL I XULWH GHFkW SULQWU-un

plan imens.
,GHHDDIRVWLQYROXQWDU LQHGRULW 0L-am alungat-RGLQPLQWH'DUQLFLRGDW Q-am uitat-o

FRPSOHWQLFLPRPHQWXODFHOD7UHEXLDV -PLL]JRQHVFDPLQWLUHDFXIRU D

'DF DILGXVJkQGXOSkQ ODFDS WDUILWUHEXLWV VSXQ

Planul presupune un Dumnezeu.

N-DPWLXWF vQDFHOPRPHQWGHJHWXOOXL'XPQH]HXPLVHSXVHVHSHIUXQWH
 8OWHULRUGO&KDPEHUVDDG XJDWDFHDVW LGHH

8Q FRPXQLVW DGLF  XQ RP FUHGH F  PDU[LVPXO HVWH R YLFWRULH D UD LXQLL DVXSUD

FUHGLQ HLVHIUkQJHILLQGF vQFHOHGLQXUP WUHEXLHV DOHDJ vQWUHGRX RSXVXULLUHFRQFLOLDELOH

Dumnezeu sau Om, suflet sau Minte, Libertate sau Comunism.

Dl. ChamberVvQ HOHVHVH

0DU[/HQLQ%U]H]LQVNLL5RFNHIHOOHUVHSDUHF QX

Adolf Hitler, satanist

Un alt personaj care a intrat ntr-R VRFLHWDWH VHFUHW  D IRVW $GROI +LWOHU FRQGXF WRUXO
SDUWLGXOXL 1D LRQDO-Socialist din Germania. Acesta s-a nscris ntr-o oUJDQL]D LH VHFUHW  QXPLW 
6RFLHWDWHD7KXOHGHQXPLW SULQFLSDOXODQLPDWRU VHFUHWDOQD]LVPXOXL5DULVXQWLVWRULFLLFDUHV 

ILVFULVGHVSUHLPSRUWDQ DDFHVWHLJUXS ULVDXGHVSUHIDSWXOF +LWOHUI FXVHSDUWHGLQHD

$XWRULLXQHLF U LSHWHPDDFHVWHLRUJDQL]D LLDXVFULV

$GHY UDWDLQVSLUD LHDQD]LVPXOXLWUHEXLHV ILHF XWDW vQVRFLHWDWHD7KXOH

6RFLHWDWHD7KXOHDYHDU G FLQLLQWHUHVDQWH(DvQV LQXHUD

(...) dect un fragment dintr-RVRFLHWDWHVHFUHW PXOWPDLLPSRUWDQW FXQRVFXW FDRUGLQ ul

*HUPDQLFLvQWHPHLDW vQ

$FHDVW RUJDQL]D LHvLDYHDRULJLQLOHvQDOWHVRFLHW LVHFUHWH

 VH vQWUXQLVHU  DQXPLWH ORML DOH )UDQFPDVRQHULHL 3UXVDFH SUHFXP L XQ QXP U GH

VRFLHW L Y GLW DQWL -semite. Societate Thule a devenit o ramur  GHRVHELW GH DFWLY  D VRFLHW LL

principale.

,PSRUWDQ D 6RFLHW LL vQ IRUPDUHD SDUWLGXOXL QD]LVW D IRVW vQWUH WLPS GH]Y OXLW  GDU vQ

JHQHUDOQXGHF WUHLVWRULFLLFDUHDXVFULVFRDOD$FFLGHQWDO DLVWRULHL

&RPLWHWXO L FH SDWUX]HFL GH PHPEUL DL noului partid Muncitoresc German proveneau cu
WR LLGLQFHDPDLSXWHUQLF VRFLHWDWH2FXOW D*HUPDQLHL6RFLHWDWHD7KXOH

QV FHDPDLUHYHODWRDUHGHFODUD LHI FXW GHVSUHDFHDVW VRFLHWDWHHVWHDFHHDF SULQFLSDOLL

OLGHULDYHDXFXWR LLRUHOLJLHFRPXQ 

1XFOHXO LQWHULRU DO 6RFLHW LL 7KXOH HUD IRUPDW GLQ VDWDQLWL FDUH SUDFWLFDX 0DJLD

1HDJU 

8QDOWVFULLWRUSHVXELHFWXO6RFLHW LL7KXOHHVWH-RVHSK&DUUFDUHDVFULVRFDUWHLQWLWXODW 

&58&($1&5/,*$7 QFXSULQVXOHLGO&DUUIDFHXUP WRDUHDREVHUYD LH

Grupul interior care controla Societatea Thule consta din oameni care erau luciferieni
P UWXULVL L

$VWIHO VH GRYHGHWH F  +LWOHU vQVXL D GHYHQLW OXFLIHULDQ (O DVLPLODVH RSHUD ILORVRIXOXL

tragic, Friedrich Nietzsche:

(...) D F UXL FRQYLQJ WRDUH GL]HUWD LH GHVSUH *HQHDORJLD 0RUDOHL F XWDW V  RSHUH]H R

UHHYDOXDUHDWXWXURUYDORULORUSULQGRYDGDF DD QXPLWXOU

- XHUDEXQLF FHHDFHVHFUHGHDvQ

PRGQRUPDODILEXQHUDU X
 ,DW  GLQ QRX DFHD LGHH F  'XPQH]HXO GLQ %LEOLH H U X L vQWU -un fel, dumnezeul
FRQVLGHUDWU XHEXQ

,DUFHHDFHWUHEXLDHUDRUHHYDOXDUHDPRUDOHL&XDOWHFXYLQWHFHHDFHvQY DVHU PGHOD

Dumnezeul bun biblic se cerea eliminat, pentru a fu substituit cu un nou sistem.

