Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
22
^- 1, 1h , ^2, - 4h Ma f t brY nenfho rkghil
fhf.
vLJfhL 5.23
A(2, 1), B(-2, 3), C(4, 5) vgd 3 ABC- cf. c A-UJ tiuagL
eLnfho (median) rkghil fhf.
Knfhz X Kidia, mj v gf
A (2,1)
eLia izF nfhL eLnfhlhF.
BC- eL D vf.
Mfnt, BC- eL D` - 2 + 4 , 3 + 5 j = D(1, 4)
2 2
eLnfhL AD rkghL
y-1
= x - 2 ( a (x1, y1) = (2, 1) , (x2, y2) = (1, 4) )
4-1 1-2 B (2,3) D C(4,5)
y-1 x - 2
= gl. 5.30
3 -1
vdnt, njitahd eLnfho rkghL 3x + y - 7 = 0.
vLJfhL 5.24
xU nenfho x-btLJL 2 kW y-btLJL 3 v,
3 4
mnfho rkghil fhf.
bfhLfgLsit : nenfho x-btLJL a = 2
3
y-btLJL b = 3
4
btLJL mik nenfho rkghL
x + y = 1 ( x + y = 1 ( 3x + 4y = 1
a b 2 3 2 3
3 4
vdnt, njitahd rkghL 9x + 8y - 6 = 0 MF.
x + y = 1 ( x + y = 1
a b a 5-a
^5 - ah x + ay
( = 1
a^5 - ah
^5 - ah x + ay = a^5 - ah (1)
nfhL (6,- 2) vw t brtjh,
(1) ( ^5 - ah 6 + a (- 2) = a^5 - ah
( a2 - 13a + 30 = 0.
( ^a - 3h^a - 10h = 0
vdnt, a = 3 myJ a = 10
a = 3 v, (1) ( ^5 - 3h x + 3y = 3^5 - 3h
( 2x + 3y - 6 = 0 (2)
a = 10 v, (1) ( ^5 - 10h x + 10y = 10^5 - 10h
( - 5x + 10y = - 50
( x - 2y - 10 = 0. (3)
njitahd nenfhLf rkghLf 2x + 3y = 6 kW x - 2y - 10 = 0.
g 5.4
172 10M tF fj
4. xU nenfhL y-mir MF nkyhf 3 myFf u btLwJ
kW tan i = 1 (i vgJ nenfho rh nfhz ) v, mj
2
nenfho rkghil fhf.
5. tU nenfhLf rh kW y btLJL Madtiw fhf.
(i) y = x + 1 (ii) 5x = 3y (iii) 4x - 2y + 1 = 0 (iv) 10x + 15y + 6 = 0
6. tU tufSF, nenfhLf rkghLfis fhf.
(i) rh -4 ; (1, 2) vw t brwJ.
(ii) rh 2 ; (5, -4) vw t brwJ.
3
7. rh nfhz 300 bfhl kW (4, 2), (3, 1) Ma fis izF
nenfhL Jo eL t brY nenfho rkghil fhf.
9. P(1, -3), Q(-2, 5), R(-3, 4) Ma Kidfis bfhl 3 PQR- Kid R-UJ
tiuagL eLnfho rkghil fhf.
174 10M tF fj
(iii) ax + by + c = 0 vw nenfhoF brFjhd nfho rkghL
(Equation of a line perpendicular to the line ax + by + c = 0 )
MamRfSF izahf mikahj U nenfhLf xWbfhW
brFJ v, v kLnk mt rhf bgUfgy 1 MF.
vdnt, ax + by + c = 0 vw nfhoF brFjhf mik vyh
nenfhLf rkghL bx - ay + k = 0 , k xU kh MF.
F
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 ; a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 vw U nenfhLf
(i) a1 = b1 v, v kLnk izahf mik.
a2 b2
(ii) a1 a2 + b1 b2 = 0 v, v kLnk brFjhf mik.
F nenfhLf rkghLf bfGf akwit.
thnw, 6x + 4y + 8 = 0 - rh m2 = - 6 = - 3
4 2
` m1 = m2 . Mfnt, U nenfhLfS izahF.
vLJfhL 5.27
x + 2y + 1 = 0 , 2x - y + 5 = 0 Ma nenfhLf xWF xW brFjhdit
vd Wf.
x- bfG
x + 2y + 1 = 0 - rh m1 = = -1
y- bfG 2
x- bfG
2x - y + 5 = 0 - rh m2 = = -2 = 2
y- bfG -1
vdnt, rhf bgUf gy m1 m2 = - 1 # 2 = 1
2
Mfnt, U nenfhLf xWbfhW brFjhdit.
vLJfhL 5.28
x - 8y + 13 = 0 vw nfhoF izahdJ (2, 5) vw t brtJkhd
nenfho rkghil fhf.
5. Mabjhiy toa 175
x - 8y + 13 = 0 vw nenfhoF izahd nenfho tot
x - 8y + k = 0 . J (2, 5) vw t brtjh,
2 - 8 (5) + k = 0 ( k = 38.
` njitahd nenfho rkghL x - 8y + 38 = 0 MF.
vLJfhL 5.29
3 ABC - Kidf A(2, 1), B(6, 1), C(4, 11) vf. A-UJ tiuagL
FJnfho rkghil fhf.
BC- rh = 11 + 1 = 6
4-6
AD vgJ BC-F brFJ. vdnt AD- rh = 1
6
` AD- rkghL y - y1 = m^ x - x1h
y - 1 = 1 ^ x - 2h ( 6y - 6 = x - 2 gl. 5.31
6
` njitahd nenfho rkghL x - 6y + 4 = 0 MF.
g 5.5
1. tU nenfhLf rhfis fhf.
(i) 3x + 4y - 6 = 0 (ii) y = 7x + 6 (iii) 4x = 5y + 3 .
2. x + 2y + 1 = 0 , 3x + 6y + 2 = 0 Ma nenfhLf iz vd Wf.
3. 3x - 5y + 7 = 0 , 15x + 9y + 4 = 0 Ma nenfhLf xWF xW brFJ
vd Wf.
y
4. = x - p kW ax + 5 = 3y vgd iz v, a - kig fhf.
2
5. 5x - 2y - 9 = 0 , ay + 2x - 11 = 0 Ma nenfhLf xWF xW brFJ
v, a - kig fhf.
6. 8px + ^2 - 3ph y + 1 = 0 , px + 8y - 7 = 0 Mad brFJ nenfhLf v,
p - kfis fhf.
7. ^h, 3h , (4, 1) Ma fis izF nenfhL, 7x - 9y - 19 = 0 vw
nenfhL brFjhf bto bfhwd v, h - kig fhf.
8. 3x - y + 7 = 0 vw nenfhoF izahdJ (1, - 2) vw t
brtJkhd nenfho rkghil fhf.
9. x - 2y + 3 = 0 vw nenfhoF brFjhdJ (1, - 2) vw t
brtJkhd nenfho rkghil fhf.
10. (3, 4), (- 1, 2) vw fis izF nenfhLJo ika
FJnfho (perpendicular bisector) rkghil fhf.
176 10M tF fj
11. 2x + y - 3 = 0 , 5x + y - 6 = 0 Ma nenfhLf rF tahf,
(1, 2), (2, 1) Ma fis izF nenfhoF izahf cs
nenfho rkghil fhf.
12. 5x - 6y = 1 , 3x + 2y + 5 = 0 Ma nenfhLf rF tahf,
3x - 5y + 11 = 0 vw nenfhoF brFjhf mik nenfho
rkghil fhf.
14. 3 ABC- Kidf A(2, - 4), B(3, 3), C(- 1, 5) v, B-UJ tiuagL
FJnfhL t brY nenfho rkghil fhf.
15. 3 ABC- Kidf A(- 4,4 ), B(8 ,4), C(8,10) v, A-UJ tiuagL
eLnfhL t brY nenfho rkghil fhf.
17. xU tl U lf rkghLf x + 2y = 7 , 2x + y = 8 kW
tl J mikJs xU (0, - 2) v, tl Muij fhf.
g 5.6
178 10M tF fj
17. M t brtJ 2x + 3y - 7 = 0 vw nfhoF brFJkhd
nenfho rkghL
(a) 2x + 3y = 0 (b) 3x - 2y = 0 (c) y + 5 = 0 (d) y - 5 = 0
18. y-mF izahdJ ^- 2, 5h vw t brtJkhd nenfho
rkghL
(a) x - 2 = 0 (b) x + 2 = 0 (c) y + 5 = 0 (d) y - 5 = 0
19. (2, 5), (4, 6), ^a, ah Ma f xnu nenfho mikwd v, a- k
(a) - 8 (b) 4 (c) - 4 (d) 8
20. y = 2x + k vw nenfhL (1, 2) vw t brwJ v, k- k
(a) 0 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) - 3
21. rh 3 Mf, y btLJL - 4 Mf cs nenfho rkghL
(a) 3x - y - 4 = 0 (b) 3x + y - 4 = 0
(c) 3x - y + 4 = 0 (d) 3x + y + 4 = 0
22. y = 0 kW x =- 4 Ma nenfhLf btL
(a) ^0, - 4h (b) ^- 4, 0h (c) ^0, 4h (d) ^4, 0h
23. 3x + 6y + 7 = 0 kW 2x + ky = 5 Ma nenfhLf brFjhdit v, k-
k
(A) 1 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 1
2
id bfhf
P (x1, y1) , Q^ x2, y2h Ma fSF ilnas bjhiy
^ x2 - x1h2 + ^ y2 - y1h2
A^ x1, y1h , B^ x2, y2h Ma fis izF nenfhL Joid cwkhf
lx2 + mx1 ly2 + my1
l : m vw j F P c , m MF.
l+m l+m
js A^ x1, y1h , B^ x2, y2h Ma fis izF nenfhL Joid
lx - mx1 ly2 - my1
btwkhf l : m vw j F Q c 2 , m MF.
l-m l-m
^ x1, y1h , ^ x2, y2h Ma fis izF nenfhLJo eL
x + x2 y1 + y2
c 1 , m.
2 2
^ x1, y1h , ^ x2, y2h ^ x3, y3h Ma fis cfshf bfhl Knfhz gu
nenfho rkghLf
t. v nenfhL rkghL
1. x-mR y=0
2. y-mR x=0
3. x-mF iz y=k
4. y-mF iz x=k
5. ax+by+c =0 F iz ax + by + k = 0
6. ax+by+c =0 F brFJ bx ay +k = 0
bfhLfglit rkghL
1. M t brY nenfhL y = mx
2. rh m kW y-btLJL c y = mx + c
3. rh m kW xU (x1 , y1) y y1 = m(xx1)
4. (x1 , y1), (x2 , y2) Ma U f t y - y1 x - x1
=
brY nenfhL y2 - y1 x2 - x1
5. x-btLJL a kW x+ y =1
y- btLJL b a b
180 10M tF fj
6 toa
There is geometry in the humming of the strings, there is music
in the spacing of spheres - Pythagoras
6.1 mKf
mKf
mogil jrk
gntW toa cUtf gfis Muh
njw
fj X nt toa (Geometry) MF.
Jakhd msf cj gtifahd toa
nfhz Urkbto
totf gfis wafis vLnfhf
njw
(Axioms) kW njwfSl (Theorems) fwtnj
tobthj mKiw toa (Theoretical Geometry) vnwh.
Knfhzf toa fgdh, xUtUila jUf mogil
bjhLnfhL - eh F w tsU.
njw .K. 300- thj (Euclid) toa
jij vd fUjgLwh. %gz njitaw
jhfu njw
btgil cikfshd vLnfhf myJ
monfhf kW Vfdnt %fgl Kof
Madtiw mogilahf bfhL jUF
Kiw toa Kofis Muht a t
F Kiwia Fdh.
fllfiy kW bgha nghw Jiwf
toa Ka gF twJ. vLJfhlhf, e
th Kakhf sF gy ghyf, rtrk kW
tobthj Knfhzf Matiw gagL
mikfglit. cWahf, mf Rik kW
(Euclid)
mGj Matiw jhF w bfhlitahf
( .K 300)
cs ghyfis fLtjF, tobthj kW rtrk
Knfhzf gf cjwd. fllfis
o Elements fLnghJ toa U tiff gadhwJ. xW
vD , fj tuyh fllfis nkY cWahFwJ. kbwhW mj
midtlK bgUjhfij mHid nkY TLwJ. toa totfis
VgLa xU f wj neahf gagLJnghJ mit, fllf kW
gilghF. fjij jh{kfh nghw flikf Mad midtU
UggLw milahs dfshf khW.
Fghf m xU thd
fj gy f thfY, mtiw
toaiy fg Ka
J bfhSjY toa %gzf Ka
ghlyhf sFwJ. bgU gF twd.
bghJ tFviz (GCD) mogil jrk njw ff nuf
fzl o tKiw fj nkij nj (Thales) vgtuh mfglJ. J
xU wj gaDs KiwahF. mt bgauh nj njw vW miHfgLwJ.
181
njwij fl braghL _y J bfhsyh.
brJ gh
+ XAY vw VnjD xU nfhzij tiuf. P1, P2, D, P3 kW B
Ma fis (5 f) AX vw f J
AP1 = P1 P2 = P2 D = DP3 = P3 B = 1 (myF) vUFkhW Ff.
B- tahf VjhtJ xU nfhoid f AY I C- btLkhW tiuf. L
D- tna BC-F izahf AC -I E- btLkhW xU nfhL tiuf.
Y
bghJ, AD = AP1 + P1 P2 + P2 D = 3 myFf.
nkY, DB = DP3 + P3 B = 2 myFf. C
` AD = 3
DB 2
AE kW EC- sfis msf. E
AE = 3 vd mayh.
EC 2
nj ngh, DABC - DE < BC v,
AD = AE vd mayh. A P1 P2 D P3 B X
DB EC gl 6.1
j Koid mogil jrk njw myJ nj njwkhf %fyh.
njw tUkhW:
6.2 mogil jrk kW nfhz Urkbto njwf
(Basic proportionality and Angle Bisector theorems)
njw 6.1 mogil jrk njw myJ nj njw
(Basic Proportionality theorem or Thales Theorem) A
AB = AC vd %fyh.
