Ns 2

Network Modeling and Simulation
with Network Simulator 2 (ns2)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering

University of Bologna. Italy
difelice@cs.unibo.it
Marco Di Felice
Marco Di Felice NS2: An Overview
Outline
NS2: Use Cases and Features
NS2: Architecture and Design
NS2: Building simple network models
NS2: Demo & Analysis

Ns2: An Overview
NS2: A (discrete event) network simulator tool.
Generally speaking, a network simulator is a

dedicated software that allows to:
Model the behaviour of network protocols/
applications (e.g. TCP protocol).
Reproduce the behaviour of a computer
network as a whole (e.g. a wireless LAN).
Quantify the network performance, through well-
defined network metrics (e.g. system throughput).

Ns2: WHAT
Q. When may I use a network simulator?
Case 1: Network planning

Need to build a network
infrastructure, with coverage and
Quality of Service (QoS) issues.
Q1. Where to place the

network gateways?
Q2. How many gateways

do I really need?

Ns2: WHAT
Case 2: Network Evaluation

An example: Early Collision
Need to evaluate the performance Detection Systems In VANETs
of a (possibly large-scale) network
infrastructure or network application.
Use an existing testbed BUT
Q1. What is the cost of setting up

the experiments?
Q2. Are the experiments easily

reproducible?

Ns2: WHAT
Case 3: Research on Networking Systems

Need to evaluate the performance
An example: Proposing a new
of a new network protocol, TCP variant for wireless LANs.
architecture, or application.
1. A real deployment might not be

feasible, or might be too costly.
2. Analytical models might be too

complex to model all the components
of the scenario under study.

Ns2: WHAT
Network simulators might be used to model

several kinds of networking systems (wired,
wireless, optical, etc).
In practice, simulation constitutes the main

evaluation technique for wireless systems.
Possibility to build reproducible experiments

(hard to guarantee with wireless testbeds).
Possibility to reproduce wireless propagation
phenomena in an accurate way through
probabilistic models (e.g. fading)
Possibility to model large-scale wireless
networks composed by several interacting nodes.

Ns2: WHAT
Simulation is a meaningful evaluation approach

only when it produces trustable results.
Validation is needed to certify that the simulation
models reproduce correctly the characteristics and
dynamics of the system under study.
HOW to VALIDATE a NETWORK MODEL?
Compare Simulation vs Analytical Model
Compare Simulation vs Real Measurements
SIM. (1/ n logn)

THROUGPUT
EXPERIMENTS ANALYTICAL

Ns2: WHAT
NS2: A network simulation tool

Discrete Event simulator (details later )
NS2 allows to model and evaluate several IP

networking systems (LAN/WAN). It includes:
Network protocols model (e.g. MAC, routing, )
Network applications model (e.g. CBR, FTP, )
Queue management algorithms (e.g. FIFO, RED, )
Network link models (e.g. lossy link)

Ns2: WHERE
v http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns
v http://sourceforge.net/projects/nsnam
download ns-allinone
includes several tools (ns2, nam, awk, otcl, )
v mailing list: ns-users@isi.edu

v documentation:
Reference manual and Tutorials on the website
Other tutorials on the Web

Ns2: WHEN
v The project started from REAL project in 1989
ns-1 by Floyd and McCanne at Lawrance Berkeley
National Laboratory (LBNL).
ns-2 by Steve McCanne, within the VINT project
involving a consortium of US universities (LBL, PARC,USC, ...)
currently maintained at USC/ISI (University of Southern
California), but several forks available.
v NS3 relased in 2008 (now NS3.25)

Deployed by a team lead by Tom Henderson and Sally
Floyd (University of Washington)
A completely new tool, not a mere extension of Ns2 !
Ns2: WHY
NS2: A network simulation tool

Discrete Event simulator (details later )
OTHER SIMULATION TOOLS
OMNET++
OPNET
JiST
NS3
GLOMOSIM