Aceste idei vor fi examinate ulterior pe parcursul studiului nostru.
'DU+LWOHUDPDLUHFXQRVFXWLUROXO)UDQFPDVRQHULHLvQYLD DOXL

Q REVHUYD LLOH OXL +LWOHU SXEOLFDWH  VXE WLWOXO +,7/(5 925%(7(  SXWHP

redescoperi rolul important jucat de FrancmasRQHULD *HUPDQ  FD PRGHO SHQWUX VWUXFWXUDUHD

H]RWHULF DSDUWLGXOXLQD]LVW

/D IHO FD DWkWHD DOWH VRFLHW L VHFUHWH 6RFLHWDWHD 7KXOH DYHD R VWUXFWXUDUH H]RWHULF 

$FHDVWD WUHEXLH V  IL vQVHPQDW F  H[LVWDX GRX  FODVH GH PHPEUL FHL FDUH WLDX VHFUHWXO L FHL FDUH

nu-OFXQRWHDX
QV H[LVW GRYH]LF $GROI+LWOHUHUDXQXOGLQWUHPHPEULLVRFLHW LLFDUHFXQRWHDXVHFUHWXO

2PXOFDUHDMXFDWFHOPDLLPSRUWDQWUROvQYLD DOXL+LWOHUDIRVW'LHWULFK(FNDUWXQXOGLQWUH

SULPLL DSWH IRQGDWRUL DL SDUWLGXOX i nazist, numit, de fapt, ntemeietorul spiritual al nazismului.
8QDXWRUDVFULVFXH[DFWLWDWHFkWGHLPSRUWDQWDIRVW(FNDUWvQYLD DOXL+LWOHU

$GROI +LWOHU vQVXL vO FRQVLGHUD SH (FNDUW FD ILLQG RPXO FX FHD PDL LPSRUWDQW  LQIOXHQ 

DVXSUDYLH LL lui.

6H WLH F  (FNDUW H[SHULPHQWDVH QXPHURDVH GURJXUL vQWU R WHQWDWLY -  GH D DWLQJH XQ QLYHO

PDLvQDOWDOFRQWLLQ HL$FXPV DGHVFRSHULWF

- L+,7/(5vQFHUFDVHDFHODLOXFUX

 +LWOHU D DWLQV QLYHOXUL VXSHULRDUH DOH FRQWLLQ HL FX DMXWRUXO GURJXULORU L D HIHFWXDW

XQS WUXQ] WRUVWXGLXDORFXOWLVPXOXLPHGLHYDOLDOPDJLHLULWXDOH

Eckart a fost numit:

 XQ VDWDQLVW GHYRWDW  L ILJXUD FHQWUDO  vQWU XQ FHUF SXWHUQLF L vQWLQV GH RFXOLWL
-
Societatea Thule.

Dar EckarWPDLFUHGHDLvQYLLWRDUHDDSDUL LHD'RPQXOXL0DLWUH\DPXOW-DWHSWDWXO0HVLD

1HZ $JH (FNDUW D SDUWLFLSDW OD R VHULH GH HGLQ H GH VSLULWLVP FX GRL JHQHUDOL UXL FDUH vL

S U VLVHU  DUDQDWDO SHQWUXDYHQLvQ*HUPDQLD

QWLPSXODFHVWRUHGLQ HOXL(FNDUWLDVRFLD LORUOXLOLV DVSXVGHVSUHLPLQHQWDDSDUL LHD

-
mntuitorului german, un Domn Maitreya.

,DU(FNDUWDF O X]LWFXGHOLEHUDUHFDULHUDOXL+LWOHUvQOXPHDRFXOW DDGRUD LHLOXL6DWDQD

LDOXL/XFLIHU3HSDWXOGHPRDUWHOH -a spus FHORUDGXQD LODF S WkLXOV X

8UPD L-l pe Hitler! El va dansa, dar eu voi cnta! L-DPLQL LDWvQ'RFWULQD6HFUHW L-am
GHVFKLVFHQWULLYL]LXQLLLL DPG
- UXLWPLMORDFHOHSULQFDUHV FRPXQLFHFX3XWHULOH

1XP SOkQJH LYRLILLQIOXHQ DWLVWRULDmai mult dect oricare alt german.

Eckart le-D GHFODUDW DGHS LORU V L GLQ 6RFLHWDWHD 7KXOH FD SULPLVH SHUVRQDO XQ VRL GH
EXQDYHVWLUHVDWDQLF vQVHQVXOGHYHVWLUHDPkQWXLWRUXOXLF HOHUDGHVWLQDWV SUHJ WHDVF VRVLUHD

Anti-Cristului, a omului inspiUDW GH /XFLIHU SHQWUX D FXFHUL OXPHD L D FRQGXFH VSUH JORULH UDVD
DULDQ 

2DOW OHJ WXU  D6RFLHW LL7KXOHFXDGRUD LDOXL/XFLIHUHVWHHPEOHPHDOHDV FD VLPERO DO

SDUWLGXOXL QD]LVW vQVXL ]YDVWLND 'LF LRQDUXO GHILQHWH ]YDVWLND GUHSW R FUXFH FX FHOH SDWUX EUD H
HJDOH vQGRLWH vQDSRL VXE IRUPD XQHL SUHOXQJLUL vQ XQJKL GUHSW ([LVW  GRX  IRUPH DOH VLPEROXOXL

XQD FX EUD HOH vQGRLWHOD VWkQJD LDU FHDODOW FXEUD HOH vQGRLWH OD GUHDSWD &HD GLQWkLH XQ VLPERO

XQLYHUVDODOELQHOXLFkW YUHPHFHDPDLGLQXUP HVWHXQVLPEROXQLYHUVDODOU XOXL

+LWOHU SHUVRQDO D DOHV PRGHOXO GHILQLWLY DO 6WHDJXOXL QVkQJHUDW 1D]LVW FHO FDUH SRDUW 

]YDVWLND vQFKLS GH VWHP  UHSUH]HQWDWLY  SHQWUX SDUWLGXO QD]LVW (O D LQYHUVDW ]YDVWLND ID  GH FHD

SURSXV VXEIRUPDFDUHUHSUH]LQW U XO

+LWOHU DYHD PRGHO SH FDUH V -L ED]H]H DOHJHUHD ]YDVWLND HUD VLPEROXO 6RFLHW LL 7KXOH

nsemnul ei oficial

FRQVWDGLQ]YDVWLNDWUDYHUVDW GHGRX O QFL

0DQO\ 3 +DOO vQ FDUWHD VD 35(/(*(5, '( ),/262),( $17,& , le-a explicat exact
cititorilor ce reprezenta zvastika:

=YDVWLFD  HVWH FUXFHD URWLW  FDUH UHSUH]LQW  PLFDUHD FHQWUDOL]DWRDUH D (WHUQXOXL

TOT.