DB EC
j kWjiy njwK cikahFkh? jid nrhJ ghf, tU
braghoid brJ ghngh.
brJ gh
AX vw f J + XAY tiuf. mf nk P1, P2, P3, P4 kW B vw
fis AP1 = P1 P2 = P2 P3 = P3 P4 = P4 B = 1 myF, vwthW Ff.
ij nghnw, f AY- nk Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 kW C fis
AQ1 = Q1 Q2 = Q2 Q3 = Q3 Q4 = Q4 C = 2 myFf, vwthW Ff.
6. toa 183
nghJ P1 Q1 kW BC Matiw izf. Y
C
AP1 = 1 . Q4
nghJ
Q3
P1 B 4
Q2
AQ1
nkY, = 2 = 1. Q1
Q1 C 8 4
vdnt, AP1 = AQ1 . A P1 P2 P3 P4 B X
P1 B Q1 C
gl 6.3
P1 Q1 kW BC vgd iznfhLf vgjid fhnwh.
mjhtJ, P1 Q1 < BC . (1)
ijnghnw, P2 Q2, P3 Q3 P4 Q4 vgdtiw izg _y
184 10M tF fj
njw 6.3 nfhz Urkbto njw (Angle Bisector Theorem)
xU Knfhz xU nfhz cw (btw) UrkbtoahdJ
mnfhz v gfij cwkhf (btwkhf), mnfhzid mla
gff j F.
iy( i ) (cw nfhz Urkbto) e
>
%f:
DC AC
mik : DA-F izahf C- tahf xU
>
iznfhL tiuf.mnfhL BA- ia E-
rfL. vdnt, CE < DA b D c
gl 6.5
%gz CE < DA kW AC xU FWFbto (Transversal).
vdnt, +DAC = +ACE (xWl nfhzf) (1)
kW +BAD = +AEC (xj nfhzf) (2)
+A - cw nfhz Urkbto AD. Mjyh,
+BAD = +DAC (3)
(1), (2) ,(3)-UJ +ACE = +AEC vd bgWnwh.
vdnt, 3 ACE - AE = AC (rk nfhzfSF vnu cs gff rk)
3 BCE - CE < DA . vdnt,
BD = BA (nj njw)
DC AE
( BD = AB (a AE = AC )
DC AC
Mfnt, njw %f glJ. P
f (ii) (btw nfhz Urkbto) (njF mW)
A
bfhLfgLsit: 3 ABC - AD vgJ +BAC -
btw nfhz Urkbto kW BC id E
D- btLwJ.
%f : BD = AB
B C D
gl 6.6
DC AC
DA-F izahf C- tahf xU nenfhL tiuf. mnfhL BA-it
mik :
rF E vf. vdnt, CE < DA .
3 BDA - EC < AD .
` BD = BA (nj njw)
DC AE
( BD = BA (a AE = AC )
DC AC
njw %fglJ.
njw 6.4 nfhz Urkbto njw kWjiy (Converse of Angle Bisector Theorem)
xU Knfhz xU c t brY xU nenfhL, mj
vgfid cwkhf (btwkhf), kw U gff j Fkhdh,
mnfhL c mikj nfhzid cwkhf (btwkhf) U rkghffshf
F.
iy (i ) : (cwkhf)
bfhLfgLsit : 3 ABC -, AD vw nenfhL, vgf BC -I cwkhf e
mik : b d c
gl 6.7
C- tahf DA-F izahf nenfhL tiuf. mnfhL BA- id
rF E vf. Mfnt, CE < AD
186 10M tF fj
vdnt, +DAC = +ACE (xW lnfhzf rk) (4)
nkY, iznfhLf AD kWCE Mat FWF bto BE.
(1), (2)-UJ, AB = AB ` AE = AC
AE AC
3 ACE - +ACE = +AEC (a AE = AC ) (3)
iznfhLf AD kW CE Madt FWFbto AC MF.
vLJfhL 6.1
3 ABC - DE < BC kW AD = 2 . AE = 3.7 br. v, EC-I fhf.
DB 3
3 ABC -, DE < BC .
6. toa 187
A
` AD = AE (nj njw)
DB EC 3.7 br.
( EC = AE # DB D E
AD
thwhf, EC = 3.7 # 3 = 5.55 br. .
2 B C
gl 6.9
vLJfhL 6.2
3 PQR - gff PQ kW PR- f J mikj f S kW T
vf. nkY, ST < QR , PR = 5.6 br. kW PS = 3 v, PT- I fhf.
SQ 5
3 PQR - ST < QR . nj njwgo,
PS = PT (1) P
SQ TR
PT = x vf. ` TR = PR PT = 5.6 x
5.6
br.
(1)-UJ PT = TR c PS m
SQ T
S
x = (5.6 - x)` 3 j
5
5x = 16.8 - 3x
R
vdnt, x = 16.8 = 2.1. Mfnt, PT = 2.1 br. Q
8 gl 6.10
vLJfhL 6.3
3 ABC - gff AB kW AC- Mat nk mikj f D kW
E vf. nkY, AD = AE kW +ADE = +DEA v, 3 ABC xU Urkgf
DB EC
Knfhz vd Wf.
AD = AE vd bfhLfgLsJ.
DB EC
Mjyh, nj njw kWjiy go DE < BC .
vLJfhL 6.4
3 ABC - gff AB, BC kW CA Mat mikj f D, E kW F
vf. nkY, DE < AC kW FE < AB v, AB = AC vd Wf.
AD FC
188 10M tF fj
A
3 ABC - DE < AC .
( BD + AD = AF + FC (Tl jrk )
AD FC
vdnt, AB = AC .
AD FC
vLJfhL 6.5
3 ABC - +A vw nfhz cw Urkbto AD MdJ, gf BCI D-
rwJ. BD = 2.5 br. , AB = 5 br. kW AC = 4.2 br. v, DC-I fhf.
A
3 ABC -, AD vgJ +A - cw Urkbto.
` BD = AB (nfhz Urkbto njw)
4.2
DC AC
br.
r.
5b
( DC = BD # AC
AB
B C
Mfnt, DC = 2.5 # 4.2 = 2.1br.. 2.5br. D
5 gl 6.13
vLJfhL 6.6
3 ABC -, +A - btw Urkbto MdJ BC- id E- rwJ.
AB = 10 br. , AC = 6 br. kW BC = 12 br. v, CE-I fhf.
3 ABC - +A - btw Urkbto AE vf. nkY AE MdJ BC-
id E- rwJ.
CE = x br.. vf. nfhz Urkbto njw go,
D
BE = AB ( 12 + x = 10 A
CE AC x 6 br
.
10 6 br.
3^12 + xh = 5x. vdnt, x = 18. B E
12 br. C x
Mjyh, CE = 18 br. . gl 6.14
vLJfhL 6.7
3 ABC - gf BC- eL D vf. P kW Q vgd AB kW AC-f
nk mikj f MF. nkY, +BDA kW +ADC Ma nfhzfis Kiwna
DP kW DQ vgd U rkghffshf F v, PQ < BC vd Wf.
6. toa 189
` AP = AD (nfhz Urkbto njw) (1) A
PB BD
3 ADC - +ADC - nfhz Urkbto DQ vf.
= AD (nfhz Urkbto njw)
AQ P Q
` (2)
QC DC
B C
Mdh, BD = DC (a D vgJ BC- eL) D
gl 6.15
= AD
AQ
nghJ, (2) ( (3)
QC BD
AP AQ
(1),(3)-UJ, =
PB QC
Mfnt, PQ < BC . (nj njw kWjiy)
g 6.1
1. D kW E Ma f Kiwna DABC - gff AB kW AC-f DE < BC
vUFkhW mikJsd.
(i) AD = 6 br. , DB = 9 br. kW AE = 8 br. v, AC-I fhf.
(ii) AD = 8 br. , AB = 12 br. kW AE = 12 br. v, CE-I fhf.
(iii) AD = 4x3, BD = 3x1, AE = 8x7 kW EC = 5x3 v, x- kig fhf.
A
4. gl AC < BD kW CE < DF . E
F
OA =12 br. , AB = 9 br. , OC = 8 br. . A C
B C
190 10M tF fj
P
7. gl DE < AQ kW DF < AR
v, EF < QR vd Wf. E F
D
Q R
A
8. gl
A
DE < AB kW DF < AC D
v, EF < BC vd Wf.
E P
F
B C
9. AD vgJ 3 ABC - +A - cw nfhz Urkbto. mJ BCI D- rwJ.
(i) BD = 2 br., AB = 5 br., DC = 3 br. v, AC fhf.
(ii) AB = 5.6 br., AC = 6 br. kW DC = 3 br. v, BC fhf.
(iii) AB = x, AC = x 2, BD = x + 2 kW DC = x 1 v, x- kig fhf.
10. tUtdtW AD vgJ 3 ABC - +A - nfhz Urkbto MFkh vd
nrhf.
(i) AB = 4 br. , AC = 6 br. , BD = 1.6 br. , kW CD = 2.4 br. ,
(ii) AB = 6 br. , AC = 8 br. , BD = 1.5 br. . kW CD = 3 br. .
Q
11. MP vgJ 3 MNO - +M - btw Urkbto. M
.
nkY, J NO- id P- rwJ. br
10 6 br.
MN = 10 br., MO = 6 br., P
N O
NO = 12 br. v, OP-I fhf. 12 br.
6. toa 191
kuYs iyf, xj totY xnu myJ
ntWgl msfis bfhlitahf csd.
ijnghnw, xnu glRUis bfhL vLfgL
gntW msfyhd bkahd Hglf ah
xj totfY Mdh ntWgl msfY
UF. itah
tobthj bghUf
vdgL.
l nj
nuf eho (Thales of Miletus)
toaiy mKf (624-546 .K.)
vyh
gLatuhf brhy Knfhz
gL nj, v -fS to jJt mP, Ph
bth kW fja z vd
cs uLf -jit magltfS, Kjik
c a u f i s ahdtuhf fgt nj
mt Hfis, Mth. fhuzfis
bfhL jUF Kiwia
tobthj Knfhzf gfis gagL Kj Kj toa
fljt vd fUjgLwh. thW tobthj gagLatU tnu.
nkY t, toa
Knfhzf gaghL cauf, uf Ma
gy njwfis bfhL
msLfis fzl VJthwd. t, Urkgf oJsh. fj gy
Knfhz rkgffSF vnu cs nfhzf fzFfis f t
ifahl Kiw midt
rk vd flh. brKiw toa, tobthj ftdij <jJ. .K. 585-
Knfhzf, brnfhz Knfhzf Mat Na ufzij KTona
gfis gagLdh. bjj bgUik tiu
rhU.
rtrk tot glf, tobthjitahf
UF. Mdh j kWjiy bkahf Uf njitiy. j gF,
eh Knfhzf tobthj jikfis g mnth. nkY, mitfis
gagL fzFfSF fhngh. tU va braghL, tobthj
Knfhzfis kdjs ma ekF cj.
brJ gh
192 10M tF fj
tiuaiw
U Knfhzf
(i) xj nfhzf rk (myJ)
(ii) xj gff sf rk j (myJ jrk) UF
v, mKnfhzfis tobthj Knfhzf vngh.
mjhtJ, xU Knfhz kbwh uhd thf v, uL
Knfhzf tobthjit (similar) MF.
(i) +A = +D , +B = +E , +C = +F A
(myJ)
(ii) AB = BC = CA vd Ujh,
DE EF FD B C E F
gl 6.16 gl 6.17
mitf tobthj KnfhzfshF.
6. toa 193
(iii) tobthj KnfhzfSfhd SAS-Kiw (Side-Angle-Side similarity criterion)
xU Knfhz xU nfhz kbwhU Knfhz xU nfhzF
rkkhf, mU Knfhzf mnfhzfis csla xj gff
jrkY Ujh, mU Knfhzf tobthjit.
tobthj Knfhzf Kof ytiw %gz goaLnth.
(i) U tobthj Knfhzf gugsf j mt xj gff
tff jF rk.
A
(ii) xU brnfhz Knfhz brnfhzij
bfhl c tna fzF brFJnfhL
tiujh, mnfho U wK mik U
Knfhzf kW bga Knfhz Mad
xWbfhW tobthjitahf mik. B D C
gl 6.18
F, (m) T DBA + T ABC (M) 3 DAC + 3 ABC
() 3 DBA + 3 DAC E
A
(iii) U Knfhzf tobthjit v, xj
gff j mt xj FJauf
jF rk.
TABC + TEFG v AB = BC = CA = AD B D C F H G
EF FG GE EH gl 6.19 gl 6.20
(iv) U Knfhzf tobthjitahf U, xj gff j xj
Rwsf jF rk. mjhtJ,
T ABC + T DEF v, AB = BC = CA = AB + BC + CA .
DE EF FD DE + EF + FD
vLJfhL 6.8
A, B vgd TPQR - gff PQ, PR-f nk mikj f vf. nkY,
AB < QR , AB = 3 br. , PB = 2 br. kW PR = 6 br. v, QR- sid fhf.
AB = 3 br., PB = 2, br., PR = 6 br. kW AB < QR .
P
DPAB kW DPQR -
2
+PAB = +PQR (xj nfhzf) 3 6
+P vgJ U KnfhzfSF bghJ. A B
( QR = AB # PR = 3 # 6
PB 2
Mfnt, QR = 9 br. .
194 10M tF fj
vLJfhL 6.9
1.8 cauKs xUt xU uo (pyramid) mUnf W bfhoUwh.
xU Fl neu mtUila H s 2.7 kW uo H s 210
v, uo cau fhf. A
+BCA = +EFD
D
(xU Fl neu Fl Vw nfhzf rk)
1.8
` DABC + DDEF (AA-Kiw)
vdnt, AB = BC E F
DE EF
2.7
( AB = 210 ( AB = 210 # 1.8 =140.
1.8 2.7 2.7 gl 6.23
uo cau = 140 .
vLJfhL 6.10
xU nfhu cid, xUt nfhuUJ 87.6 u jiu cs
xU fzho ghwh. fzho nk nehathW csJ. mt fzhoUJ
0.4 uY mt iliy ghit nfho kl jiuUJ 1.5
cauY csJ v, nfhu cau fhf. (kj mo, fzho kW
nfhu mo Mait xnu nenfho csd)
AB, ED vgd Kiwna kj cau, nfhu cau vf. C vgJ
fzho nfhu c gL (Point of incidence) vf. E
DABC kW DEDC - +ABC = +EDC = 90 ,
o
+BCA = +DCE
(xU Fl neu Fl Vw nfhzf A
rk. mjhtJ gLnfhz, vbuh nfhzF
rk)
1.5
35.