Q. WHY should I use NS2 for my research?
Ns2: WHY
NS2 includes a vast model library of network components.
Link Models:
Wired Links,
Wireless Links,
Satellite Links,
Application Layer FTP, Telnet, HTTP, Multimedia, Exponential traffic,
Transport Layer UDP, TCP (Reno, NewReno, Vegas, SACK),
Network Layer Wired routing (RIP), Ad Hoc Routing (AODV, OLSR, DSR),
MAC Layer Ethernet, 802.11 (WIFI), 802.15.4, Bluetooth, 802.16 (WIMAX),

Ns2: WHY
NS2 is distributed with GNU General Public Licence (GPL)
v Collaborative deployment environment

possibility to freely modify the existing NS2 code based
on each users needs.
possibility to share network models for research/
education purposes (e.g. a new implementation of TCP).
possibility to compare his/her own model with models
implemented by other research teams.
v Multi-platform support
GNU/Linux, MAC OSX, Solaris, Windows,
Ns2: WHY
NS2 is a popular tool, widely adopted by researchers

working on the field of computer networks.
Number of Users: 10K
Institutes: 1K
% Papers: 44.4%
MOBIHOC Conference: Statistics on tools used to produce a simulation study

within the papers submitted at the ACM MOBIHOC conference (2000-2006).

Ns2: WHY
Q. WHY NOT to use NS2 for my research?
Performance issues
Monolithic (basic) scheduler,
scalability constitutes a big issue.
CPU time
Architectural issues ?
Not really a modular architecture,
difficult to share the code of
#nodes
network models.
Evaluation issues
No support for the trace analysis. NS2
TRACE

NS2: HOW
Two programming languages: C++ and OTCL.
OTCL for simulation setup and execution

Quickly define the simulation environment
C++ for model deployment
Implement the behaviour of a network component

NS2: HOW
The core of the NS2 simulator is the Scheduler
Discrete-event scheduler.
Basic implementation, few optimization.
Event in NS2 ID TYPE TIME HANDLER
Packet sent NS2 Object

Packet Timer + function name
Packet received that should be
Events Events
invoked once the
Packet dropped event is fired.
Simulation time of the event

NS2: HOW
The Scheduler manages the simulation event list.
The elements are the events of the simulation.

The list is ordered on the basis of the time field.
SIMULATION
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 TIME:
TIME:
E1.time
t
At each simulation step: 1 TYPE TIME HANDLER
1. The head element of the list is removed

2. The simulation time is set to E1.time
3. The event handler (E1.handler) is executed.
NS2: HOW
The Scheduler manages the simulation event list.
The elements are the events of the simulation.

The list is ordered on the basis of the time field.
SIMULATION
E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 TIME:
TIME:
E1.time
t
At each simulation step: E1.HANDLER

E1.handler is executed, and it might generate
new events (e.g. E7), that are inserted into the
event list (at a position denoted by E7.time)

NS2: HOW
Lets make an example on a network scenario
NODE A NODE B
APPLICATION APPLICATION
MAC ETHERNET MAC
LINK
SIMULATION
TIME: 0
EVENT LIST
At t=0, the Application module of node A is invoked

NS2: HOW
NODE A NODE B
MAC ETHERNET MAC
LINK
SIMULATION
E1 TIME: 0
EVENT LIST
1 Send 4 A.APPLICATION
A timer event is scheduled at time 4 by node A

NS2: HOW
NODE A NODE B
MAC ETHERNET MAC
LINK
SIMULATION
E2 E3 TIME: 4
EVENT LIST
2 Recv 4.5 A.MAC

NS2: HOW
NODE A NODE B
MAC ETHERNET MAC
LINK
SIMULATION
E4 E3 TIME: 4.5
EVENT LIST
4 Recv 5.0 B.MAC

NS2: HOW
NODE A NODE B
MAC ETHERNET MAC
LINK
SIMULATION
E5 E3 TIME: 5
EVENT LIST
5 Recv 5.2 B.APPLICATION

NS2: HOW
NODE A NODE B
MAC ETHERNET MAC
LINK
SIMULATION
E3 TIME: 5.2
EVENT LIST
The message is processed by Node B at time 5.2

Ns2: HOW
v Two ways of interactions:

Modify/Create a new network model NOT EASY
- Network models: network protocols, applications, queue policies,

network architecture models, etc.
- Coding in C++
- Recompile at the end.
Configure/Run a network simulation QUITE EASY
- Coding in OTCL
- Executed by an interpreter, no need to recompile.