8QXOGLQWUHIRQGDWRULLLQL LDOLDL6RFLHW LL7KXOH5XGROIYRP6HERWWHQGRUIDSXV]YDVWLNDvQ

leg WXU FXXQVLPEROVRDUHOHFkQGL DI - FXWGHFODUD LDGLQQRLHPEULH

,QWHQ LRQH] V  DQJDMH] 6RFLHWDWHD 7KXOH vQ DFHDVW  OXSW    MXU SH DFHDVW  ]YDVWLN  SH

DFHVWVHPQFDUHSHQWUXQRLHVWHVDFUXvQVFRSXOFDWXV DX]L26RDUHPDJQLILF

$DGDU]YDVWLNDHUDXQVLPERODO6RFLHW LL7KXOHHUDXQVLPERODOSDUWLGXOXLQD]LVWVHDIOD

ntr-RRDUHFDUHOHJ WXU FXXQVLPERODO=HXOXL-Soare; iar Zeul-Soare era un simbol al lui Lucifer.

Iar cei care s-DXRSXVVLPEROXOXL]YDVWLFLLLWXWXURULdeilor reprezentate de aceasta au avut
GHSO WLWFXMHUWIDVXSUHP SHDOWDUXOvQVkQJHUDWDOU ]ERLXOXL

GHPLOLRDQHGHRDPHQLDXPXULWvQ$O'RLOHD5 ]ERL0RQGLDO

GHPLOLRDQHGHRDPHQLVDFULILFD LUHOLJLHLOXL/XFLIHU

L WRWXO QXPDL ILLQGF  LVWRULFLL FDUH VFULX 9L]LXQHD $FFLGHQWDO  D ,VWRULHL Q-DX UHXLW

cumva, n-DX UHXLW FXPYD V  GHWHUPLQH F  $GROI +LWOHU LQWUDVH vQWU -un cult luciferic numit
6RFLHWDWHD7KXOHFXFLUFDDLVSUH]HFHDQLvQDLQWHGHvQFHSXWXOU ]ERLXOXL

'DU UH LQH L FHL FDUH VFULX 9L]LXQHD $FFLGHQWDO  D LVWRULHL QX FUHG F  vQ LQWHULRUXO

VRFLHW LORUVHFUHWHFRQVSLUDWRULLSO QXLHVFU ]ERDLH

LFXVLJXUDQ QXFUHGF /XFLIHUHVWHRI SWXU DGXODW GHVRFLHW LOHVHFUHWH

(Epperson, Ralph, 1RXDRUGLQHPRQGLDO EdituUD$OPD%XFXUHWLS- 129)

/(&785

6WDOLQ D YHQLW OD UHYROX LH L VRFLDOLVP QX GLQ GUDJRVWH ID  GH RPHQLUHD vQ VXIHULQ  (O D

YHQLW OD EROHYLFL PkQDW GH VHWHD GH SXWHUH L GLQ YDQLWDWH SHQWUX 6WDOLQ SDUWLGXO EROHYLF D IRVW

ntotdeaunaGRDUXQ LQVWUXPHQWSHQWUX UHDOL]DUHDVFRSXULORUOXL2DPHQLLVLPSOLvLHUDXVWU LQLQX

VH vQWkOQHD FX HL QX PHUJHD vQ IDEULFL vQ X]LQH vQ FROKR]XUL L QX VLP HD QHYRLD XQRU vQWkOQLUL GH

acest fel.
(VWH SRVLELO FD vQFUHGLQ DW GH XQLFLWDWHD VD 6WDOLQ V  IL KRW UkW F  vQ FRPSDUD LH FX

P UH LD vQI SWXLULORU VDOHFULPHOH ODFDUH D UHFXUV VXQW R EDJDWHO  SLHUGHULILUHWL DOH PLF ULL Q

UHDOLWDWHvQV QLFLXQGXPDQDOSDUWLGXOXLFRPXQLVWVDXDO5HYROX LHLGLQ2FWRPEULHQ -a pricinuit

cauzei socialisPXOXLPDLPXOWU XGHFkW6WDOLQ
 &RQGL LLOHFDUHL -au facilitat lui Stalin uzurparea puterii

'H FH D UHXLW 6WDOLQ vQ DQLL  V  GHD R ORYLWXU  DWkW GH WHULELO  SDUWLGXOXL GH FH QX V -a
ORYLWGHRULSRVW KRW UkW GLQSDUWHDSRSRUXOXLDSDUWLGXOXLL a conducerii lui?
'HVSUHSRVLELOLWDWHDVDXFKLDULQHYLWDELOLWDWHDGHJHQHU ULLXQHLUHYROX LLFDUHVHSURGXFHvQ

FRQGL LL FH QX FRUHVSXQG LGHDOXULORU HL DX VFULV vQF  0DU[ L (QJHOV Q GLVSXWHOH VDOH FX

narodnicii, la aceasta s-a referit de mai multe oULLWkQ UXO3OHKDQRY'DF SRSRUXOYLQHODSXWHUH

afirma el DWXQFLFkQGFRQGL LLOHLVWRULFHQXVXQWvQF PDWXUL]DWHUHYROX LDSRDWHFRQGXFHODR

PRQVWUXR]LWDWHSROLWLF vQJHQXOYHFKLXOXLLPSHULXFKLQH]VDXSHUXYLDQDGLF ODXQGHVSRWLVP DULVW

renovat, garnisit cu comunism.

)LUHWHvQDSURDSHILHFDUHVLVWHPLVLWXD LHSROLWLF H[LVW GLIHULWHSRVLELOLW LGHGH]YROWDUH

2S LXQHD HVWH GHWHUPLQDW  DWkW GH IDFWRUL RELHFWLYL FkW L GH FHL VXELHFWLYL XQHRUL Y GLW DOHDWRULL

&KLDU L DULVPXO UXV avea la nceputul secolului al XX-OHD SRVLELOLW L GLIHULWH GH GH]YROWDUH 1LFL

VLVWHPXO IUDJLO DO GHPRFUD LHL EXUJKH]H FDUH D H[LVWDW vQWUH )HEUXDULH L 2FWRPEULH  QX HUD

inevitabil condamnat la pieire.

QDFHVWVHQVVWDOLQLVPXOQXQHDSDU LQHFkWXLGHSX LQLQHYLWDELOVWDWXOVRYLHWLFDYHDGXS 

RFWRPEULHGLIHULWHSRVLELOLW LGHGH]YROWDUH

$WXQFLFXPDUHXLW6WDOLQvQSRILGDPRQVWUXR]LW LLHYLGHQWHDFULPHORUVDOHQXQXPDLV -L

S VWUH]HSXWHUHDFLLV -LVSRUHDVF UHVSHFWXOvQFUHGHUHDGLQDQvQDQPDLPDULGHYRWDPHQWXOL

FKLDUGUDJRVWHDPDMRULW LLRDPHQLORUVRYLHWLFL"

6WDOLQ D UHXLW V -L LPSXQ  SDUWLGXOXL YRLQ D VD vQDLQWH GH WRDWH SULQ H[DFHUEDUHD FXOWXOXL

SHUVRQDOLW LL

/DQRLVHYRUEHWHPXOWGHVSUHFXOWXOSHUVRQDOLW LL scria I. Ehrenburg n memoriile sale.