6 G
Hgl vLfgL ku C
gF s kW glRU
E
g s vf. C vD
42.
byi[ FfL. CG, B
CH vgd DACB kW DFEC - gl 6.25
FJauf MF.
AB || FE vgJ bj.
DACB kW DFEC - +BAC = +FEC
+ECF = +ACB
(Fbjnfhzf rk)
` DACB + DECF (AA-Kiw)
vdnt, AB = CG
EF CH
( AB = CG # EF = 6 # 0.035 = 5
CH 0.042
H gl vLfgl ku gF s 5 MF.
g 6.2
196 10M tF fj
3. 120 br.. cauKs xU W xU sF fg moUJ y,
mjF nebuuhf 0.6 ./ ntf elJ bfhoUwh. sF,
jiu klUJ 3.6 . cau csJ v, W H sij
4 dhofSF wF fhf.
4. xU W flfiu mt jijl Uwh.
fl J xUt bjhlJ j Koahk
jjJ bfhoUgij flh.
mt clnd nk 50 bjhiy UF
j jijia cj brkhW TFulh.
tis l t jij xU glFF 10
mUUjh. t mglif gagL
_ bfhoUgtid mila ntLbk, 126 mgl bry
ntL. mnj rka mW C x glUJ
98 u brY xUtid fhwh. C Ugt _
bfhoUgtUF H csh. mtiu fhghw C cst vts
bjhiy bry ntL? (glij ghf) (dh kL njFajW)
5. DABC - gff AB kW AC- Kiwna P kW Q vw f csd.
AP = 3 br., PB = 6 br., AQ = 5 br. kW QC = 10 br. v, BC = 3 PQ vd
Wf.
6. DABC -, AB = AC kW BC = 6 br. vf. nkY, AC- D vgJ AD = 5 br.
kW CD = 4 br. vW UFkhW xU v, DBCD + DACB vd Wf.
j _y DB-ia fhf.
7. DABC - gff AB kW AC-f nk mikj f Kiwna D kW
E vf. nkY, DE || BC, AB = 3 AD kW DABC - gugs 72 br.2 v,
ehfu DBCE- gugsit fhf.
8. 3 ABC- gf sf 6 br., 4 br., 9 br. kW 3 PQR + 3 ABC . 3PQR-
xU gf 35 br. v, 3PQR- Rws f mfkhf vts Uf TL?
A
9. gl DE || BC. nkY, AD = 3 v,
BD 5
D E
DADE - gugs
(i) ,
DABC - gugs
B C
rtf BCED - gugs
(ii) Madt kfis fhf.
DABC - gugs
6. toa 197
11. xU Wt itu FWF btL njhw to, gl D
A
fhoathW xU gl brjh. F AE = 16 br., EC = 81 br..
mt BD vw FWF Fid gagLj Uwh. E
mF s vts UfntL? B
C
12. xU khzt bfhofg cauid fzl Uwh.
bfhofg c vbuhig fzho fhQ tif, xU
W fzhoia jiu itwh. mfzho mtlUJ 0.5
bjhiy csJ. fzhoF bfhofgF ilna cs bjhiy
3 kW mtDila ilkl ghit nfhL jiuUJ 1.5 cau
csJ v, bfhofg cauij fhf. (khzt, fzho kW
bfho fg Mad xnu nenfho csd.)
Y
13. xU nkTiu gl fhoathW FWF btL
6
njhwij bfhLsJ. 8 h
(i) tobthj Knfhzfis bjbjLf. Z X
W
(ii) Tiu cau h-I fhf. 10
vdbt, BC = AC
AC DC
2
( AC = BC # DC (2)
(1) kW (2) Matiw Tl,
2 2
AB + AC = BD # BC + BC # DC
198 10M tF fj
= BC^ BD + DC h
2
= BC # BC = BC
2 2 2
Mfnt, BC = AB + AC . jhfu njw %fglJ.
Fiu
jhfu njw uL mogil fUJfis bfhLsJ. xW
gugsfis gaJ. kbwhW sfis gaJ. vdnt, j w njw
toaiy, afjij izwJ. jhfu njw kWjiy
bkahF. njw KjKj vgtuh FlgL %fglJ.
P P P
B
A
Q Q Q
200 10M tF fj
( +BCA = +BAT (3)
+BCA = +BPA xnu tlJoYs c miknfhzf rk (4)
+BAT = +BPA . (3), (4)-UJ (5)
Mfnt, (i) %fglJ.
nkY, + BPA + +AQB = 180c tl ehfu vbu nfhzf.
njw 6.9
A
A B
xU tl U ehf C P
xiwbahW cwkhf (btwkhf) P B D
bto bfhlh xU eh btL D O O
JLfsh mikfgL brtf C
gugs kbwhU eh btL
JLfsh mikfgL brtf gl 6.31 gl 6.32
gugsF rk.
gl.6.31-, O-it ikakhf cila tl AB kW CD vw uL ehf,
xiwbahW cwkhf P vw btLwd. vdnt, PA # PB = PC # PD.
gl 6.32-, O-it ikakhf cila tl AB kW CD vw uL ehf,
xiwbahW btwkhf P vw btLwd. vdnt, PA # PB = PC # PD.
vLJfhL 6.12
xU tl A- tiuagL bjhLnfhL PQ vf. AB vgJ tl
eh vf. nkY, +BAC = 54c kW +BAQ = 62c vW mikkhW tl nk
cs C v, +ABC -I fhf.
6. toa 201
: A- PQ xU bjhLnfhL kW AB xU eh.
C B
vdnt, +BAQ = +ACB = 62c. (bjhLnfhL - eh njw) 62c
gl 6.34 gl 6.35
(i) F PA PB = PC PD (ii) F PA PB = PC PD
( PB = PC.PD ( 9 # 4 = (2+x) 2
PA
vdnt, x = 8 # 3 = 6. x + 2 = 18 vdnt, x = 16.
4
vLJfhL 6.14
gl PA, PB vgd O-it ikakhf bfhl tlF bt
P-UJ tiuagl bjhLnfhLfshF. CD vgJ tlF
E vD tiuagl bjhLnfhL. AP = 15 br. v, T A
C
PCD - Rwsit fLo.
O
E P
btna cs UJ tlF tiuagl
bjhLnfhLf sf rk vgjid eh mnth. D
B
` CA = CE, DB = DE, PA = PB.
` T PCD - Rws = PC + CD + DP gl 6.36
= PC + CE + ED + DP
= PC + CA + DB + DP
= PA + PB = 2 PA (a PB = PA )
Mfnt, T PCD - Rws = 2 # 15 = 30 br..
vLJfhL 6.15
ABCD vw ehfu, mj vyh gffS xU tlij bjhLkhW mikJsJ.
AB = 6 br., BC = 6.5 br. kW CD = 7 br. v, AD- sij fhf.
ehfukhdJ tlij bjhL f P, Q, R kW S vf.
` AP = AS (1), BP = BQ (2), CR = CQ (3), DR = DS (4).
202 10M tF fj
(1), (2), (3) kW (4) Matiw TlilgJ, D
7 br.
C
R
AP + BP + CR + DR = AS + BQ + CQ + DS
= AS + DS + BQ + CQ
6.5br.
S Q
( AB + CD = AD + BC.
AD = AB + CD BC = 6 + 7 6.5 =6.5 P
B
Mfnt, AD = 6.5 br.. A 6 br.
gl 6.37
g 6.3
A B
1. gl TP xU bjhLnfhL. A, B vgd tl Js
f. + BTP = 72c kW + ATB = 43c v + ABT-I 43c
72c
fhf. T P
2. xU tl AB, CD vD U ehf xiwbahW cwkhf P-
bto bfhwd.
(i) CP = 4 br., AP = 8 br.., PB = 2 br. v, PD-I fhf.
(ii) AP = 12 br., AB = 15 br., CP = PD v, CD-I fhf.
3. AB kW CD vw U ehf tlF btna P vD bto
bfhwd.
(i) AB = 4 br., BP = 5 br. kW PD = 3 br. v, CD-I fhf.
(ii) BP = 3 br., CP = 6 br. kW CD = 2 br. v, AB-I fhf.
4. xU tl, TABC- gf BC-I P- bjhLwJ. mtl AB kW AC-f
fis Kiwna Q kW R- bjhLwJ v, AQ = AR = 1 (TABC- Rws)
2
vd Wf.
5. xU izfu vyh gffS xU tlid bjhLkhdh
mizfu xU rhrJukhF vd Wf.
6. xU jhkiu thdJ j klF nk 20 br. cau csJ. jo
gF j klF nH csJ. fhW RnghJ jL jsgL,
jhkiu thdJ jo Mug iyUJ 40 br. u jiu
bjhLwJ. Mug iy j klF nH cs jo s fhf?
7. brtf ABCD- cw O-UJ brtf Kidf A, B, C, D
2 2 2 2
izfgLsd v, OA + OC = OB + OD vd Wf.
g 6.4
rahd ilia njbjLf.
1. 9 ABC- gff AB kW AC Matiw xU nenfhL Kiwna D kW
E-f btLwJ. nkY, mnfhL BC-F iz v AE =
AC
(A) AD (B) AD (C) DE (D) AD
DB AB BC EC
6. toa 203
2. 9ABC- AB kW AC-fYs f D kW E vgd DE < BC vwthW
csd. nkY, AD = 3 br., DB = 2 br. kW AE = 2.7 br. v, AC =
(A) 6.5 br. (B) 4.5 br. (C) 3.5 br. (D) 5.5 br.
3. 9 PQR- RS vgJ +R - nfhz cw Urkbto. P
204 10M tF fj
12. AB, CD vgd xU tl U ehf. mit lgLnghJ P-
rwd kW AB = 5 br., AP = 8 br., CD = 2 br. v, PD =
c
120
A
(C) 40
o
(D) 60 o
P T
16. O-it ikakhf cila tlF PA, PB vgd bt P-UJ
tiuagl bjhLnfhLf. bjhLnfhLfSF il cs nfhz 40 o
v, +POA =
(A) 70o (B) 80o (C) 50o (D) 60o
A D
17. gl, PA, PB vgd tlF btnas P
Q
P-UJ tiuagl bjhLnfhLf.
nkY CD vgJ Q vw tlF C
B
bjhLnfhL. PA = 8 br., CQ = 3 br. v, PC =
(A) 11 br. (B) 5 br. (C) 24 br. (D) 38 br.
6. toa 205
7 Knfhza
There is perhaps nothing which so occupies the middle position of
mathematics as trigonometry J.F. Herbart
7.1 mKf
mKf tlf f msf kW mfis
tiugLJ ehf msf Ma tF ilna
KbwhUikf
cs bjhlid tgjfhf Knfhza
caufS ufS cUthfglJ. Knfhza, 15 M whoF
wF xU Knfhz nfhzf msfis mj
gff sfSl bjhlgLj gaLjglJ.
.K. 2M who thj nuf ehil nrj
ghr (Hipparchus) Knfhza gilghs vd
TwgLwJ. Knfhz msf vd bghUgL
Knfhza (Trigonometry) vD brhYFa
bgUik ghnjhnyhk of (Bartholomaus Pitiscus)
(1561-1613) vgtiu rhU.
xgjh tF, btntW Knfhza
jf, mtilnaahd j bjhlf kW
ghr Knfhza mltizia gagL fzF
(Hipparchus) fSF fhQ Kiw Madtiw fwnjh.
(190 - 120 .K.) Knfhza KbwhUikf g, kiyf,
(Greece) fllf nghwt caufis, mitfSF
t Knfhzaiy ilgl ufis neilahf msJ ghuhk,
nkgLdh. Knfhz Knfhza jfis kL gagL mtiw
a gagLjgL ml fl Kiwfis g j maha eh
tizfis cUthdh. nfhs ff cnsh.
Knfhza gy fzF
fSF id flh. 7.2 Knfhza KbwhUikf
Na kW ru ga (Trigonometric identities)
jkJ nfhghLfdhY kW
mt flj Knfhza
xU rkghlhdJ tiuaWfgl kh myJ
dhY, Na ufzij K khf vyh kfSF bkahdh, mrkghL
Tona mtjF egfkhd xU KbwhUikahF vgjid eh mnth.
2 2
Kiwia Kj Kj vLJfhlhf, ^a + bh2 = a + 2ab + b vw rkghL
ghr cUthdh. xU KbwhUikahF. Vbd, midJ bkbaf
th elF ffis a, b fSF rkghL bkahF.
btWfzh TJ M
bra l fhykhf gagl nj nghW xU nfhzkh, Knfhz
gy thda fUfis j fis bfhl rkghlhdJ, mYs
ajhf fLojJ
t i u aWfgl nfhzf vyh kfSF
kL, jifa gy
fUfis nkgLa bkahdh, mrkghL Knfhza KbwhUik
bgUik tiu rhU. vdgL.
206
vLJfhlhf ^sin i + c osi h2 - ^sin i - cos i h2 = 4 sin i cos i vw rkghL
i - midJ kfSF bkahjyh, rkghL xU Knfhza
KbwhUikahF. UD (sin i + cos i) 2 = 1 vw rkghL KbwhUik
MfhJ. Vb d , r k g h L i = 0c - F bkahwJ. M dh, i = 45c v,
2
^sin 45c + cos 45ch2 = c 1 + 1 m = 2 ! 1 vgjh, rkghL bk MfhJ.
2 2
j maha, midJ Knfhza KbwhUikf kW rkghLf
Mad khf vbjj kfSF bghUSilajhf mikwdnth,
mkfSF mit eF tiuaWfgljhf fUjgLwd.
2 2
AB + BC = AC 2 (a AB ! 0)
2 2 ` AB j
AB AB
AB 2 BC 2 AC 2 2 2
` AB j + ` AB j = ` AB j ( 1 + tan i = sec i . (3)
Fiu
nkny cs KbwhUikfis eh FWnfhz i - UJnsh.
Mdh KbwhUikf, i - vkfSF Knfhza rhf
tiuaWfgLsnjh mkfSF KbwhUikf bkahF.
ghl nfhz i - FWnfhz kfis kL vLJbfhnth.
vLJfhL 7.1
208 10M tF fj
vLJfhL 7.2
1 - cos i = cosec i - cot i vw KbwhUikia Wf.