Ns2: HOW
v Running an OTCL script:
ns script-file.tcl [parameters]
Initialize the scheduler

Define the simulation parameters (e.g. start time)
Build the network topology
Generate the traffic load
Define the protocol stack used by each node
v OTCL scripting language, OO-extension of TCL

Ns2: OTCL inside
v Assign a value to a variable
OTCL Overview
set x 0
v Keyword $ returns the value of a variable

set y $x
v Selection Statements if (if < expr > ... else ...)

if {$x == $y } { puts Hello world }
v Iterative Statements
for {set i 0; $i < $x ; incr i}{puts Hello world }
v Function Declaration
proc name_FUNCTION {par1, ...parn} {... return $x}

Ns2: HOW


Ns2: Initialize the Scheduler
v Creating the Event Scheduler
set ns [new Simulator]
v Starting the simulation

$ns run
v Initializing the random number generator

$ns-random SEED SEED=0 current timestamp
v Scheduling the events All the random variable used

by the current simulation are
$ns at <time> <event> initialized with this SEED.
v Stopping the simulation at time 300

$ns at 300 "finish

Ns2: HOW


Ns2: Building the network (WIRED)
CASE 1. Modeling a wired network.
v Define the nodes of the network

set n0 [$ns node]
set n1 [$ns node]
v Define the Links among nodes

#Nodes connected with an Ethernet cable, 10 Mb/s
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 10Mb 100ms DropTail
Specifies bandwidth, delay, and queue policy:

DropTail, RED, CBQ, FQ, SFQ, DRR

CASE 1. Modeling a wired network.
v Define the error model on wired links

set loss_module [new ErrorModel]
$loss_module set rate_ 0.1
$loss_module ranvar [new RandomVariable/Uniform]
$loss_module drop-target [new Agent/Null]
$ns lossmodel $loss_module $n0 $n1
Lossy link between node 0 and node 1, with

error rate equal to 0.1. Packets with errors are sent
to Agent/Null, i.e. they are discarded.

CASE 1. Modeling a wireless network.

v Define the nodes of the network
set n0 [$ns node]
set n1 [$ns node]
v Define the position

set topograpy [new Topography]
$topography load_flatgrid 400 400 Set simulation area
to 400mx400m
v Define the position

$n0 set X_ 300

$n0 set Y_ 400 Set node 0 at position <300,400,0>
$n0 set Z_ 0

v Define the mobility of wireless nodes
NS_OBJ at TIME NODE setdest X_COOR Y_COOR SPEED

$ns at 10.5 $node(0) setdest 100 100 5.0
At time 10.5, node 0 will move toward

position (100,100) with speed equal to
5 m/s (constant speed)
v Utilize the General Object Director (GOD)

set $god [new God] Object that stores global information
about the state of the environment (e.g.
the matrix of connectivity among nodes)


v The mobility traces of wireless nodes can be pre-
generated by using the setdest tool (random waypoint model)
./setdest [-n num_of_nodes] [-p pausetime] [-maxspeed]

[-t simtime] [-x][-y] > [fileOutput]

In the TCL script: source fileOutput
v Any mobility simulator can be used for trace generation.
MOBILITY MOB. OTCL

SIMULATOR NS2
TRACE SCRIPT
e.g. SUMO SOURCE

Ns2: HOW


Ns2: Creating connections (UDP/TCP)
v Define the end-points of the communication

TCP Connections:
Several TCP variants:
set src [new Agent/TCP]
TCP Tahoe
set dst [new Agent/TCPSink] TCP Reno
TCP NewReno
UDP Connections: TCP Vegas
TCP SACK
set src [new Agent/UDP]
set dst [new Agent/Null]
v Connect sender and receiver

$ns attach-agent $n0 $src
$ns attach-agent $n1 $dst
$ns connect $src $dst


Ns2: Attaching Applications
v Define the application and attach it to the sender
FTP Agent
set ftp [new Application/FTP]

$ftp attach-agent $src
$ns at TIME $ftp start

CBR Agent
set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr attach-agent $src
$ns at TIME $cbr start
Exponential Traffic Generator
set exp [new Application/Traffic/Exponential]