SHQWUX vQFHSXWXO DQXOXL  PDL FRUHFW  DU IL IRVW IRORVLUHD SXU L VLPSOX D FXYkQWXOXL FXOW vQ

DFFHS LXQHD VD SULPDU  UHOLJLRDV  3HQWUX PLOLRDQH GH RDPHQL 6WDOLQ VH WUDQVIRUPDVH vQWU -un
VHPL]HX PLWLF WR L vL UHSHWDX QXPHOH FX HPR LH FUHGHDX F  GRDU HO SRDWH VDOYD VWDWXO VRYLHWLF GH

LQYD]LHLGHVWU PDUH

Diviziunea lui Stalin nu i-DSHUPLVSDUWLGXOXLV -i controleze actele, tot ceea ce emana de la

el era acceptat aprioric. ntuchiparea n persoana lui StalinDWXWXURUUHDOL] ULORU8QLXQLL6RYLHWLFH
D SDUDOL]DW DFWLYLVPXO SROLWLF DO FRPXQLWLORU QX D SHUPLV R HYDOXDUH D UHDOLW LL D vQVHPQDW R

vQFUHGHUHRDUE vQFRQGXF WRU&DRULFHFXOWFXOWXOOXL6WDOLQDJHQHUDWWHQGLQ DGHWUDQVIRUPDUH

a partidului ntr-XQ VRL GH RUJDQL]D LH FOHULFDO  vQ FDGUXO F UHLD S VWRULL  FRQGXF WRULL vQ
IUXQWHFXLQIDLOLELOXOSDS  Stalin HUDXUXS LGHFHLS VWRUL LGHPHPEULLGHUkQGDLSDUWLGXOXL

&XOWXOOXL6WDOLQQXPDLFDPXIODLOHJDOLW LOHLJUHHOLOHV YkULWHFLLMXVWLILFDGLQDLQWHQRLFULPH

Q DFHODL WLPS FXOWXO DGkQFHD UXSWXUD GLQWUH 6WDOLQ  L SRSRU L SDUWLG 3HQWUX SRSRU OLGHULL GLQ

.UHPOLQHUDXWRWDWkWGHGHSDUWHFDL]HLLGLQ2OLPS

Q DQLL  L  FRQWLLQ HL SRSRUXOXL L -au fost inculcate elemente elemente de percepere
UHOLJLRDV GHSVLKRORJLHUHOLJLRDV FX WRDWHLOX]LLOHDXWRVXJHVWLD VSLULWXOQHFULWLFLQWROHUDQ DID 

GH KHWHURGRFL FX IDQDWLVPXO HL &XP SH EXQ  GUHSWDWH VFULD , .DULDNLQ D DS UXW R YDULDQW 

VRYLHWLF  GH FRQWLLQ  UHOLJLRDV  3HUFHSHUHD UHDOLW LL HUD GHQDWXUDW  IDSWHOH L IHQRPHQHOH

F S WDXWHQWHQHILUHWLORU(UDJUHXV FUH]LvQFULPHOHPRQVWUXRDVHDWULEXLWHYHFKLORUEROHYLFLL

PDLJUHXvQV HUDV WHJkQGHWLF WRWXOHUDGRDURSURYRFDUHSUHPHGLWDW F 6W alin comite crime

oribile, suprimndu-LSULHWHQLLLFRODERUDWRULLGLQSDUWLG
Divinizndu-OSH6WDOLQRDPHQLLDXvQFHSXWV -OSULYHDVF FXDO LRFKLvQFHUFkQGV MXVWLILFH

FKLDULFHHDFHQXVHSRDWHMXVWLILFDSULQQLFLXQIHOGHDUJXPHQWHUD LRQDOH$DFXPFUHGLQFLRLL

GHL Y G vQ MXUXO ORU VXIHULQ H L QHQRURFLUL QX L

- SLHUG FUHGLQ D vQ DWRWSXWHUQLFXO L

DWRDWHELQHI F WRUXO 'XPQH]HX SHQWUX F  WRW FH H EXQ VH SXQH SH VHDPD 'RPQXOXL LDU FHHD FH H

U X  vQ VHDPD GLDYROXOXL WRW DVWIHO L vQ WLPSXO FXOWXOXL OXL 6WDOLQ WRW FHHD FH HUD EXQ vQ DUD

QRDVWU HPDQDGHOD6WDOLQLDUU XOHUDOHJDWGHIRU HOHPDOHILFHvPSRWULYDF URUDOXSWDPDLDSULJ

GHFkWRULFLQH6WDOLQvQVXL

)LUHWHFXOWXOOXL6WDOLQvLLQIOXHQ DSHRDPHQLvQPRGGLIHULWvQIXQF LHGHYkUVW LVWDWXWXO

VRFLDO&HD PDL PDUH LQIOXHQ  D H[HUFLWDW R DVXSUD WLQHULORU DD FXP  GH DQL PDL WkU]LX VHYD
-
vQWkPSOD vQ &KLQD FRDOD L IDFXOWDWHD DX GHYHQLW IRFDUXO FXOWXOXL SHUVRQDOLW L 'DU QX QXPDL

WLQHULL vQWUH  L  DQL vO DGPLUDX SH 6WDOLQ L FUHGHDX vQ HO 8QLL DFWLYLWL GH SDUWLG L GH VWDW

SURHPLQHQ LDXS LWVSUHORFXOH[HFX LHLVWULJkQG7U LDVF 6WDOLQ

$FHDVW FRQWLLQ UHOLJLRDV FDUHSXVHVHVW SkQLUHSHPDVHSDUDOL]DLYRLQ DFHORUFDUHQX

mai credeau n Stalin, FDUHvQFHSXVHU V -LGHDVHDPDGHUHDOLWDWH'HFH2UGMRQLNLG]HV-DvPSXFDW

LQX O-DvPSXFDWSH6WDOLQ"'HFHLVWRULDGH GRX GHFHQLLGHVkQJHURDVHFULPHDOHOXL6WDOLQ QXD

generat nici o ncercare de a-OvQO WXUD"3UREDELOF DXH[LVWDWRDPHQLvQstare s-RIDF GDUL-a oprit