1 + cos i
tan i + sec i - 1
tan i - sec i + 1
tan i + sec i - ^sec2 i - tan2 i h
= ^a sec2 i - tan2 i = 1h
tan i - sec i + 1
tan i - sec i + 1
tan i + cot i
1 - cot i 1 - tan i
1 1
= tan i + tan i = tan i + tan i
1- 1 1 - tan i tan i - 1 1 - tan i
tan i tan i
2 2
= tan i + 1 = tan i + 1
tan i - 1 tan i^1 - tan i h tan i - 1 ^- tan i h^tan i - 1h
2
= tan i - 1
tan i - 1 ^tan i h^tan i - 1h
= 1 tan i - 1 j
2
^tan i - 1h
` tan i
1 ^tan3 i - 1h
=
^tan i - 1h tan i
2 2
^tan i - 1h^tan i + tan i + 1 h
= ^a a3 b3 = ^a bh^a2 + ab + b2hh
(tan i - 1) tan i
2
= tan i + tan i + 1
tan i
2
= tan i + tan i + 1 =tan i + 1 + cot i
tan i tan i tan i
= 1 + tan i + cot i .
vLJfhL 7.6
2 2
^sin i + cosec i h2 + ^cos i + sec i h2 = 7 + tan i + cot i vw KbwhUikia Wf.
210 10M tF fj
vLJfhL 7.7
^sin6 i + cos6 i h = 1 - 3 sin2 i cos2 i vw KbwhUikia Wf.
6 6
sin i + cos i
2 3 2 3
= ^sin i h + ^cos i h
2 2 3 2 2 2 2
= ^sin i + cos i h - 3 sin i cos i ^sin i + cos i h
3 3
(a a + b = ^a + bh3 - 3ab^a + bh )
2 2
= 1 - 3 sin i cos i . ^a sin2 i + cos2 i = 1 h
vLJfhL 7.8
3
sin i - 2 sin i = tan i vw KbwhUikia Wf.
3
2 cos i - cos i
3 2
sin i - 2 sin i = sin i^1 - 2 sin i h
3 2
2 cos i - cos i cos i^2 cos i - 1h
2 2 2
= c sin i me sin 2i + cos i2 - 2 sin 2 i o ^a sin2 i + cos2 i = 1h
cos i 2 cos i - ^sin i + cos i h
2 2
= ( tan i ) e cos2 i - sin2 i o = tan i .
cos i - sin i
vLJfhL 7.9
sec i - tan i
sec i + tan i
^sec i - tan i h2
= 2 2
sec i - tan i
^sec i - tan i h2
= ^a sec2 i - tan2 i = 1h
1
2 2
= ^sec i - tan i h2 = sec i + tan i - 2 sec i tan i
2 2
= ^1 + tan i h + tan i - 2 sec i tan i ^a sec2 i = 1 + tan2 i h
2
= 1 - 2 sec i tan i + 2 tan i.
7. Knfhza 211
vLJfhL 7.10
2
1 + sec i = sin i vd Wf.
sec i 1 - cos i
1+ 1
1 + sec i cos i (cos i + 1)
sec i = 1 = (cos i)
cos i
cos i
= 1 + cos i
(1 - cos i)
= (1 + cos i) #
(1 - cos i)
2
= 1 - cos i
1 - cos i
2
= sin i .
1 - cos i
vLJfhL 7.11
^cosec i - sin i h^sec i - cos i h = 1 vw KbwhUikia Wf.
tan i + cot i
= ` 1 - sin i j` 1 - cos i j
sin i cos i
2 2
= c 1 - sin i mc 1 - cos i m
sin i cos i
2 2
= cos i sin i = sin i cos i (1)
sin i cos i
F
sin i cos i
mLjjhf, tyJ gf csij fUJnth. = sin i cos i
1
1 1 = sin i cos i
tan i + cot i = sin i sin2 i + cos2 i
+ cos i 1
cos i sin i =
sin2 i + cos2 i
sin i cos i
1 1
= 2 2 = sin2 i + cos2 i
c sin i + cos i m sin i cos i sin i cos i
sin i cos i 1
=
tan i + cot i
= sin i cos i (2)
sin2 b
( - 2
= sin2 a - cos2 a
cos b
( tan2 b = cos2 a - sin2 a vd WtglJ.
F : Tl-fj jrk ia gagLjhkY nkny cs
fzF fhzy.
7. Knfhza 213
g 7.1
1. tUtd xbthW KbwhUik MFkh vd fhf.
2 2 2 2
(i) cos i + sec i = 2 +sin i (ii) cot i + cos i = sin i
2. tU KbwhUikfis Wf.
2 2 2
(i) sec i + cosec i = sec i cosec i
2
(ii) sin i = cosec i + cot i
1 - cos i
n -1
6. sin i, cos i kW tan i vgd bgUF bjhl (G.P.) U
6 2
cot i - cot i = 1 vd Wf.
214 10M tF fj
7.3 caufS ufS (Heights and Distances)
nfhfSFilnas u, vtbu fu
cau, f bjhiy cs Na, ru, ... nghwtF
ilnas u Mad vthW msfgLwd myJ
fzlgLwd vgJ ekF aghf csJ. tiw
ms ehlhit bfhL msl Kokh?
bfhofg cau, BD = BC + CD A 10 B
= 1.2 + 17.32 = 18.52 gl 7.3
thW, neuoahf msJ ghfhknyna e g bfhofg
cauij ekh fhz KowJ. vdnt, xU brnfhz Knfhz xU gfK,
xU FWnfhzK bjjh, Knfhza jfis gagL kw gf
msfis fLof aY. caufis kW ufis fhg
mofo eh gagLJ y fiy brhfis nghGJ tiuaWngh.
7. Knfhza 215
ghit nfhL (Line of sight)
eh xU bghUis ghF nghJ, ekJ fUJ mbghUSF cs
nenfhL ghitnfhL vdgL. F fzL u myJ rkjgl u f
mfkhf csjh, bghUis xU ahf fUJnwh.
wf nfhz kW Vw nfhz (Angle of depression and angle of elevation)
xU bghU iliy ghit
nfhoF nH U, mbghUis
ghf eh e jiyia jhj ntL.
j f nghJ ekJ ff xU
iliy ghit nfhL
wf
nfhz
nfhz Hhf efwd. thW
ghit
nfhL
VgL nfhz wf nfhz
vdgL. mjhtJ, iliy ghit
nfhoF nH bghU UFnghJ
ghit nfhoF iliy ghit
nfhoF ilnas nfhz
gl 7.4 wf nfhz vdgL. (gl 7.4).
xU bghU e iliy
ghitnfhoF nkny Ujh, eh
jiyia ca mbghUis ghf ghi
tn
fhL
ntoUF. j fnghJ
e ff xU nfhz nkyhf Vw nf
hz
efwd. thW VgL nfhz
iliy ghit nfhL
Vw nfhz vdgL. mjhtJ,
iliy ghit nfhoF
nknys ghit nfhoF
ilnas nfhz Vw nfhz
vdgL. (gl 7.5). gl 7.5
F
(i) ghitahs cau juglho ghitahsiu xU ahf vLJ
bfhnth.
216 10M tF fj
tU braghL, kw Kiwfis l bghU cauij, va Kiw
fla cj.
brJ gh
xU cR FH (straw) ika xU xU
cR FH
Kidia fl. kbwhU Kidia fhj gW
fUl (paper clip) fLf.
j cR FH ikaid xU nfhzkh
(protractor) mow Wfkhf xl. yhdJ vjj
jlf yhk bjh xU FJnfhil, VgLJjiy
cW brf.
fhjgW
neuoahf msf ayhj btnas xU caukhd bghUis fU
mjhtJ, TilgJ tisa, bfhofg myJ g gl 7.6
fll cau t VjhtJ xid nj brf.
cR FH _y mbghU cia ghf. yhdJ nfhzkh
msLfis bjhL l VgL nfhzij msf. Vw nfhz
fhz, mnfhz msid 90c- UJ ff. nfhzij i vf.
iliy ghit nfhoF, jiuklF cs uij msJ mij x
vf. c fhyoUJ mbghU mogFF cs bjhiyit msJ
mij y vd bfhs.
t msfis xU gl Ff.
bghU cau (h) fhz, h = x + y tan i vw rkghil gagLj.
vLJfhL 7.14
200 sKs dh xU fhwho flgL gwJ bfhoUwJ. mj
jiuklJl 300 nfhzij VgLdh, fhwho jiuklUJ vts
cau gwwJ vd fhf. (F xU nenfho csjhf fUJf)
jiuklUJ fhwhoF cs u h vf.
gl AC vgJ s vf.
+CAB = 30c kW AC = 200
C
200
vd bfhLfgLsJ. h
7. Knfhza 217
vLJfhL 7.15
Rt rhJ itfgl xU VahdJ jiul 60c nfhzij VgLJwJ.
V mo RtUJ 3.5 u csJ v, V sij fhf.
vLJfhL 7.16
30 sKs xU fg H s 10 3 v, Na Vw
nfhz (jiu klUJ Vw nfhz) msid fhf.
s vgJ Na iy vd Bc vgJ fg vd S
bfhf.
C
AB = 10 3 vgJ fg H s vf. A-
Na Vwnfhz i vf.
BC = 30
30
brnfhz 3 CAB-, tan i = BC = 30 = 3
AB 10 3 3
( tan i = 3
` i = 60c i
A B
jiu klUJ Na Vw nfhz 60c. 10 3
gl 7.9
vLJfhL 7.17
xU nfhu moUJ 30 3 bjhiy F xU ghitahs,
mnfhu cid 30c Vw nfhz fhwh. jiuklUJ
mtUila iliy ghitnfhoF cs u 1.5 v, nfhu
cauij fhf.
218 10M tF fj
AB = EC vUFkhW AB-F izahf EC-I tiuf. D
AB = EC = 30 3 kW
AE = BC = 1.5 vd bfhLfgLsJ.
brnfhz 3 DEC-, E 30
C
30 3
1.5
tan 30c = CD B
EC A 30 3
gl 7.10
( CD = EC tan 30c = 30 3
3
` CD = 30
Mjyh, nfhu cau, BD = BC + CD
= 1.5 + 30 = 31.5
vLJfhL 7.18
neFjhd xU ku nkghf fhdh KJ, mKj gF nH
GJlhk, ku c jiul 30c nfhzij VgLJwJ. ku c mj
moUJ 30 bjhiy jiuia bjhLwJ v, ku KG cauij fhf.
C
C vw ku KJsJ
vd ku c jiuia bjhL
A vd bfhf. ku B mo vf.
AB = 30 kW +CAB = 30c vd
bfhLfgLsd.
30
brnfhz 3 CAB -, A 30 B
tan 30c = BC gl 7.11
AB
( BC = AB tan 30c
` BC = 30
3
= 10 3 (1)
bghGJ, cos 30c = AB
AC
( AC = AB
cos 30c
vdnt, AC = 30 # 2 = 10 3 # 2 = 20 3 . (2)
3
Mfnt, ku cau = BC + AC = 10 3 + 20 3
= 30 3 .
vLJfhL 7.19
X mntf ngh khd, jiu klUJ 3000 cau, kbwhU
mntf ngh khdij ne nkyhf flwJ. mthW flF nghJ jiu
kl xU Fl UJ mt Vw nfhzf Kiwna 60c
kW 45c v, mj neu ulhtJ ngh khd kW Kj ngh khd
MatF ilgl uij fzLf. ( 3 = 1.732 )
7. Knfhza 219
O vw U ngh khdfis cW nehFtjhf A
bfhnth.
Fl neu mntf ngh khdf uL h
xF nkyhf kbwhW neFjhf gwF nghJ mt
iyf A, B vf.
B
AC = 3000 vd UFkhW jiu cs C vf.
3000 - h
jnghJ, +AOC = 60c kW +BOC = 45c.
mntf ngh khdfSF ilgl u h vf.
brnfhz 3 BOC -, tan 45c = BC 45 60
OC O C
%
( OC = BC (a tan 45 = 1) gl 7.12
( BC = AB tan 60c
h = BC = (50 3 ) 3 = 150 ( (1) - UJ ) 60 30
A B
vdnt, F cau 150 . gl 7.13
220 10M tF fj
vLJfhL 7.21
xU brFjhd RtU, xU nfhuK xU Fl ilbt csd.
nfhu cUJ ghF nghJ, Rt c kW mo Mat wf
nfhzf Kiwna 45c kW 60c MF. nfhu cau 90 v, Rt
cauij fhf. ( 3 = 1.732 )
AE kW BD vgd Kiwna Rtiu nfhuij Fwd.
AB=EC vwthW AB-F izahf EC-I tiuf. vdnt, AE = BC.
AB = x kW AE = h vf.
BD = 90 , +DAB = 60c kW +DEC = 45c (bfhLfgLsJ)
AE = BC = h
vdnt, CD = BD - BC = 90 - h .
brnfhz 3 DAB-, tan 60c = BD = 90
AB x
( x = 90 = 30 3 (1)
3
brnfhz 3 DEC -, tan 45c = DC = 90 - h gl 7.14
EC x
x = 90 - h (2)
(1) kW (2) MatUJ, 90 - h = 30 3
Mfnt, Rt cau h = 90 - 30 3 = 38.04 .
vLJfhL 7.22
flfiu cs brFjhd ghiw x J flgLs xU fyfiu
sf WbfhoUF xU W, HFir U glFfis ghwh.
mglFf wfnfhzf Kiwna 30c, 60c kW U glFfSilnas
u 300 v, fl klUJ fyfiu sf c uij fhf.
( glFfS, fyfiu sfK xnu nenfho csd)
A kW D vgd Kiwna ghiw moghf kW fyfiu sf c
vf. B kW C vgd U glFf vf.
fl klUJ fyfiu sf cF cs u h vf.
AB = x vf.
D
bfhLfgLsit :
30
+ABD = 60c, +ACD = 30c kW BC = 300 .
60
brnfhz TABD -, tan 60c = AD
AB h
( AB = AD
tan 60c
60
x = h
30
vdnt, (1) A x B 300 C
3
gl 7.15
7. Knfhza 221
nkY, brnfhz 3 ACD -,
tan 30c = AD
AC
( AC = AD ( x + 300 = h
tan 30c 1
c m
3
x + 300 = h 3
(2)
(1)-I (2)- ul ilgJ h + 300 = h 3
3
( h 3 - h = 300
3
` 2h = 300 3 . vdnt, h = 150 3.
fl klUJ fyfiu sf cF cs u = 150 3 .
vLJfhL 7.23
xU Wt, jiuUJ 88.2 cau iliy nfho fh efU
xU gid 60c Vw nfhz ghwh. jiuF mtdJ iliy ghit
nfhoF ilna cs u 1.2 . J neu fJ, mnj lUJ mt
gid ghF nghJ Vwnfhz 30cMf FiwwJ v, fhy ilbt
g efj uij fhf.