Ns2: HOW


Ns2: HOW
v A wireless environment can be modeled by

configuring the protocol stack of each node.
$ns_ node-config phyType $val(netif)
-propType $val(prop)
NET LAYER -antType $val(type)
QUEUE -llType $val(ll)
-macType $val(mac)
LL LAYER -ifqType $val(ifq)
-ifqLen $val(ifqlen)
MAC
LAYER -adhocRouting $val(rp)
-topoInstance $topo
ANTENNA
PROPAGATION -channel $chan_
PHY LAYER
Ns2: HOW

-macType $val(mac)
MAC
-topoInstance $topo
ANTENNA
PHY LAYER
Ns2: HOW
v Configuring the PHY Layer
set val(netif) Phy/WirelessPhy[Ext]

Some parameters to be tuned:
Phy/WirelessPhy set Pt 2.07983391e-01
Phy/WirelessPhy set RXThresh 2.591168e-08
Phy/WirelessPhy set CSThresh 3.497734e-09

Functionalities offered by the PHY Layers
Signal capture
Modulation & Bit-rate setting
Modeling of collision/transmission errors

Ns2: HOW

-macType $val(mac)
MAC
-topoInstance $topo
ANTENNA
PHY LAYER
Ns2: HOW
v Configuring the Propagation model
set val(prop) Propagation/TwoRayGround
set val(prop) Propagation/FreeSpace
FREE SPACE
TWORAY
SENDER RECEIVER
v Configuring the Antenna model

set val(antType) Antenna/OmniAntenna
set val(antType) Antenna/Directional
DIRECTIONAL OMNIDIRECTIONAL

Ns2: HOW

-macType $val(mac)
MAC
-topoInstance $topo
ANTENNA
PROPAGATION -channel $chan
PHY LAYER
Ns2: HOW
v Configuring the LL layer
set val(ll) LL Include ARP protocol
v Configuring the MAC model Select a MAC protocol:

802.11 (Wifi)
set val(mac) Mac/802_11 802.15.4 (Sensors)
802.16 (WiMax)

v Configuring the Queue Layer
set val(ifq) Queue/DropTail/PrimaryQueue
set val(ifqlen) 50
Define the queue policy:
PrimaryQueue
Set the queue length RED Queue

Ns2: HOW

-macType $val(mac)
MAC
-topoInstance $topo
ANTENNA
PROPAGATION -channel $chan
PHY LAYER
Ns2: HOW
v Configuring the routing protocol
set val(adhocrouting) AODV
Select a routing protocol for multi-hop networks:

AODV, DSDV, DSR, TORA, .
SOURCE
ROUTING PATH DESTINATION

Ns2: HOW
v Two ways of interactions:

Modify/Create a new network model NOT EASY
- Network models: network protocols, applications, queue policies,

network architecture models, etc.
- Coding in C++
- Recompile at the end.
Configure/Run a network simulation QUITE EASY
- Coding in OTCL
- Executed by an interpreter, no need to recompile.

Ns2: HOW
v In C++, each model extends the class NSObject.
v Each NSObject has a correspective in OTCL.

Ns2: HOW
vWhen creating a new model in C++:
Extend the NSObject class
Create the corresponding OTCL class
Implement these methods
recv(Packet* p, Handler* h) Callback
once a packet is received from the upper layer.
command(int argc, const char*const*
argv) Binding between C++ and OTCL for the
parameter passing from the TCL script.

Ns2: Simulation Output (TRACE)
v The output of the simulation is a trace file,

containing the description of the events occurred
during the simulation.
s 10.00000 0 MAC --- 0 RTS 44 [253e 1 0 0]
r 10.00041 1 MAC --- 0 RTS 44 [253e 1 0 0]
s 10.00042 1 MAC --- 0 CTS 38 [2404 0 0 0]
r 10.00075 0 MAC --- 0 CTS 38 [2404 0 0 0]
s 10.00076 0 MAC --- 100 cbr 1112 [13a 1 0 800]
r 10.00982 1 MAC --- 100 cbr 1112 [13a 1 0 800]
Simulation Node Traffic Packet MAC Header