QXDWkWWHPDSHQWUXYLD DORUFkWLPSRVLELOLWDWHDGHDSUHYHGHDFRQVHFLQ HOHXQXLDVHPHQHDSDV

'HLILFDUHD UHSUH]HQWDQ LORU SXWHULL VSLULWXDOH VDX FLYLOH D vQFHSXW OD GLIHULWH SRSRDUH vQF 

GLQ VWDGLLOH WLPSXULL DOH HYROX LHL ORU Q HSRFLOH DQWLF  L IHXGDO  DFHDVW  IRUP  D FRQWLLQ HL

UHOLJLRDVH D DYXW R ODUJ  U VSkQGLUH GLYHUVH WLSXUL GH FXOW DO SHUVRQDOLW LL DX IRVW GHVWXO GH

IUHFYHQWH L vQ HSRFLOH PRGHUQ  L FRQWHPSRUDQ  &XOWXO SHUVRQDOLW LL  VFULD +LWOHU I U  RFRO
HVWHFHDPDLEXQ IRUP GHJXYHUQDUH

'LQQHIHULFLUHLGHHDGHVSUHXQOLGHULGHQWLILFDWFX'XPQH]HXLRJORDW FRQGXV GHHOD

S WUXQVDGHVHDLvQPLFDUHDUHYROX LRQDU 6HS UHDvQV F WRFPDLEROHYLFLLVXQWFHLPDLLPXQL

OD DSDUL LD vQ PHGLXO ORU L vQ VWDWXO FUHDW GH HL D RULF UHL YDULDQWH GH FRQWLLQ  UHOLJLRDV  L D

FXOWXOXL SHUVRQDOLW LL &XP VH H[SOLF  vQV  H[LVWHQ D DWkW GH vQGHOXQJDW  D FXOWXOXL SHUVRQDOLW LL

lui Stalin ?
&DPSDQLDGHHORJLHUHH[FHVLY DOXL6WDOLQDIRVWRUJDQL]DW LLQVSLUDW vQEXQ P VXU GH

HO vQVXL L GH DQWXUDMXO OXL &XOWXO OXL 6WDOLQ HUD LQFXOFDW vQF  GH OD JU GLQL  'LQ SULPHOH FODVH

FRSLLORU OL VH VSXQHD F  SHQWUX WRW ELQHOH YLH LL HL WUHEXLH V  OH ILH UHFXQRVF WRUL OXL 6WDOLQ 1X H

YRUED vQV  QXPDL GH SURSDJDQG  /D YUHPHD UHVSHFWLY  V DX I

- FXW vQFHUF UL GH D H[SOLFD L

DSDUL LD FUHWLQLVPXOXL vQ SULPXO UkQG SULQ DP JLUHD RDPHQLORU GH F WUH ELVHULF  L QX SULQ

FRQGL LLOHLVWRULFHDOHvQFHSXWXOXLGHHU 

8QLL LVWRULFL RFFLGHQWDOL L VRYLHWLFL DX H[SULPDW RSLQLD SRWULYLW F UHLD DSDUL LD L

FRQVROLGDUHDFXOWXOXLOXL6WDOLQDXIRVWIDFLOLWDWHGHWUDGL LLOHLRUkQGXLUHD VRFLDO D 5XVLHL DULVWH

SHFDUHUHYROX LDOH -a schimbat, dar nu le-DOLFKLGDW&XOWXO DUXOXLDOvPS UDWXOXLLPSODQWDWVHFROH

de-D UkQGXO QX SXWHD V  GLVSDU  GLQWU-R GDW  ( R RSLQLH FDUH DUH GUHSWXO OD H[LVWHQ  'DU XQHOH
SUHPLVHDOHDSDUL LHLFXOWXOXLSHUVRQDOLW LLH[LVW vQUHYROX LDvQV L

5HYROX LD GLQ 2FWRPEULH D G UkPDW vQWU -un timp scurt rnduieli ce s-DX FO GLW vQ GHF urs de
VHFROH 7UDQVIRUP ULOH JHQHUDWH GH HD DX IRVW XULDH L QHRELQXLWH LDU FHL FH DX FRQGXV UHYROX LD

DXGREkQGLWvQRFKLLSRSRUXOXLRDXU GHHURLQHS PkQWHQL6HSDUHF WHQGLQ DGHD LSUHDP - ULSH

FRQGXF WRULDSDUHvQWRDWHUHYROX LLOHGHPDV vQYLQJ WRDUH

Q DSDUL LD L DPSOLILFDUHD FXOWXOXL OXL 6WDOLQ XQ URO GHORF QHJOLMDELO D DYXW DPSORDUHD

represiunilor din anii 30. Stalin n-D DF LRQDW GH XQXO VLQJXU Q FULPH HO D DQWUHQDW QX GRDU
organele de represiune, ci milioane de oameni. Mii de activiWLGHSDUWLGDXI FXWSDUWHGLQWURLFL
L GLQ ,QVWDQ HOH 6SHFLDOH =HFL GH PLL GH DFWLYLWL L GH FRQGXF WRUL GH vQWUHSULQGHUL DX GHQXQ DW

GXPDQL DL SRSRUXOXL QF  vQ  %LURXO 3ROLWLF D GHFLV F  DUHVWDUHD OXFU ULORU GLQWU -o
LQVWLWX LH WUHEXLH VDQF LRQDW  SH FkW SRVLELO GH HILL LQVWLWX LLORU UHVSHFWLYH &RPLVDULL SRSRUXOXL

VDQF LRQDX DUHVWDUHD FRODERUDWRULORU ORU VHFUHWDULL FRPLWHWHORU UHJLRQDOH  D DFWLYLWLORU

FRPLWHWXOXLUHJLRQDOSUHHGLQWHOH8QLXQLL6FULLWRULORUVDQF LRQDDUHVWDUHDVFULLWR rilor.