C l D = 88.2 .
vdnt, BE = CD = 87 .
nkY, brnfhz 3 EAB-,
tan 60c = BE
AB
AB = 87 = 87 = 29 3
tan 60c 3
brnfhz 3 DAC- tan 30c = DC
AC
222 10M tF fj
vdnt, 87 = 87 3 .
AC =
tan 30c
Mfnt, g efj u ED = BC = AC - AB
= 87 3 - 29 3 = 58 3
vLJfhL 7.24
xU fll nk xU bfho fg wJ. jiuYs xU UJ
bfhofg c kW mo Mat Vwnfhzf Kiwna 60c kW 45c
vf. nkY bfho fg cau 10 v, fll cauij fhf.
( 3 = 1.732 )
A vD UJ bfhofg c kW mo Mat Vw
nfhzf Kiwna 60c kW 45c vf.
B vgJ fll mo vf.
BC kW CD vgd Kiwna fll cau kW bfhofg cauij
Fwd.
bfhLfglit: +CAB = 45c , +DAB = 60c kW CD = 10
jnghJ, BC = h kW AB = x vf.
brnfhz 3 CAB-,
tan 45c = BC .
AB
vdnt, AB = BC mjhtJ, x = h MF. (1)
nkY, brnfhz 3 DAB-,
gl 7.17
tan 60c = BD
AB
( AB = h + 10% ( x = h + 10 (2)
tan 60 3
(1) kW (2)-UJ, h = h + 10
3
( 3h-h = 10
( h = c 10 3 + 1 = 10^ 3 + 1h
mc m
3-1
3 -1 3 +1
= 5^2.732h = 13.66
vdnt, fll cau 13.66 .
vLJfhL 7.25
xUt flklUJ 14 cauKs cs xU fg nk js W
bfhL brFjhd xU ghiw Kfo cid 60c Vw nfhzY mj
moid 30c wf nfhzY fhwh v, brFjhd ghiw cau ahJ?
7. Knfhza 223
BD vgJ brFjhd ghiw cau vf. A vgJ fg mo vf. fg
nk js E vD UJ ghiw ghfgLwJ vf. AE = 14 .
D
AB-F izahf AB = EC vwthW EC-I tiuf.
bfhLfglit: +ABE = 30c, +DEC = 60c kW AE =14 .
` AB = AE ( AB = 14 3
tan 30c 60 C
E
30
14
14
vdnt, EC = 14 3 ( a AB = EC )
30
brnfhz 3 DEC -, tan 60c = CD A B
EC gl 7.18
` CD = EC tan 60c ( CD = (14 3 ) 3 = 42
Mfnt, ghiw cau BD =
BC + CD = 14 + 42 = 56 .
vLJfhL 7.26
iliy gwJ bfhoUF xU Mfha khdij A vD
UJ ghFnghJ mj Vw nfhz 60c. mkhd iliy 15
dhof gwj mnj UJ mj Mfha khd Vw nfhz 30c
Mf khWwJ. khd 200 / ntf gwJ bfhoUjh, khd gwJ
bfhoUF khwhj iliy cauij fhf.
E D
A vD UJ Mfha khdij
ghgjhf bfhnth. mj Mugiy E vf.
h h
15 dhofSF Mfha khd iy
D vf. BE kW CD vgd Mfha khd
gwF khwhj cau vf. 30
60
A x B C
+DAC = 30c kW +EAB = 60c vd gl 7.19
bfhLfgLsJ.
BE = CD = h vf.
AB = x vf.
15 dhof khd brw u,
ED = 200 # 15 = 3000 ( u = ntf # fhy )
mjhtJ, BC = 3000 .
brnfhz 3 DAC -,
tan 30c = CD
AC
( CD = AC tan 30c
224 10M tF fj
mjhtJ, h = (x + 3000) 1 . (1)
3
brnfhz 3 EAB -,
tan 60c = BE
AB
( BE = AB tan 60c ( h = 3 x (2)
(1) kW (2)-UJ 3 x = 1 ^ x + 3000h
3
( 3x = x + 3000 ( x = 1500 .
(2)-UJ h = 1500 3 .
Mfha khd gwF khwhj iliy cau = 1500 3 .
g 7.2
1. xU Rik CUJ (truck) Rikia wf VJthf 30c Vw nfhz xU
rh js (ramp) csJ. rh js, c jiuUJ 0.9 cau
csJ v, rh js s ahJ?
2. cau 150 br. cs xU W xU sF fg K wthW 150 3 br.
sKs Hiy VgLJwh v, sF fg c Vw
nfhzij fhf.
3. A kW B vw fSF ilgl u 2 UF tiu, xW vG
xia kwJ nff aY. RtUJ 1 u jiuYs A MdJ
xU yah czgL iy cs B-ia Rt fhwJ.
A-UJ B-F Vw nfhz 30c Mf UFnghJ A MdJ B-F
vrif x Ljh, yF iu ilFkh myJ ilfhjh?
(A- vrif xia B nfFnghJ mJ jL vd bfhf)
4. u neu xUt ml nkf_l jsid
(cloud ceiling) fhz ufhrkhd xU s xid
nkfij neh brFjhf brYJwh.
msUJ 100 u, jiuUJ
1.5 cau bghUjgl nahliy (Theodolite)
_y nkf_lij ghFnghJ Vwnfhz 60c
60 1.5
v, ml nkf_l js vts cau csJ?
100
(gl 7.20).
gl 7.20
(F: ml nkf_l js vgJ f Fiwj
cau ytToa ml nkf_lkhF. Mfha khd ghJfhghf nkny
cau, jiu wf nghJkhd cau ml nkf_ljs mika ntL.
u s xid brFjhf nk neh brY ml nkf_l
jsid xu brJ js cauij fhwhf).
7. Knfhza 225
5. 40 br. sKs xU CryhdJ (pendulum), xU KG miy nghJ, mj
c 60c nfhzij VgLJwJ. mj miy, Cr Fo Jtf
iyF, W iyF ilna cs f Fiwj uij fhf.
6. xWbfhW nebuuhf cs U kuf J A, B vw U fhiff 15 kW
10 cauf mkJ bfhoUjd. mit jiuUF xU tilid
Kiwna 45c kW 60c wf nfhz ghwd. mit xnu neu s
Fiwthd sKs ghij rkntf gwJ, mtilia vLf Kajh
vj gwit bt bgW? (U kuf mo, til Mad xnu nenfho csd)
7. tl to cs xU fh ika xU sF fg wJ.
tl g mikj P, Q vD U f sF fgdo 90c
nfhzij VgLJwd. nkY, P-UJ sF fg c
Vw nfhz 30c MF. PQ = 30 v, sF fg cauij fhf.
8. 700 cau gwJ bfhoUF xU bAfhlUJ xUt X M
U fiuf nebuuhf cs U bghUfis 30c, 45c wf nfhzf
fhwh v, M mfyij fhf. ( 3 = 1.732 )
9. rkjs W bfhoUF X vgt, mtlUJ 100 u gwJ
bfhoUF xU gwitid 30c Vw nfhz ghwh. mnj neu,
Y vgt 20 cauKs xU fll c W bfhL mnj gwitia
45c Vw nfhz ghwh. UtU W bfhL mtfSilnas
gwitia vbuuhf ghwd v, Y-UJ gwit cs uij fhf.
10. tFgiw mkJ bfhoUF xU khzt fUgyif iliy
ghit nfhoUJ 1.5 cau cs Xaij 30c Vw nfhz
fhwh. Xa mtDF bjthf bjahjjh neuhf fUgyifia
neh efJ L mj Xaij 45c Vw nfhz bjthf
fhwh v, mt efj uij fhf.
11. xU Wt 30 cauKs fllF vnu Fl u wh.
mtDila iliy ghitnfhL jiuklUJ 1.5 cau csJ.
mt fllij neh elJ brY nghJ, mfll c Vw
nfhz 30c-UJ 60cMf cawJ. mt fllij neh elJ brw
uij fhf.
12. 200 mo cauKs fyfiu sf cUJ, mj fhghs xU
njh kW xU glF Matiw ghwh. fyfiu sf mo, njh
kW xU glF Mad xnu ir xnu nenfho mikwd. njh,
glF Mat wf nfhzf Kiwna 45c kW 30c vf. uL
ghJfhghf Uf ntLbk, mitfSF ilgl u FiwjJ 300
moahf Uf ntL. ilbt Fiwjh fhghs vrif x vGg
ntL. mt vrif x vGg ntLkh?
226 10M tF fj
13. jiu WbfhoUF xU Wt fh, iliy nfho khwhj
cau efJ bfhoUF xU gid fhwh. xU Fl
iy Wt 60c Vw nfhz gid fhwh. 2 lf fj
d mnj iyUJ Wt L gid ghFnghJ Vwnfhz
30c Mf FiwwJ. fh ntf 29 3 /l v, jiuUJ g
cau fhf.
14. xU neuhd beLrhiy xU nfhuij neh brwJ. nfhu c
W bfhoUF xUt uhd ntf tJbfhoUF xU Cia
30c wf nfhz fhwh. 6 lf fj d mj C
wf nfhz 60cv, nfhuij mila C nkY vjid lf
vLJ bfhS?
15. xU braif nfhSF xnu ir mikJs U fLghL
iyafUJ mbraif nfh Vw nfhzf Kiwna 30c kW
60c vd csd. mU iyaf, braifnfh Ma it _W
xnu brFJ js mikwd. U iyafSF ilna cs
u 4000 . v, braifnfhSF, F ilna cs uij
fhf . ( 3 = 1.732 )
16. 60 cauKs xU nfhuUJ xU fll c kW mo Mat
wf nfhzf Kiwna 30c kW 60c v, fll cauij fhf.
17. 40 cauKs xU nfhu c kW mo MatUJ xU fyfiu
s c Vw nfhzf Kiwna 30ckW 60c v, fyfiu
s cauij fhf. fyfiu s cUJ nfhu
moF cs uij fhf.
18. xU V nkgu xU UJ fhQnghJ, 45 cau
gwJ bfhoUF xU bAfhl Vw nfhz 30c Mf csJ.
mUJ mnj neu j bAfhl H wf
nfhz 60c v, bAfhlUF V nkguF ilgl uij
fhf.
g 7.3
rahd ilia njbjLf.
1. ^1 - sin2 i h sec2 i =
2 2
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) tan i (D) cos i
2. ^1 + tan2 i h sin2 i =
2 2 2 2
(A) sin i (B) cos i (C) tan i (D) cot i
7. Knfhza 227
2
5. 1- sin i =
1 + cos i
(A) cos i (B) tan i
(C) cot i (D) cosec i
4 4
6. cos x - sin x =
2 2
(A) 2 sin x - 1 (B) 2 cos x - 1
2 2
(C) 1 + 2 sin x (D) 1 - 2 cos x.
7. tan i = a v,x - k
x a + x2 2
11. gl, AC = C
(A) 25 (B) 25 3
228 10M tF fj
C
14. gl, sin i = 15 v, BC =
17
(A) 85 (B) 65
85
i
(C) 95 (D) 75 A B
18. 1 + tan2 i =
1 + cot2 i
(A) cos2 i (B) tan2 i (C) sin2 i (D) cot2 i
19. sin2 i + 1 =
1 + tan2 i
(A) cosec2 i + cot2 i (B) cosec2 i - cot2 i
(C) cot2 i - cosec2 i (D) sin2 i - cos2 i
cfSF bjkh?
gh vnlh (Paul Erdos) (kh 26, 1913 brlg 20, 1996) vgt
Anf ehil nrj fja mP Mth. fja tuyh
mf vif M fLiufis btl mP bgUkf
Kjikahdtuhf t fUjgLwh. j tif fj nkij nahdhL
My (Leanhard Euler) vgt kLnk tUl xljft. vnlh 1475
Muh fLiufis, nahdhL My 800 Muh fLiufis
fj vGsd. vnlh j theh 511 fja mPfnshL
nrJ M brJsh. nkY, fj M brtij xU r_f
nritahf fUdh.
7. Knfhza 229
8 msa
Measure what is measurable, and make measurable what is not so
-Galileo Galilei
8.1 mKf
nenfhL JLf sf, js totf
KDiu Rwsf kW guf, kbghUf
tisguf kW fd msf Madtiw
tisgu kW g tF toa xU gFia msa
fd ms (Mensuration) vnwh. mwhl th gy iyfY
msa gagLtjh bghUf msfis g
v cUis fgJ f mtakhwJ. mogil toa js,
v T gKf wguf kW k cUtf (v.fh.
nfhsf) tisguf kW mitf fd
v nfhs msf Madtiw fU bfhnwh.
izj fd cUtf wguF fdmsF cs j MdJ
kW khwh fdmsf ehndh ma (Nano Science) Ka nfhghLf
xwhf fUjgLwJ. Vbd, mj ehndh
ma ms kW bjh EQfij gagLJ
ms rhj gfis mJ bfhs mogilah
mikwJ.
eh j maha cUis, T, nfhs kW
izj fd cUtf wguf kW fdmsf
Madtiw vthW fhgJ vd ff cnsh.
230
8.2.1 ne tl cUis (Right Circular Cylinder)
xnu tot kW xnu msit bfhl tltot jhfisnah myJ
milfisnah xU Fl vif vLJ bfhL brFjhf xJ
xW rahf bghUJgo mLF nghJ ilF fdcUt netl cUis vdgL.
tiw tltot mogfF brFjhf UFkhW itfgl ntL vgij
id bfhf. (ghf gl 8.3 )
gl 8.3
tiuaiw
xU brtfij mj VnjD xU gfij mrhf bfhL xU
KGRW RHWnghJ clhF k cUt ne tl cUis vdgL.
brJgh
C B B
ABCD xU brtf vf. brtfkhdJ
AB vw gfij bghUJ xU KGRW
RHwgLtjhf fUJnth RHahdJ gl
fhoaJ nghw X netl cUisia cUthFwJ.
