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Kind thanks to Energinet, Alstom Grid UK and The additional VT and the tuning of the reactor to
Instrument Transformers Ltd for their collaboration. the capacitors makes the voltage divider less
sensitive to changes in the burden connected
Introduction across the VT for measuring or protective devices.
Therefore increasing the accuracy of the CVT.
The more we investigate the trend of Inductive The issue with the CVT is that the accuracy can drift
Voltage Transformer (VT) testing, it seems that with age or with different connected burdens,
routine testing is not generally performed in the UK. possibly resulting in meters or Phasor Measurement
Ratio and polarity testing may be conducted when Units (PMU) reporting erroneous data.
commissioning the VT, but unless there is a change
to connected equipment or test results are lost, no
further testing is performed.
The SMART Grid in the UK is now the driving force C1
Reactor
behind the installation of more intelligent meters for
the future. This means that there will be more VP
commissioning and re-testing of VTs, due to C2 VC2 Damping VS ZB
changes in the connecting equipment. Importantly
for metering VTs, there is a real requirement to
know the accuracy, as this is where the utilities can PLC VT
lose pennies.
We are also aware that, at higher voltage levels,
there is a move towards using Capacitive VTs VP C1 + C2
(CVTs), as this can be a cheaper option which uses = C1
less core material, resulting in smaller units. In VC2
addition, there is possible benefit from coupling CVT electrical circuit
Power Line Carrier (PLC) signals to the line. This
would typically facilitate communication between
relays at local and remote ends of a line. However, With the VOTANO 100 from OMICRON, it is now
CVTs are prone to the risk of ferro-resonance and possible to evaluate CVTs in the field, as shown in
generally contain an internal damping (suppression) Fig. 2.
circuit to limit its effects. This circuit may contain a
resistor, or a combination of resistor and inductor
components, providing high impedance at line
frequency.
The CVT is essentially a combination of a capacitive
voltage divider with an output transformer. It brings
the high voltage down to around 20kV, before
converting the voltage to the final secondary output
level.
The simplified diagram of Fig. 1 shows two
capacitors in series dividing the line voltage. If we
considered using only the capacitive voltage divider,
the load current would not be negligible compared
to the current flowing through the capacitors,
resulting in poor accuracy. It is not possible to drive
the load current through the capacitive divider. A
reactor is included to compensate for the complex
voltage drop through the HV capacitor, and it is
tuned to be resonant with C1 and C2.
To further improve the accuracy, there is the final
inductive transformer in order to drive the load Example graphics of CVT under test [OMICRON]
current into the burden.
Case Study: Energinet, Denmark Fig. 4 shows us an example overview of the phasor
network. Each PMU at different locations is
This case study in Denmark originated from synchronous to the GPS satellites relaying the
information showing two ageing CVTs that have measurement data back to the system monitoring
drifted in accuracy from other identical CVTs on the centre. The synchronisation permits real-time
same adjacent feeders. The site is operating with measurements.
Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) providing real-
time synchrophasor measurements with software
solutions from Alstom Grid UK, called
e-terraphasorpoint. This integrated phasor solution
for advanced energy management collects the data
which provides the analysis and reporting. It was
this phasor data that informed Energinet of the
deviations of the CVTs.
Background
The PMU scheme at Energinet, Denmark, consists
of 16 PMUs in the western part of the country which
is synchronous with Germany, and 12 PMUs in the
eastern part which is synchronous with Sweden,
Norway and some areas of Finland. There are two
parts of the Danish transmission grid which are not
in sync, so the electrical connection is by HVDC.
The e-terraphasorpoint solution shows the live
current and voltage levels of the network. It is the
CTs and VTs that are the eyes and ears of the
network.
Example PMU configuration [Miguel Gutierrez,
OMICRON]
Site Schematic
In Fig. 5 below, we see how the CVTs are
connected to the circuit.