6XWH GH PLL GH FRPXQLWL YRWDX H[FOXGHUHD GLQ SDUWLG D GXPDQLORU SRSRUXOXL 0LOLRDQH

GH RDPHQL FHUHDX OD PLWLQJXUL L GHPRQVWUD LL SHGHSVLUHD DVSU  D GXPDQLORU SRSRUXOXL /D

MXGHFDW  L SHGHDSV  vL WULPLWHDX XQHRUL FKLDU L SULHWHQLL GH LHUL )LUHWH FHL PDL PXO L DYHDX

vQFUHGHUHvQ6WDOLQLvQRUJDQHOH1.9' XOXL$XIRVWLRDPHQLFDUHV
- -au ndoit, cel mai adesea
DWXQFL FkQG HUD YRUED GH FD]XUL FRQFUHWH GDU HL DX W FXW vQOHVQLQG DVWIHO U IXLDOD FX FDGUHOH GH

partid. Chiar avnd dubLLLvQGRLHOLRDPHQLLQXYRLDXV VHFRQVLGHUHS UWDLODFULPHLDWXQFLVH

VLOHDXV FUHDG vQ6WDOLQFDUHFKLSXULOHWLDWRWXOLQXSXWHDJUHL&XOWXOOXL6WDOLQvLDMXWDV -L

OLQLWHDVF FRQWLLQ D

$OLDMXO GH VHQWLPHQWH L PHQWDOLW L FRQWUDGLFWRULL SO P GLW vQ DQLL WHURULL FRQVWLWXLH XQD

GLQWUH FDX]HOH SULQFLSDOH DOH GXUDWHL L WHPHLQLFLHL FXOWXOXL OXL 6WDOLQ $OWIHO VSXV vQWUH WHURDUH L
FXOWXOOXL6WDOLQDH[LVWDWRUHOD LHGHFDX] -HIHFWGLUHFW LLQYHUV 

)LUHWHvQDOWHFRQGL LLFXOWXOXQXLFRQGXF WRUQXFRQGXFHDXWRPDWODLOHJDOLW LLUHSUHVLXQL

GHPDV )RDUWHPXOWGHSLQGGHRPXOvQYHVWLWFXSUHURJDWLYHH[FHS LRQDOH'DURVRFLHWDWHV Q WRDV 

QX SRDWH V  H[LVWH vQ FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH VLQJXUD JDUDQ LH D GUHSWXULORU L FKLDU D YLH LL FHW HQLORU R

FRQVWLWXLHvQSULQFLSDOFDOLW LOHSHUVRQDOHDOHOLGHUXOXLXQXLSDUWLGVDXDOXQXLVWDW

=LDUXO SULQFLSDO DO EROHYLFLORU VH QXPHD 3UDYGD $GHY UXO /XSWkQG vPSRWULYD

DULVPXOXL LDU DSRL vPSRWULYD *XYHUQXOXL SURYL]RULX EXUJKH] HL militau pentru maximum de
SXEOLFLWDWHJODVQRVWLGHOLEHUWDWHDFULWLFLLQOXSWDVDvPSRWULYDDGYHUVDULORUSROLWLFLvQLQWULJLOH

L SURYRF ULOH VDOH OXL 6WDOLQ SXEOLFLWDWHD L OLEHUWDWHD FULWLFLL QX -i erau necesare. ntreaga
activitate a N.K.V.D.-ului s-D GHVI XUDW vQ GHFHQLXO DO SDWUXOHD vQWU-XQ VHFUHW WRWDO L RULFH

vQFHUFDUH GH D S WUXQGH vQ DFHVWH WDLQH HUD FRQVLGHUDW  R FULP  'LPHQVLXQLOH FRORVDOH DOH WHURULL

VF SDXRDPHQLORUVRYLHWLFL/DDFHVWHDFRQWULEXLDXLRUJLDGHWUDQVIRUP ULDOHOXFU WRULORUGLQWU-o

regiune n alta, dintr-RIXQF LHvQWU-alta n anii 1937-$GHVHDQXVHWLDGDF FXWDUHDFWLYLVWGH

partid a fost arestat sau transferat ntr-XQ DOW ORF GH PXQF  Q PDMRULWDWHD FD]XULORU QLFL P FDU
UXGHOH FHORU DUHVWD L QX WLDX QLPLF GH VRDUWD DFHVWRUD 0LQ LQG vQ PRG MRVQLF UXGHOH GH UHJXO 

organele N.K.V.D.-XOXL QX OH FRPXQLFDX H[HFXWDUHD GXPDQLORU SRSRUXOXL FL OH VSXQHDX F  DX

IRVWGHSRUWD LvQODJ UHvQGHS UWDWHI U GUHSWGHFRUHVSRQGHQ 

Q PXOWH FD]XUL 6WDOLQ L 1 K.V.D.-XO SUHIHUD UHSUHVLXQLORU GLUHFWH WHURDUHD GHJKL]DW  GH

H[HPSOXvQVFHQDUHDS WUXQGHULLXQRUWkOKDULvQDSDUWDPHQWXOFHOXLFRQVLGHUDWLQGH]LUDELO$DD

IRVW DVDVLQDW  VR LD OXL 0HLHUKROG DFWUL D =LQDLGD 5DLK FDUH OXSWD V
-L VDOYH]H VR XO SRWUivit lui
Ehrenburg, cei care au comis spargerea n apartamentul Zinaidei Raih nu s-au atins de multe
RELHFWH GH YDORDUH GDU DX IXUDW GRFXPHQWHOH SUHJ WLWH GH HD XQLL RDPHQL SROLWLFL HUDX DVDVLQD L

DFDV  OD KRWHO OD YkQ WRDUH vQ FDELQHWXO ORU GH OXFUX HUDX DUXQFD L SH IHUHDVWU  RWU YL L GXS 

FDUH VH DQXQ D F  DX GHFHGDW vQ XUPD XQXL DWDF GH FRUG XQXL DFFLGHQW GH PXQF  VDX V -au
VLQXFLV$VWIHODIRVWRWU YLW1HVWRU/DNREDDOF UXLFRUSQHvQVXIOH LWDIRVWWUDQVSRUWDWGHOD7ELOLVL

la Suhumi pentrX FHUHPRQLD GH vQKXPDUH 8OWHULRU VLFULXO OXL /DNRED GHFODUDW GXS  PRDUWH

GXPDQDOSRSRUXOXLDIRVWGH]JURSDWGLQPRUPkQWXOGLQFHQWUXORUDXOXLLGXVvQDOWORF

A. Handjian, prim-secretar al C.C. al P.C.(b) din Armenia a fost ucis la Tblisi chiar de
%HULD 3RWULYLW GHFODUD LLORU I FXWH GH $ ,YDQRYD DFWLYLVW  vQ DSDUDWXO &RPLVLHL &RQWUROXOXL GH