F AB vgJ cUis mR vdgL. AB-
s cUis s (cau) vd AD(= BC)- s D A A
cUis Mu vd miHfgL. gl 8.4
F
(i) cUis moghf tlto iyba,
m
mJ rh cUis (Oblique cylinder) vdgL. R
(i) netl cUis tisgu (Curved Surface area of a right circular cylinder)
mUYs gl, netl cUis mo kW cyikj xnu msthd
tl gFf xWbfhW izahf csd. nkY,
cUis neFJ nkgu tisthf csjh, mj
gu cUis tisgu (lateral surface area or curved sur-
h
mR
8. msa 231
(ii) k netl cUis bkhj wgu rr 2
vLJfhL 8.1
xU k ne tl cUis (solid right circular cylinder) Mu 7 br kW cau
20 br v, mj (i) tisgu (ii) bkhj wgu Matiw fhf.
( r = 22 vf).
7
r kW h vgd Kiwna netl k cUis Mu kW cau vf.
F, r = 7 br. , h = 20 br.
tisgu = 2rrh
jnghJ,
= 2 # 22 # 7 # 20
7
20 br.
= 2 # 22 # 7 # [20 + 7] = 44 # 27 7 br.
7
vdnt, bkhj wgu = 1188 r. br.. gl 8.9
( 2 # 22 # 2 # h # h = 3960
7 5 7
( h2 = 3960 # 7 # 5 = 225
2 # 22 # 2 # 7
h = 15 ( r = 2 h = 6.
5
Uis cau 15 br. kW Mu 6 br..
Mfnt, c
vLJfhL 8.4
120 br. sK, 84 br. lK bfhl xU rhiyia rkgLJ cUisia
(road roller) bfhL xU isahLl rkgLjgLwJ. isahL liy
rkgLj Uis 500 KG RWf RHy ntL. isahLliy rkgLj xU
r. lUF 75 igrh j, liy rkgLj MF bryit fhf. ( r = 22 vf)
7
8. msa 233
: rhiyia rkgLJ cUis Mu r = 42 br. kW s h = 120 br..
cUis xU KGRdh
3 = cUis tisgu
rkgLjgL l gu
= 2rrh
= 2 # 22 # 42 # 120
7
84 br.
= 31680 br. 2.
rkgLjgL l gu 3 = 31680 # 500
500 KG RWf
120 br.
= 15840000 br. 2 gl 8.11
14 br.
= 2 # 22 # 14 # ^18 + 12h
7
= 2640 r.br.
18 br.
bkhj wgu = 2r (R + r) (R - r + h) gl 8.12
8. msa 235
clw T tisgu (Curved surface area of a hollow cone)
xU tl nfhzgF Mu l vd mj ika nfhz i vd bfhf.
k T bkhj wgu =
)
T tisgu
r r2
+ tl mogF gu
gl 8.17
= rrl + rr2
k T bkhj wgu = rr^l + r h r. myFf.
vLJfhL 8.6
xU k ne tl T Mu kW rhau Kiwna 35 br. kW 37br..
v T tisgu kW bkhj wguig fhf. ( r = 22 vf)
7
= 4070 r.br.
nkY, bkhj wgu = rr [l + r]
= 22 # 35 # 637 + 35 @
7
Mfnt, bkhj wgu = 7920 r.br. 35br.
cos 60 o = OB
BC
( BC = OB
cos 60c
` BC = 6 = 12 br. 60c
O
(1 ) A B
2 6br.
vdnt, T rhau l = 12 br.
gl 8.19
nkY, brnfhz 3 OBC-
tan60 o = OC
OB
( OC = OB tan 60c = 6 3
Mfnt, T cau OC = 6 3 br.
vdnt, T tisgu rrl = r # 6 # 12 = 72r r.br..
(F oc = 6 3 -I OC 2 = BC 2 - OB 2 UJ bgwyh)
vLJfhL 8.8
21 br. MuKs xU tlUJ 120c ika nfhz bfhl xU tl
nfhzgFia btobaLJ, mj Mufis xizJ xU Tghdh,
ilF T tisguig fhf ( r = 22 ).
7
T Mu r vf
tl nfhzgF nfhz, i = 120c
tl nfhzgF Mu, R = 21 br.
8. msa 237
tlnfhzgF Mufis xizJ mjid xU Tghf khwyh.
vdnt, T moRws = tl s 21br.
120c
( 2rr = i c # 2rR 21br.
360c l
h
( r = ic # R
360c
r
vdnt, T Mu r = 120 # 21 = 7 br. 2rr
360
gl 8.20
nkY, T rhau = tl nfhzgF Mu
khW Kiw :
l = R ( l = 21 br.
T tisgu
vdnt, T tisgu = rrl = tl nfhzgF gu
= ic # rR2
= 22 # 7 # 21 = 462 r.br.. 360c
7
= 120 # 22 # 21 # 21 = 462 r.br..
360 7
8.2.3 nfhs (Sphere)
xU tl tot jfoid mj VnjD xU lij mrhf bfhL RHW
nghJ cUthF fd cUt nfhs vdgL. nkY, nfhskhdJ xU Kgkhz
bghUshF. mjF tisgu kW fd ms cL.
(i) xU k nfhs tisgu (Curved surface area of a solid sphere)
brJgh
xU tl tot jfil vLJ bfhL, mj xU l tna xU iy
xLf. lij mrhf bfhL jfoid 360c RHWf. mnghJ njhW
bghU gJ nghW fhzgL. a tot nfhs vdgL.
fhQ brayhdJ xU nfhs tisgu mj MuF rkkhd Mu
bfhl xU tl gu ehF klF rkkhF vgij ma cj.
xU be (Plastic) gij
vLJ bfh.
mj c xU
Cia bghUJ. r r
g KGw guig
xU uhd yh il r 2
bt RWf. rr
iy btna
vLJ RWtjF r r
gagLjgl
sij msf.
mj iy ehF
gl 8.21
rkghffshf f.
gl fhoaJ ngh ehF JLfis jj tlto itf
ilj tl Mufis msf.
jnghJ, nfhs Mu = rk tlf Mu .
nfhs tisgu = 4 # tl gu = 4 # rr2
vdnt, nfhs tisgu = 4rr2 r. myFf.
2 2
= 2r^ R + r h + r^ R + r h^ R - r h
= r^3R2 + r2h r. myFf.
vLJfhL 8.9
7 clKs xU clw nfhsD cwkhf xU rf u nkhlh
ir rhfr brwh. mj rhfr u rhfr bra ilL clw
nfhs c wguig fhf. ( ( r = 22 vf)
7
clw nfhs cw l 2r = 7
nkhlh ir u, rhfr bra ilL gu
= nfhs cw tisgu
= 4rr2 = r (2r)
2
= 22 # 7
2
7
Mfnt, nkhlh ir u rhfr brL l gu = 154 r..
8. msa 239
vLJfhL 8.10
xU k miunfhs bkhj wgu 675r r.br. v mj tisguig
fhf. r
( r2 = 225 gl 8.25
vLJfhL 8.11
miunfhs tot z jok 0.25 br.. mj cw Mu 5 br. v
mz btw tisguig fhf. ( r = 22 vf)
7
r, R kW w vgd Kiwna miunfhs tot z c Mu,
bt Mu kW jok vf.
5br.
0.25br.
vdnt, r = 5 br., w = 0.25 br. R
` bt Mu R = r + w = 5 + 0.25 = 5.25 br.
btw tisgu = 2rR2
= 2 # 22 # 5.25 # 5.25
7 gl 8.26
Mfnt, z btw tisgu = 173.25 r.br..
g 8.1
1. xU k ne tl cUis Mu 14 br. kW cau 8 br.. v, mj
tisgu kW bkhj wguig fhf.
2. xU k ne tl cUis bkhj wgu 660 r. br.. mj l 14 br..
v, mUis cauij, tisguig fhf.
3. xU k ne tl cUis tisgu kW moRws Kiwna 4400 r.br.
kW 110 br.. v, mUis cauij, lij fhf.
4. xU khif, xbthW 50 br.. MuK, 3.5 cauK bfhl 12 ne tl
cUis tot f csd. mfSF tz r xU rJu lUF
` 20 j vd brythF?
5. xU k ne tl cUis bkhj wgu 231 r. br.. mj tisgu
bkhj wgu _ uL gF v, mj Mu kW cauij fhf.
6. xU k ne tl cUis bkhj wgu 1540 br. 2. mj caukhdJ,
mogf Muijngh ehF klF v, cUis cauij fhf.
7. uL ne tl cUisf Muf j 3 : 2 vf. nkY mt
cauf j 5 : 3 v, mt tisguf jij fhf.
8.3 fd ms (Volume)
Jtiu y k bghUf wgu bjhlghd fzFfis fnlh.
nghJ eh, y efj fd cUtf fdmsfis vthW fzLtJ vd
fhngh. fdms vgJ lij milJ bfhS ms MF. xU k
bghU fdms vgJ k bghU vrhj wa MF.
vLJfhlhf, xU k bghUis XuyF gf bfhl KoW vif
fd rJufshf f Kokhdh, mfdrJuf vifna mbghU
fdms MF.
8. msa 241
gl 8.27- cs fdrJu fdms
= gf # gf # gf 1br.
704br.2
( 2 # 22 # r # 8 = 704
7 r
` r = 704 # 7 = 14 br.
2 # 22 # 8 gl 8.30
= 22 # 28 # (4 + 3) (4 - 3)
28br.
7
` fdms, V = 616 f.br.
1 f.br. U vil = 7 uh
616 f.br. U FHh vil = 7 # 616 uh
8br.
Mfnt, U FHh vil = 4.312 .. gl 8.31
vLJfhL 8.14
xU k ne tl cUis mogf gu kW fdms Kiwna 13.86 r.br.
kW 69.3 f.br.. v, mUis cau kW tisguig fhf. ( r = 22 )
7
A kW V vgd Kiwna netl cUis mogf gu kW fdms vf.
vdnt, mogf gu A = rr = 13.86 r.br.
2
Mfnt, rr h = 69.3
2
( 13.86 # h = 69.3
` h = 69.3 = 5 br. V = 69.3 br.3
13.86
nkY, mogf gu = rr = 13.86
2
22 # r2 = 13.86
7 A =13.86 br.2
r = 13.86 # 7 = 4.41
2
22 gl 8.32
` r = 4.41 = 2.1 br..
8. msa 243
cUis tisgu = 2rrh
= 2 # 22 # 2.1 # 5
7
vdnt, tisgu = 66 r.br..
3
ahagLjyh.
brJgh
fl gl fhoathW rk ms Mu kW cau bfhl clw T
kW clw cUisia jahf. nghJ eh fl bra_y T
fdmsid flayh. kz myJ utdh Tid u. wF
mjid cUisD bfhLf. nrhjidia bjhlJ br nghJ _whtJ
Kiw W cUisahdJ kz / utjh KGtJ u.
gl 8.33
3
vLJfhL 8.15
xU k netl T fdms 4928 f.br.. kW mj cau 24 br.
v, mT Muij fhf. ( r = 22 vf )
7
r, h kW V vgd Kiwna T Mu, cau kW fdms vf.
vdnt, V = 4928 f.br. kW h = 24 br.
22 # 24
r
Mfnt, T Mu r = 196 = 14 br.. gl 8.34
gl 8.35
R
= 1 # r # R # (x + h) - 1 # r # r # x
2 2
3 3
V = 1 r 6 x^ R - r h + R h @ . (1)
2 2 2
8. msa 245
gl 8.36-UJ DBFE + DDGE R
BF A F B
` = FE
GE DG
( = x+h R h
x r r
( Rx - rx
= rh C D
h+x G
( x (R - r)
= rh (2)
x
thW, eh bgWtJ x = rh
R-r
nghJ (1)-UJ ( V = 1 r 6 x^ R - r h + R h @
2 2 2
3 E
8.36
( = 1 r 6 x^ R - r h^ R + r h + R h @
gl
2
3
( = 1 r 6 rh^ R + r h + R h @ ( (2)-UJ )
2
3
ilfl fdms, V = 1 rh (R2 + r2 + Rr) f.myFf.
3
F
* ilfl tisgu = r (R + r) l , F l =
2 2
h + (R - r)
* ilfl bkhj gu = rl (R + r) + rR + rr , F l =
2 2 2 2
h + (R - r)
* (njFait my)
vLJfhL 8.16
xU ilfl toyhd th nkw kW mow Muf Kiwna 15 br.
kW 8 br.. nkY, MH 63 br. v, mj bfhssit l fhf. ( r = 22 )
7
R kW r vgJ Kiwana th nkw kW mow gFf Muf
vd h vgJ mj cau (MH) vd bfhf. 15br.
th fdms = 1 rh (R + r + Rr)
2 2
3
63br.
= 1 # 22 # 63 # (15 + 8 + 15 # 8)
2 2
3 7
= 26994 f.br.
= 26994 l (1000 f.br. = 1 l)
1000 8br.
vdnt, th fdms = 26.994 l. gl 8.37
3
4
` nfhs fdms, V = rr f. myFf vd mJ bfhsyh.
3
H H
btnawgl
r h j
r
R 4 rr 3
3
gl 8.38 R r
3 3 gl 8.39
4
` clw nfhs fdms = r (R - r ) f.myFf.
3 3
3
(iii) k miu nfhs fdms (Volume of a solid hemisphere).
k miunfhs fdms = 1 # k nfhs fdms
2 2 rr 3
1
= # rr 4 3 3
2 3
gl 8.40
k miunfhs fdms = 2 rr f.myFf.
3
3
(iv) clw k miunfhs fdms (gagLjgl cnyhf fdms)
(Volume of a solid hollow hemisphere)
r R
clw miu bt miu c miu
3 = -
3 )
nfhs fdms nfhs fdms nfhs fd ms
= 2 # r # R3 - 2 # r # r3
3 3
clw miunfhs fdms = 2 r^ R3 - r3h f.myFf.
3 gl 8.41
8. mssa 247
vLJfhL 8.17
8.4 br. l bfhl xU nfhstot k cnyhf vFo fd msit
fhf.( r = 22 vf )
7
r vgJ k nfhs tot cnyhf v Fo Mu vf.
8.4br.