It is the metering winding that is in use, the Sky Lift for making connections
protection winding is not used, but available to test. Damping Circuit Access to disconnect
We can see from Fig. 6 that the reporting PLC (NHF) Connections accessible
information from the e-terraphasorpoint software
shows that phases R and S have a much larger It is of vital importance that we have access to the
error than the others. PLC (NHF) and damping circuit connections.
Energinet were then looking for some supporting The damping circuit (d1-d2) must be disconnected
diagnostic measurement to follow up on this for the duration of the test, whereas the PLC is
indication. disconnected and reconnected during the testing
procedure.
Phase Voltage Evaluation Error Because the damping circuit of the CVT is designed
Reading Higher than to suppress ferro-resonance effects, and the
R +0.6% VOTANO 100 operates the excitation measurement
others
on a variable frequency principle, it is necessary to
Reading Lower than disconnect the circuit during the measurement to
S -0.6%
others remove the suppression circuit effects.
Comparable to other Nominal An example shown in Fig. 7 shows the ability to
T
network CVTs Range disconnect the damping circuit inside the terminal
box. However, unless specified at the point of order,
The VOTANO 100 was used to determine how manufacturers may, by default, design the unit
much the CVTs deviated from rated accuracy. This without access.
provided the ideal situation in which to correlate the Currently, this is probably the most important task
VOTANO 100 results with other independent required prior to committing to test a CVT.
results.
Measurement Preparation
Before considering such measurements, close
cooperation with the customer is required. To
enable smooth and efficient testing, as much
information as possible must be gathered about the
test specimen in advance. This was the case with
Energinet, and the points below are a guide:
Photo (if possible)
Nameplate information
Manufacturer data sheet
Mains availability
Detailed Specification:
Manufacturer: ASEA in 1978
Type:
HV LV1 LV2
CPDE 420 F-C
400kV/3 100V/3 100 / 3
Terminal A-N 1a-1n 2a-2n
Class 0.2/0.5 3P
Burden 75/200 25
FV 1.2 1.5
PLC
Connections Available
(NHF)Terminal
Suppression
Connections Available
Circuit
Test Method
We need to connect VOTANO 100 to secondary
terminals and primary terminals at various stages of
the test routine.
The measurements are conducted in a logical
sequence. This builds the information to obtain the
model parameters of the CVT equivalent circuit,
step-by-step.
It is important to ensure there is a qualified sky lift
operator to make connections to the high voltage
terminations.
R3' X3'
Ib3' 3a
R2' X2'
2a
R2' X2'
Ib2' 2a
Xc1" Xc" Rp" Xp" R1 X1
A 1a
A
Xc1" Xc" Rp" Xp" R1 X1
Ip" Ib1 1a
A
Iexc Xc2" Rm Xm V
~
Up Rm Uc Xm Us1
Xc2" n
N
N
n
Test Conclusion
We can see that the results from VOTANO 100
support the results presented in Fig. 6. Ratio 240/63.5 V
VOTANO 100 has measured the voltage ratio error Class 1
for Phase R as being +0.6%, which is almost the
Burden 15VA
same as from the e-terraphasorpoint solution. This
holds true for Phase S, where its voltage ratio error Turns Resistance ()
is -0.6%. Primary Np = 692 14.0
When the ratio error results are reading positive, the Secondary Ns = 185 1.15
actual measured secondary voltage is greater than
the nameplate rated value.
Further, we can see that due to the drop in
capacitive divider ratio, the output voltage from the
secondary will rise.
Nameplate Divider Ratio:
400
2 = = 23.27
17.191
0.417 2 (2 + )
=
2 109
= 1.171
Leakage Reactance:
= 2. .
= 2 50 1.171
Literature
[1] Connelly F.C.: Transformers: Their principles
and design for light electrical engineers,
Printed in UK, First Published 1950
[2] Brian D. Jenkins: Introduction to Instrument
Transformers, Printed in UK, First Published
1967
[3] IEC 61869-3 Standard
[4] ITMF-2013-07.2-Predl