Partid, care n ziua asasinatului se afla ntr-R vQF SHUH YHFLQ  FX ELURXO OXL %HULD L D DX]LW R

vPSXF WXU FRUSXOOXL+DQGMLDQDIRVWWUDQVSRUWDWODKRWHOXOvQFDUHORFXLDXGHRELFHLDFWLYLWLLGH

SDUWLGYHQL LGLQ$UPHQLD&RPSOLFLLOXL%HULDDXDH]DWFRUSXOQHvQVXIOH LWDOOXL+DQGMLDQSHSDWL

DX WUDV vQ DHU 62 *D]DULDQ D UHODWDW F  vQ EX]XQDUXO YLFWLPHL DX IRVW VWUHFXUDWH GRX  VFULVRUL

SUHJ WLWH GLQYUHPHXQDDGUHVDW  VR LHLOXL5R]DDOWD

lui Beria. n cea de-a doua, Handjian ar
IL VFULV F  D KRW UkW V  VH VLQXFLG  GLQ SULFLQD XQRU vQFXUF WXUL vQ FDUH LQWUDVH 'XS  FH O-au ucis

PLHOHWH SH +DQGMLDQ %HULD L FOLFD VD O-DX DFX]DW GH ODitate pe omul pe care chiar ei l

DVDVLQDVHU QLXOLHvQvQWUHDJD7UDQVFDXFD]LHDXDYXWORFDGXQ ULGHSDUWLGvQFDUHDXIRVW

FRQGDPQDWH IULFD ODLWDWHD OXL +DQGMLDQ &kWHYD OXQL PDL WkU]LX V D VSXV F -  +DQGMLDQ D IRVW

GXPDQDOSRSRUXOXLLDUvQ$PHULFDDXIRVWDUHVWD LQXPHURLFRPSOLFLGH -ai lui.

2DPHQLL GH VWDW GLQ DQWXUDMXO OXL 6WDOLQ FRPLWHDX QX QXPDL DFWH GH EDQGLWLVP SROLWLF FL L

QXPHURDVH GHOLFWH GH GUHSW FRPXQ RELQXLWH &KHOWXLQG IUDXGXORV PLOLRDQH GH UXEOH DX

construit pentrX HL L SHQWUX UXGHOH ORU YLOH VRPSWXRDVH DX RUJDQL]DW DVHPHQHD OXL *)

$OHNVDQGURY LGHRORJ GH IUXQWH L IXQF LRQDU VXSHULRU vQ DGPLQLVWUD LD VWDOLQLVW  FDVH GH

WROHUDQ FODQGHVWLQHQWLPSXOSOLPE ULORUOXLFXPDLQDSULQ0RVFRYD%HULDRFKLDIHPHLWLQHUHL

IUXPRDVHFDUH L VH DGXFHDX DSRL OD YLO  7RFPDLSHQWUX DFHVWH PRWLYH OXL 6WDOLQ L DQWXUDMXOXL V X

OHFRQYHQHDDEVHQ DSXEOLFLW LL

QF  0DU[L(QJHOVDXVSXVQX RGDW F SXEOLFLWDWHDHVWHPLMORFXO FHOPDLLPSRUWDQW GHD

contracara nu doaULQWULJLOHJXYHUQXOXLFLLDEX]XULOHFRPLVHFKLDUvQSDUWLGXOUHYROX LRQDU/HQLQ

VFULD  HVWH QHFHVDU FD vQWUHJXO SDUWLG V -L HGXFH VLVWHPDWLF QHvQFHWDW L SH vQGHOHWH RDPHQL

SRWULYL L SHQWUX LQVWLWX LLOH FHQWUDOH FD HO V  YDG  vQ ID D OXL FD vQ SDOP  vQWUHDJD DFWLYLWDWH D

ILHF UXL FDQGLGDW OD DFHVW SRVW vQDOW FD HO V  FXQRDVF  FKLDU L SDUWLFXODULW LOH ORU LQGLYLGXDOH

S U LOHORUWDULLVODEHYLFWRULLOHLvQIUkQJHULOHORU
 /XPLQ FkWPDLPXOW OXPLQ 

0XO LDS U WRULDLFHQ]XULLPDLIDFLDVW ]LUHIHULULOD'HFUHWXOFXSULYLUHODSUHV DGRSWDWFXUkQG

GXS  UHYROX LH L VHPQDW GH /HQLQ 3ULQ DFHVW GHFUHW DX IRVW LQWHU]LVH XQHOH ]LDUH EXUJKH]H GDU HO

DYHD XQ FDUDFWHU WHPSRUDU L SDU LDO 5 ]ERLXO FLYLO FDUH D L]EXFQLW OD SX LQ WLPS GXS  DFHHD D

I FXW QHFHVDU  SUHOXQJLUHD HIHFWXOXL OXL SHQWUX Fk LYD DQL L FKLDU DPSOLILFDUHD XQRU P VXUL

DGPLQLVWUDWLYH vPSRWULYD RUJDQHORU GH SUHV  DOH DOWRU SDUWLGH $VWIHO vQ  DX IRVW VXVSHQGDWH

]LDUHOH L HGLWXULOH PHQHYLFLORU L HVHULORU 'DU OD FkWHYD OXQL GXS  vQFKHLHUHD U ]ERLXOXL FLYLO

/HQLQ D LQVLVWDW DVXSUD O UJLULL OLEHUW LL FXYkQWXOXL L D SUHVHL GHL GXS  FXP UHLHVH GLQ

FRUHVSRQGHQ D OXL FX * 0LDVQLNRY L vQ  V D SURQXQ DW vPSRWULYD OLEHUW
- LL SUHVHL GH OD

PRQDUKLWL SkQ  OD DQDUKLWL LQYRFkQG DWXQFL V U FLD 56)65 L ERJ LD EXUJKH]LHL PRQGLDOH

FDUH SRDWH RUJDQL]D FXPS UD SO WL R SURSDJDQG  L R DJLWD LH PXOW PDL SXWHUQLFH 'H

DFHHD FX DFRUGXO OXL /HQLQ L DO FRQGXFHULL 3& E GLQ 5XVLD FHQ]XUD SUHV ei s-D PHQ LQXW GHL
PXOWPDLSX LQVHYHU vQSULPLLDQLDLQHS -ului.
Stalin n-D FRQWLQXDW GHORF WHQGLQ D GH FUHWHUH D OLEHUW LL FXYkQWXOXL L D SUHVHL FDUH VH