Mfnt, 2r = 8.4 br. ( r = 4.2 br.
cnyhf vFo fd ms V = 4 rr
3
3
= 4 # 22 # 42 # 42 # 42 gl 8.42
3 7 10 10 10
vdnt, cnyhf vFo fd ms = 310.464 f.br..
vLJfhL 8.18
xU T, xU miunfhs, kW xU cUis Mad rk moguid
bfhLsd. T cau, cUis cauF rkkhf, nkY au,
mt MuF rkkhf Ujh _ fd msfSilna cs
jij fhf.
r vgJ T, miunfhs kW cUis bghJthd Mu vf.
h vgJ T kW cUis r
nghJ, V1 : V2 : V3 = 1 rr h : 2 rr : rr h
2 3 2
3 3
= 1 rr : 2 rr : rr (r=h)
3 3 3
(
3 3
( V1 : V2 : V3 = 1 : 2 : 1
3 3
Mfnt, fdmsf j 1 : 2 : 3.
vLJfhL 8.19
xU k nfhs fdms 7241 1 f.br. v, mj Muij fhf.
7
( r = 22 vf)
7
r kW V vgd Kiwna nfhs Mu kW fdms vf.
r
V = 7241 1 f.br.
7 br.3
7241 1
4 rr3 = 50688 7
(
3 7
( 4 # 22 # r3 = 50688 gl 8.44
3 7 7
248 10M tF fzF
r = 50688 # 3 # 7
3
7 4 # 22
= 1728 = 43 # 33
Mfnt, nfhs Mu, r = 12 br..
vLJfhL 8.20
vdnt, c Mu r = 5 br..
g 8.2
gl 8.46
vLJfhL 8.21
xU k kubghikahdJ miunfhs nk T
izj to csJ. miunfhs kW T Mat Mu
17.5br.
3.5 br.. nkY bghik bkhj cau 17.5 br. v mbghik
jahf gagLjgl ku fd msit fhf. (r = 22 )
7
miunfhs gF : T gF :
Mu r = 3.5 br. Mu r = 3.5 br. 3.5br.
cau h = 17.5 - 3.5 = 14 br. gl 8.47
= 2 rr + 1 rr h
3 2
3 3
2
= rr ^2r + hh
3
= 22 # 3.5 # 3.5 # ^2 # 3.5 + 14h = 269.5
7 3
Mfnt, kubghik jahf gagLjgl ku fd ms = 269.5 f.br..
vLJfhL 8.22
xU nfhigahdJ miunfhs J cUis izj to csJ. cUis
gF cau 8 br. kW nfhig bkhj cau 11.5 br.. v mnfhig
bkhj wguig fhf. (r = 22 vf.)
7
miunfhs gF : cUis gF :
8br.
11.5br.
= 2 # 22 # 7 ` 7 + 8j
7 2 2
vdnt, nfhig bkhj wgu = 253 r.br..
8. msa 251
vLJfhL 8.23
xU rf TlhukhdJ cUis J T izj to mikJsJ.
Tlhu bkhj cau 49 . mj moghf l 42 . cUisghf cau
21 . nkY 1 r. jh J iy `12.50 v, Tlhu mikf njitahd
jh J iyia fhf. ( r = 22 )
7
l
h1
cUis gF T gF r
49
l, 2r = 42 Mu, r = 21
21
Mu, r = 21 cau, h1 = 49 - 21 = 28
cau, h = 21 rhau, l =
2 2
h1 + r
42
=
2 2
28 + 21
gl 8.49
= 7 4 + 3 = 35
2 2
vLJfhL 8.24
xU clw nfhs bt kW c lf Kiwna 8 br. kW 4
br.. nfhskhdJ cUfgL 8 br. lKs ne tl k
Tghf khwglh T cauij fhf.
R kW r vgd Kiwna clw nfhs bt kW 2br.
c Mu vf. 4br.
k T fd ms = clw nfhs fd ms
( 1 rr 2 h = 4 r 6 R 3 - r 3 @
3 1 3 8br.
gl 8.50
vLJfhL 8.25
7 br. lKs cUis tot Kfit js j csJ. m
xbthW 1.4 br. lKs y nfhs tot gF ff nghlgLwJ.
cUisYs kl 5.6 br. cau vjid gF ffis KfitD
nghlntL vd fhf?
njitahd gF ff vifia n vf. gF ff kW cUis
tot Kfit Muf Kiwna r1, r2 vf.
gF ff cUis tot Kfit
l, 2r1 = 1.4 br. l, 2r2 = 7 br.
5.6 br.
Mu, r1 = 0.7 br. Mu, r2 = 7 br.
2
h vgJ ffis nghl d j
1.4 br.
kl cau vf.
h = 5.6 br. 7br.
gl 8.51
gF ffis Kfit nghl
caj j kl fdms = n gF ff fd ms
( rr2 h = n # 4 rr1
2 3
3
2
3r2 h
n = 3
4r1
3 # 7 # 7 # 5.6
n = 2 2 = 150.
4# 7 # 7 # 7
10 10 10
vdnt, njitahd gF ff vif = 150.
vLJfhL 8.26
14 br. lKs xU cUis tot FHh tahf, jiu kF 15 .
ntf 50 sK kW 44 mfyKs xU brtf tot bjhoF brYdh,
bjho 21 br. cauF j ug vjid k neukhF? (r = 22 vf.)
7
j ntf = 15 . / k ntf 15 . / k
14 br.
= 15000 / k
FHh l, 2r = 14 br.
r = 7
100
h vgJ j kl cau vf 21br.
44
50
h = 21 br. = 21
100 gl 8.52
8. msa 253
jnghJ 1 k neu FHh tna btnaa j fd ms
= FHh FWF btL gu # neu # ntf
= rr2 # 1 # 15000
= 22 # 7 # 7 # 15000 f.br.
7 100 100
bjho ghrgl j fd ms
lbh = 50 # 44 # 21
100
bjho T k neu j ghrglJ vd bfhnth
3=
T k neu FHh tna bjho ghrgl
Mfnt,
btnawgl j fd ms j fdms
( 22 # 7 2 # T # 15000 = 50 # 44 # 21
7 ` 100 j 100
Mfnt T = 2 k
vLJfhL 8.27
55 br. # 40 br. # 15 br. vw msf bfhl fdbrtf tot k U
gyif cUfgL xU FHhahf thfgLwJ. mFHh bt l kW jok
Kiwna 8 br. kW 1 br. v, mFHh sij fhf. (r = 22 vf.)
7
h1 vgJ FHh s vf.
U FHh bt kW c Muf Kiwna R kW r vf.
U FHh :
1br.
bt l, 2R = 8 br.
15br.
( rh1 (R + r) (R - r) = lbh
22 # h (4 + 3)(4 - 3) = 55 # 40 # 15
7 1
2 3 2 3
3. xU netl cUis mogf gu 80 r. br.. mj cau 5 br. v,
mj fd ms
(A) 400 br. 3 (B) 16 br. 3 (C) 200 br. 3 (D) 400 br. 3
3
4. xU netl cUis bkhj wgu 200 r r. br.. kW mj Mu 5 br.
v mj cau kW Mu TLj
(A) 20 br. (B) 25 br. (C) 30 br. (D) 15 br.
5. a myFf MuK, b myFf cauK bfhl xU netl cUis tisgu
(A) ra2 b r.br. (B)2r ab r.br. (C) 2r r.br. (D) 2 r.br.
6. xU netl T kW netl cUis MuK cauK Kiwna rk
cUis fd ms 120 br. 3 v, T fd ms
(A) 1200 br. 3 (B) 360 br. 3 (C) 40 br. 3 (D) 90 br. 3
(A) 12r br. 3 (B) 36r br. 3 (C) 72r br. 3 (D) 108r br. 3
8. msa 257
19. 12r br. 2 bkhjgu bfhl k miunfhs tisgu
(A) 6r br. 2 (B) 24r br. 2 (C) 36r br. 2 (D) 8r br. 2.
20. xU nfhs MukhdJ kbwhU nfhs Mu gh v mt fd
msf j
(A) 1 : 8 (B) 2: 1 (C) 1 : 2 (D) 8 : 1
21. xU k nfhs tisgu 24 br..2 mj nfhsij uL miunfhsfshf
jh ilF miunfhsf x bkhj wgu
r
netl clw rR 2 h rr 2 h
cUis h
2 2r^ R + r h^ R r + hh = rh^ R r h
2 2
2rh^ R + r h
(Right circular
hollow cylinder) R = rh^ R + rh^ R rh
netl
1 rr 2 h
3 k T h
l rrl rr^l + r h
3
(Right circular cone)
r
ilfl h 1 rh^ R2 + r2 + Rr h
4 ------- -- - - - - - 3
(Frustum of a cone)
R
knfhs r 4 rr 3
5 4rr2 ---
(Solid sphere) 3
clw nfhs R
6 --- --- 4 r^ R 3 r3h
(Hollow sphere) r 3
k r
2 rr 3
7 miunfhs 2 rr 2 3rr2 3
(Solid hemisphere)
clw r R gagLjgl
2r ^ R + r h + r ^ R r h
2 2 2 2
miunfhs cnyhf
8 2 2
2r ^ R + r h fdms =
(Hollow
= r^3R2 + r2h 2 r ^ R3 r3h
hemisphere) 3
8. msa 259
9 brKiw toa
Give me a place to stand, and I shall move the earth
-Archimedes
9.1 mKf
mKf .K.3000 Jtf v, njha toa
yfis msl gagLjglJ. Mugfhy
bjhLnfhLf
toa vgJ mDgt _ykhf flagl,
Knfhzf s, nfhz, gu kW fd ga nfhghLfis
tlehfuf bfhL tsailjJ. y msit, fLkhd,
tha kW w gtif bjhf nghw
tYs eilKiw njitfis iw br
bghUL toa nfhghLf cUthd.
afj, gFgh nghw ghlfis
l toaYfhd KaJtij FiwF
tif ghll khwfis bfhLtu y
rg fhy gy a Kafis nkbfhLsd.
Mdh gy fjayPf cWahf khwij
uk Fj vwd. cik toa fj
(598-668 ..) w gFf cs gy fj fis J
ah bfhs cjwJ. ghlgF eh tl
gHfhy ah bjhLnfhLf, Knfhzf kW tlehfufis
fwj fj mP bfhLfgl msfis bfhL vthW tiutJ
ukhjh jhejh vd fhngh.
vw iy uk Fj eh xgjh tF tlnjhL bjhlila
vGdh. to, tl eh (chord), tlJL (segment), tl nfhzgF
ehfu gu fhQ Nu
(sector) nghwt bghUis mJsnsh.
t f wj fLo
fhQ braf _y btLnfhL (Secant),
MF.
bjhLnfhL (Tangent) Madtiw id TWnth.
p, q, r kW s vgd
tlehfu gff v, brJ gh
mj gu fhQ Nuij xU fhj VnjD
njhuhakhf kW rahf xU Mu bfhl tl C
P
tUkhW fljh. tiuf. mtlF PQ A
260
beU tUtnjhL, xU iy mU fS xnwhblhW bghUJtij
fhzyh. PQ-F izahf mikj btLnfhLf AB kW CD Mad
tlij Kiwna L kW M vw f bjhLwd. F nfhLf AB
kW CD vgd tl nk Kiwna L kW M- mikj bjhLnfhLf
vdgL. nkY AB MdJ CD-F izahf miktij eh fhzyh.
brJgh
xU tl tiuJ mtl nk P vw ia l3
Ff. gl fhoaJ ngh P tna gy l4 l2
nfhLfis tiuf. P tbrY nfhLf tl
l5 B
uL f rwd. nenfhLf l2, l3, l4 C
A
kW l5 Mad tlij Kiwna A, B, C kW D vw
D
kbwhU Y rwd. nfhLf ( l2, l3, l4
l1
kW l5 Mad) tlyikj btLnfhLf P
O P
3.2br..
T
M N Tl
L
O P
3.2 br..
Tl
tiuKiw:
(i) O-it ikakhf bfhL 3.2 br.. MuKs tl tiuf.
(ii) tl nk P vw ia FJ OP I izf.
(iii) P-ia ikakhf bfhL OP- L vw l btLgo xU tl
tiuf.
!!
(iv) m nk LM = MN = LP vwthW M, N vw fis F.
(v) + MPN- nfhz Urkbto PT tiuf.
(vi) TP I T l tiu o njitahd bjhLnfhL T l PT tiuf.
Fiu
R
Q
R
O
Q
Tl P T
O
3.2 br.
Tl P T
tiuKiw
(i) O-it ikakhfbfhL 3.2 br.. MuKs tl tiuf.
(ii) tlnk P vw ia Ff.
(iii) Ptna VnjD xU eh PQ tiuf.
(iv) P kW Q-I jJ R vw ia f P,Q kW R vgd fofhu
K efU vir mikkhW Ff.
(v) PR kW QR-Madtiw izf.
(vi) P - +QPT = +PRQ tiuf.
(vii) TP I T l tiu o njitahd bjhLnfhL T l PT-ia tiuf.
r.
3b
O P
7 br.
6.3
br
..
Tl
.
br.
6.3
Tl
tiuKiw (Construction)
(i) O-it ikakhf bfhL 3 br.. MuKs tl tiuf.
(ii) tlF btna, tl ika O-UJ 7 br.. bjhiy P vw
ia FJ OP-ia izf.
(iii) OP ikaFJnfhL tiuf. mJ OP-ia M- btlL.
(iv) M-ia ikakhf, MO (= MP)it Mukhf bfhL kbwhU tl tiuf.
(v) uL tlfS T kW T l - rF.
(vi) PT kW PT l tiuf. itna njitahd bjhLnfhLf MF.
bjhLnfho s, PT = 6.3 br..
rghj
brnfhz TOPT -
2 2
PT = OP - OT = 7 -3
2 2
Fiu
nknys gl tl nk C1, C2, C3, ... Ma fis vLJ
bfhlh Knfhzf DABC1, DABC2, DABC3, g Mait xnu
mogfK, rkc nfhzK bfhl Knfhzfshf mik.
40c
4.2 br..
Cl
M
6 br..
40c
4.2 br..
40c M 6 br..
tiuKiw
(i) nfhLJL AB = 6 br. tiuf.
(ii) +BAX = 40c vd UFgo AX tiuf.
(iii) AY = AX tiuf.
(iv) AB- ikaFJ nfhL tiuf. mJ AY kW AB-Madtiw Kiwna O
kW M f rwJ.
(v) O-ia ikakhf, OA-it Mukhf bfhl tl tiuf.
(vi) tl gF AKB vgJ nfhz 40c bfhoUF.
(vii) ikaFJnfhL MO-, MH = 4.2 br. UF go H vw ia Ff.