Time Packet size
type
ID
Event Type

Ns2: Simulation Output (TRACE)
v Depending on the length of the simulation, the

trace file might occupy lots of bytes on the disk.
$ns_ node-config agentTrace ON/OFF

-routerTrace ON/OFF
-macTrace ON/OFF
-mobilityTrace ON/OFF

Configure the granularity of the tracing process
s 10.00078 1 AGT --- 100 cbr 1112 [13a 1 0 800]

s 10.00078 1 MAC --- 100 cbr 1112 [13a 1 0 800]
r 10.00078 0 MAC --- 100 cbr 1112 [13a 1 0 800]
r 10.00078 0 AGT --- 100 cbr 1112 [13a 1 0 800]
Ns2: Simulation Output (NAM)
v The output of the simulation can be visualized by

using the Network Animator (NAM) tool.


Ns2: Analysis of Simulation Results
v NS2 does NOT provide any specific support for
the data analysis/validation and for the computation
of performance metrics (e.g. throughput, delay).
v Run multiple simulations with different seeds

v Remove the transient phase from the trace file
v Extract the performance metrics from the trace file
v Compute the average and confidence intervals
v Plot the results GNUPLOT AWK, PERL,
v External data processing tools must be used.

Ns2: Analysis of Simulation Results
vExample: Computing the system throughput in AWK.
BEGIN {
recvByte=sim_time=transient=0.0
}

($1==r) && ($4==AGT) && ($2>transient) {
recvByte+=$8
sim_time=$2
}

END {
print recvByte/(sime_time-transient)
}

Ns 2

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Network Modeling and Simulation

with Network Simulator 2 (ns2)

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

NS2: Use Cases and Features

NS2: Architecture and Design

NS2: Building simple network models

NS2: Demo & Analysis

Marco Di Felice NS2: An Overview

NS2: A (discrete event) network simulator tool.

Generally speaking, a network simulator is a

Marco Di Felice NS2: An Overview

Q. When may I use a network simulator?

Case 1: Network planning

Q1. Where to place the

Q2. How many gateways

Marco Di Felice NS2: An Overview

Q. When may I use a network simulator?

Case 2: Network Evaluation

Q1. What is the cost of setting up

Q2. Are the experiments easily

Marco Di Felice NS2: An Overview

Q. When may I use a network simulator?

Case 3: Research on Networking Systems

1. A real deployment might not be

2. Analytical models might be too

Marco Di Felice NS2: An Overview

Network simulators might be used to model

In practice, simulation constitutes the main

Possibility to build reproducible experiments

Marco Di Felice NS2: An Overview

Simulation is a meaningful evaluation approach

SIM. (1/ n logn)

Marco Di Felice NS2: An Overview

NS2: A network simulation tool

NS2 allows to model and evaluate several IP

v mailing list: ns-users@isi.edu

Marco Di Felice NS2: An Overview

v NS3 relased in 2008 (now NS3.25)

NS2: A network simulation tool

NS2 includes a vast model library of network components.

Application Layer FTP, Telnet, HTTP, Multimedia, Exponential traffic,

Transport Layer UDP, TCP (Reno, NewReno, Vegas, SACK),

MAC Layer Ethernet, 802.11 (WIFI), 802.15.4, Bluetooth, 802.16 (WIMAX),

Marco Di Felice NS2: An Overview

NS2 is distributed with GNU General Public Licence (GPL)

v Collaborative deployment environment

NS2 is a popular tool, widely adopted by researchers

Number of Users: 10K

MOBIHOC Conference: Statistics on tools used to produce a simulation study

Marco Di Felice NS2: An Overview

Q. WHY NOT to use NS2 for my research?

Marco Di Felice NS2: An Overview

Two programming languages: C++ and OTCL.

OTCL for simulation setup and execution

Marco Di Felice NS2: An Overview

The core of the NS2 simulator is the Scheduler

Event in NS2 ID TYPE TIME HANDLER

Packet sent NS2 Object

Simulation time of the event

Marco Di Felice NS2: An Overview

The Scheduler manages the simulation event list.

The elements are the events of the simulation.

At each simulation step: 1 TYPE TIME HANDLER