FRQWXUDVH OD vQFHSXWXO GHFHQLXOXL DO WUHLOHD 'LPSRWULY  VXE GLUHFWD OXL LQIOXHQ  vQF  SH OD

PLMORFXO DFHVWXL GHFHQLX SXEOLFLWDWHD JODVQRVW D IRVW FRQWLQXX vQJU GLW  LQFOXVLY DWXQFL FkQG VH

GH]E WHDX SUREOHPH VSHFLILFH GH SDUWLG VDX SUREOHPH L SHUVSHFWLYHOH FRQVWUXF LHL VRFLDOLVWH 1X

QXPDLPRQDUKLWLLVDXDQDUKLWLLGDUQLFLOLG erii de partid nu-LSXWHDXH[SXQHOLEHURSLQLLOH

Q DQLL  FkQG 6WDOLQ D LQVWDXUDW SXWHUHD XQLSHUVRQDO  FRQWUROXO DVXSUD WXWXURU PLMORDFHORU GH

LQIRUPD LH D vQUHJLVWUDW R DPSORDUH I U  SUHFHGHQW RDPHQLL VRYLHWLFL GLVSXQHDX QXPDL GH

LQIRUPD LLOHSHUPLVHGH6WDOLQLFRODERUDWRULLV L1LFLXQILOPQXSXWHDV UXOH]HSHHFUDQHvQDLQWH

GH D IL IRVW YL]LRQDW GH 6WDOLQ )DSWXO F  DWkW RDPHQLL VLPSOL FkW L GHPQLWDULL VRYLHWLFL HUDX OLSVL L

GH LQIRUPD LLOH GH FDUH GLVSXQH GRDU 6WDOLQ I FHD FD vQ PXOWH FD]XUL HO V  GRPLQH SH GH -a-ntregul
VLWXD LD 7XWXURU OL VH S UHD F  6WDOLQ WLH LQILQLW PDL PXOW GHFkW RULFDUH GLQWUH HL L DFHVW IDSW vL

I FHDSHRDPHQLV -LSLDUG vQFUHGHUHDvQIRU HOHSURSULLLvQGUHSWDWHDORU

Q DQLL  SURSDJDQGD L -a concentrat DWHQ LD vQ SULQFLSDO DVXSUD VXFFHVHORU OHJkQGX-le
invariabil de numele lui Stalin.
QYLD D ULLWUDJLFXOVHvPSOHWHDFXHURLVPXO&DUDFWHUXOFRQWUDGLFWRULXDOHSRFLL pe de o
SDUWH UHF LXQHD SROLWLF  LDU SH GH DOWD GH]YROWDUHD FRQWLQX  D UHYROX LHL L D SXV DPSUHQWD L SH
-
DFWLYLWDWHD OXL 6WDOLQ (D QX vQVHPQD QXPDL FULPH 6WDOLQ QX G GHD QXPDL GLVSR]L LL SULYLQG

UHSUHVLXQL L H[HFX LL&DHIDOVWDWXOXL HODGRSWDGHFL]LL vQPXOWHGRPHQLLFRQVWUXF LDHFRQRPLF 

L FXOWXUDO  SROLWLFD H[WHUQ  vQY PkQWXO L RFURWLUHD V Q W LL (O D FRPLV L vQ DFHVWH GRPHQLL

QXPHURDVHJUHHOLSHFDUHSRSRUXOVRYLHWLFOH DSO - WLWVFXPSQJHQHUDOvQV 6WDOLQQXSXWHDV QX

LQ  VHDPD GH LGHRORJLD L Q ]XLQ HOH SDUWLGXOXL GH WH]HOH PDU[LVPXOXL L OHQLQLVPXOXL
de
principiile socialismului. De aceea, n unele domenii cultul lui Stalin a frnat dezvoltarea sau a dat
vQDSRLVRFLHWDWHDQRDVWU GDUvQDOWHOHQXDSXWXWRSULHYROX LDUHODWLYUDSLG D ULLLDVRFLHW LL

$FHVW IDSW vQJUHXQHD]  L D]L GHPDVFDUHD OXL 6WDOLQ F UXLD SURSDJDQGD RILFLDO L -a atribuit toate
VXFFHVHOH ULLLDOHSRSRUXOXL3X LQLDXvQ HOHVFHvQVHDPQ DUHVWDUHDLSLHLUHDXQXLPDUHQXP U

GH FRQGXF WRUL VRYLHWLFL GHFODUD L GXPDQL DL SRSRUXOXL 'DU WRDW  OXPHD D Y ]XW FXP VH

GH]YROW  8QLXQHD 6RYLHWLF  FXP DSDU SUHWXWLQGHQL QRL FROL X]LQH SDODWH DOH FXOWXULL 1X WR L DX

vQ HOHV FH D vQVHPQDW DUHVWDUHD FRPDQGDQ LORU PLOLWDUL GHFODUD L VSLRQL 'DU WRDW  OXPHD D

FRQVWDWDWVWU GXLQ D SDUWLGXOXLLDJXYHUQXOXLGHDFUHD RDUPDW PRGHUQ  SXWHUQLF FDSDELO V 

FRQWUDFDUH]H RULFH DWDF DO GXPDQXOXL 1X WR L DX vQ HOHV FH vQVHDPQ  DUHVWDUHD RDPHQLORU GH

WLLQ  GHFODUD L GLYHUVLRQLWL 'DU WRDW  OXPHD D  FRQVWDWDW VXFFHVHOH L GH]YROWDUHD UDSLG  D

WLQHUHL WLLQ H VRYLHWLFH 1X WR L DX vQ HOHV FH vQVHDPQ  DUHVWDUHD VFULLWRULORU GHFODUD L WUR NLWL

'DU RDPHQLL DX FLWLW QX QXPDL F U L DGHY UDWH FDUH DX vPERJ LW SDWULPRQLXO FODVLF 1X WR L DX

vQ HOHV FH vQVHDPQ  DUHVWDUHD OLGHULORU UHSXEOLFLORU QD LRQDOH GHFODUD L QD LRQDOLWL 'DU WRDW 

OXPHD D Y ]XW DVFHQVLXQHD HFRQRPLF  L FXOWXUDO  UDSLG  D IRVWHORU SHULIHULL QD LRQDOH vQDSRLDWH

GH]YROWDUHDSULHWHQLHLGLQWUHSRSRDUHOHGHVSU LWHvQWUHFXWSULQWU-XQ]LGGHDVXSULUHLGXP QLHL

aceste succese evidente inspirau nu numai n parWLGLvQVWDWFLLvQRPXOFDUHVHDIODXvQIUXQWHD

SDUWLGXOXLLDVWDWXOXL

(Roy Medvedev,'HVSUH6WDOLQLVWDOLQLVP(GLW+XPDQLWDV%XFXUHWLS 305)