(viii) AB-F izahf CHC l tiuf. mJ tlij C kW C l -f rF.
(ix) AC kW BC izf Jnt njitahd Knfhz DABC MF.
Fiu
F, 3 ABC l vgJ njitahd kbwhU Knfhz MF.
K cjgl
A
A Al
60c
Y
4.5br..
60c
4.5
M
br
O B 5.5br.. C
..
B C
M 5.5br..
60c
X
tiuKiw
(i) BC = 5.5 br.. mss xU nfhLJL tiuf.
(ii) B tna +CBX = 60c vd UF go BX tiuf.
4.7br..
Al B M C
4.5br..
40c
4.
7b
3.2br..
r.
.
40c M 4.5br..
tiuKiw
6b
..
r.
4.2br..
r
7b
O
6br
..
.
r.
A 6br.. B
7b
4.2br..
6br..
tiuKiw
(i) cjgl tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis Ff. AB = 6 br. mss
xU nfhLJL tiuf.
(ii) f A kW B- ia ikakhf bfhL Kiwna 7 br. kW 6 br.
MuKs tlf (arcs) tiuf. mitf mJ C vw rF. AB
kW AC -fis izf.
(iii) nfhLJLf AB kW AC-f ikaFJnfhLf tiuJ mit
rF O-I fhf.
(iv) O-I ikakhf kW OA (= OB = OC) -I Mukhf bfhL DABC - RW
tl tiuf.
(v) A-I ikakhf bfhL 4.2br. MuKs tl tiuf mJ RW tlij
D- rfL.
(vi) AD kW CD Madtiw izf. Jnt njitahd tlehfu ABCD MF.
..
S
br
7b
6br..
7.5
r.
.
..
4br..
br
P Q
7.5
6br..
7b
r.
.
4br..
tiuKiw
vLJfhL 9.9
AB = 6 br.., BC = 5.5 br.., +ABC = 80c kW AD = 4.5 br.. msf bfhl
tl ehfu ABCD tiuf.
X cj gl
C C
D
5.5br..
D
4.5br..
O
5.5br..
80c
A 6br.. B
O
4.5br..
80c
A 6br.. B
6br..
40c
Y
6br.. 50c
E 5.2br.. F
50c
5.2br..
tiuKiw:
(i) X cjgl tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis Ff.
EF = 5.2 br.. sKs nfhLJL tiuf.
(ii) E-, +FEX = 50c vD go EX tiuf.
(iii) F-ia ikakhf bfhL 6 br. MuKs X tiuJ mJ EX ia rF
G vf.
(iv) FG-ia izf.
(v) EF kW FG-f ikaFJ nfhLf tiuf. mitf O-
rfL.
(vi) O-it ikakhf kW OE (= OF = OG) -I Mukhf bfhL TEFG - RW
tl tiuf.
(vii) G , +EGY = 40c vDgo GY tiuf.
(viii) GY MdJ RWtlij btL H vf. EH-I izf. jnghJ
njitahd tlehfu EFGH MF.
vLJfhL 9.11
PQ = 4 br.., +P = 100c, +PQS = 40c kW +SQR = 70c vDgo tlehfu
PQRS tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit: tlehfu PQRS-,
PQ = 4 br.., +P = 100c, +PQS = 40c kW +SQR = 70c.
cjgl
S R
O
70c
100c
40c
P Q
4br..
70c
100c
40c
4br..
tiuKiw:
(i) cjgl tiuJ, m bfhLfgl msfisFf.
PQ = 4 br.. mss nfhlJL tiuf.
(ii) P- +QPX = 100c vD go PX tiuf.
(iii) Q- +PQY = 40c vD go QY tiuf QY MdJ PX -I S- rfL.
(iv) PQ kW PS-f ikaFJnfhLf tiuJ mit rF O-ia
fhf.
(v) O-it ikakhf OP( = OQ = OS )ia Mukhf bfhL 3 PQS - RW
tl tiuf.
(vi) Q-, +SQZ = 70c vD go QZ tiuf. mJ tlij R- rfL.
(vii) RS-I izf.
njitahd tl ehfu PQRS MF.
vLJfhL 9.12
AB = 5.8 br.., +ABD = 35c, AD = 4.2 br.. kW AB || CD vw msf bfhl
tl ehfu ABCD tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit: tl ehfu ABCD-, AB = 5.8 br.., cjgl
+ABD = 35c, AD = 4.2 br.. kW AB || CD.
C
D
4.2br..
35c
A 5.8br.. B
4.2 br..
35c
5.8br..
tiuKiw
(i) cjgl tiuJ, m bfhLfgl msfis Ff.
AB = 5.8 br.. mss xU nfhLJL tiuf.
(ii) B-, +ABX = 35c vDgo BX tiuf.
(iii) A-ia ikakhf bfhL 4.2 br. MuKs X tl tiuf mJ BX -ia
rF D vf.
(iv) AB kW AD-f ikaFJnfhLf tiuf mit rF O-vf.
(v) O-ia ikakhf, OA (= OB = OD)-I Mukhf bfhL DABD -
RW tl tiuf.
(vi) DY < AB vDgo DY tiuf mJ tlij rF C vf.
BC-ia izf.
(vii) njitahd tl ehfu ABCD MF.
cfSF bjkh?
1901 Kj xbthU ML aa, nta, clTa (kUJt)
ya kW mik Ma Jiwf wJ sFnthF bgUikFa
nehg gR (Nobel Prize) tHfgL tUwJ. l eho lhnAhYs
nehg mwflis _y ML njhW tHfgL tU ta grhdJ
xU rtnjr UjhF. Mdh fjF nehg gR tHfgLtiy.
rtnjr fj Tlikgh (International Mathematical Union) ehF
MLfSF xU Kiw elj bgW rtnjr fj fhu kheho
xbthU Kiw 40 taij flfhj uL, _W myJ ehF fja
mPfSF tHfgL UJ gjf (Fields Medal) vdgL.
gjf fjfhd nehg gR vd ghuhlgLwJ.
278
tU tiuglf btntwhd gYWnfhitfis fhLwd.
y y y
O x O x O x
y = (x + 1) (x - 2) , y = (x + 4) (x + 1) (x - 2), y = 1 (x + 4) (x + 1) (x - 3) (x - 0.5)
14
Ugo gYWnfhit Kgo gYWnfhit ehgo gYWnfhit
2
y = ax + bx + c vw Ugo gYWnfhit tiuglij tiutjfhd
tKiwf (Procedures to draw the quadratic graph of y = ax 2 + bx + c )
vLJfhL 10.1
2
y = 2x -F tiugl tiuf.
y = 2x
2 18 8 2 0 2 8 18
2x 2
y=
Fiu
(i) j tistiuahdJ y-mir bghUJ
rkuhf UF. mjhtJ, y -m
lgf mikJs tiugl (1, 2)
xl O
gFahdJ y-m tygf cs x
gF fzho gkhF.
yl
(ii) y- kf Fiw vfshf iy. vdnt, gl 10.1
tiugl x -mRF mikahJ.
vLJfhL 10.2
2
y =- 3x tiugl tiuf.
x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
x
2
9 4 1 0 1 4 9
y =- 3x
2
27 12 3 0 3 12 27
xl
x
(1,3) (1,3)
y = - 3x 2
yl
gl 10.2
(3, 27), (2, 12), (1, 3), (0, 0), (1,3), (2, 12) kW (3, 27) Ma fis
tiugljh Ff.
mfis xU nenfhlw iHthd tistiuah (smooth curve)
2
izf. thW bgwgL tistiu y =- 3x tiuglkhF. tiugl
gutisa (parabola) vdgL.
Fiu
2
(i) y- kf midJnk ifaw kfshf csjh y =- 3x
tiugl x-mRF nk mikahJ.
(ii) tiugl y-mir bghWJ rkuhdJ.
2
(To solve the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 graphically)
Kj Ugo gYWnfhit y = ax2 + bx + c- tiuglij tiuf.
tistiuahdJ x-mid btodh, tistiu kW x-mR Mad btL
f x-Mabjhiyf kfns, bfhLfgl rkgho
fshF.
Kj y = x2 - 2x - 3 - tiuglij tiunth.
x -F 3 UJ 4 tius KGf kfis bfhLJ mjFa y-
kfis fL flthW mltizgLJf.
x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
x2 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16
- 2x 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
y 12 5 0 3 4 3 0 5
(3, 12), (2, 5), (1, 0), (0, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 0), (4, 5) Ma f i s
tiugl jh Ff. fis nenfhlw iHthd tistiuah
y
(smooth curve) izf. msl
xmR 1br. = 1 myF
tistiu x mir (1, 0) kW ymR 1br. = 2 myFf
(3, 0) Ma f btLwJ.
f x Ma bjhiyf
1 kW 3.
Fiu
(i) x-m, vnghJ y =0 MF.
3
(ii) y- kf if kW
x-
-2
tistiuahdJ x-mRF
y
nkY G mik. xl O
x
(iii) x = 1 vw nfhil bghUJ
tiugl rkuhdJ.
J y- mir bghUJ
yl
rkuhdJ my.
gl 10.3
x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
x
2
9 4 1 0 1 4 9
2x
2
18 8 2 0 2 8 18
x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
y 9 0 5 6 3 4 15
(3, 9), (2, 0), (1, 5), (0, 6), (1, 3), (2, 4) kW (3, 15) Ma fis
tiugl jh Ff. fis nenfhlw iHthd tistiuah
2
(smooth curve) izf. thW bgwgl tistiu y = 2x + x - 6 vw
gYWnfhit tiuglkhF. y
msl
tistiu x- mir (2 , 0) kW xmR 1br. = 1 myF
ymR 1br. = 2 myFf
(1.5, 0) Ma f btLwJ.
f x Ma bjhiyf
2 kW 1.5 MF.
Mfnt, fz {2 , 1.5 }.
+x-6
Fiu
y = 2x 2
2
2x + x - 6 = 0 -I tiugl
_y f tU Kiwia
gwyh.
gl 10.4
2 2
Kj y = 2x - tiuglij tiunth. y = 2x F tU mltizia
mikf.
x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
x2 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
y = 2x 2 18 8 2 0 2 8 18
(3, 18), (2, 8), (1,2), (0, 0), (1, 2), y
msl
(2, 8) kW (3, 18) Ma fis xmR 1br. = 1 myF
ymR 1br. = 2 myFf
tiugljh Ff.
fis nenfhlw
iHthd tistiuah (smooth curve)
izf.
2
2x + x - 6 = 0 - _yfis
x2
2 2
fhz y = 2x kW 2x + x - 6 = 0
y=2
Ma rkghLfis f.
2
nghJ, 2x + x - 6 = 0 .
2
( y = 2x . Mfnt y + x 6 = 0
( y=x+6
2
vdnt, 2x + x - 6 = 0 - _yf
2
y = 2x kW y = x + 6 Mad y=
x
bto bfhS f x- +6
O
MabjhiyfshF. . xl
x
nghJ, y = - x + 6 vw
nenfhoFa mltizia
mikngh. yl
gl 10.5
x 1 0 1 2
y = -x + 6 7 6 5 4
nknys fis tiugljh FJ mtiw xU nenfhlh
izf.
nenfhL kW gutisa Madt btL f (2, 8)
kW (1.5, 4.5) MF. f x-Mabjhiyf 2 kW 1.5 MF.
2
vdnt, rkghL 2x + x - 6 = 0- fz { 2 , 1.5} MF.
10. tiuglf 285
vLJfhL 10.6
2
y = x + 3x + 2 - tiugl tiuf. mij gagL x2 + 2x + 4 = 0 vw
rkghil f.
2
Kj, y = x + 3x + 2 -fhdmltizia tUkhW jahbrnth.
x 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
x
2
16 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
3x 12 9 6 3 0 3 6 9
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
y 6 2 0 0 2 6 12 20
y
(4, 6), (3, 2), (2, 0), (1, 0), msl
(0, 2), (1, 6), (2, 12) kW (3, 20) xmR 1br. = 1 myF
ymR 1br. = 2 myFf
Ma fis tiugljh
Ff. fis ne
nfhlw iHthd tistiuah
+2
(smooth curve) izf. ilf
+ 3x
bgw tistiuahdJ,
y = x2
2
y = x + 3x + 2 - tiuglkhF.
2
nghJ, x + 2x + 4 = 0
2
( x + 3x + 2 x +2 = 0
2
( y = x - 2 a y = x + 3x + 2
2
vdnt, x + 2x + 4 =0 - _yf,
2
y = x - 2 kW y = x + 3x + 2
Mad bto bfhS
fsh ilf bgWwd. xl O x
nghJ nenfhL y = x - 2 -
tiuglij tiunth.
jF y = x - 2 -fhd mltizia
2
x
tUkhW mikngh. y=
yl
x 2 0 1 2
gl 10.6
y = x-2 4 2 1 0
2
Mdh, nenfhL y = x - 2 MdJ tistiu y = x + 3x + 2 -I btliy.
2
vdnt , x + 2x + 4 =0-F bk_yf VJ iy.
vdnt, y \ x vd vGjyh.
(2, 8), (3, 12), (5, 20), (8, 32) kW (10, 40) Ma fis tiugl jh
Ff. fis xU nenfhlh izf. thW bgwgl nenfhL
y = 4x- tiuglkhF.
vLJfhL 10.8
xU to XLgt A vw lUJ B vw lF xU uhd
ntf xnu t btntW ehf gaz brwh. mt gaz brj ntf,
muid flf vLJ bfhl neu Madtiw ga tuf
(ntf-fhy) tU mltiz bfhLfgLsd.
ntf (.. / k)
2 4 6 10 12
x
neu (k)
60 30 20 12 10
y
y
msl
mltizUJ x- xmR 1br. = 1 myF
ymR 1br. = 10 myFf
k mfkhFnghJ y-
k vj FiwwJ
vd mnwh. j tifahd neu
gl 10.8
Mfnt, y = 120
x
tiuglUJ ,
vLJfhL 10.9
y
nkfl mltizUJ, msl
x mR 1br. = ` 100
vjhf y = 1 x vd mayh. nkY y mR 1br.= ` 10
10
y= 1 x - tiugl xU nenfhL MF. x
1
10 10
vdnt mltiz bfhLfgl y=
UJ tiugl tiuayh.
to
j tiugl UJ
g 10.2
nehLjff
vif 2 4 6 8 10 12
x
iy
30 60 90 120 150 180
`y
jfhd tiugl tiuJ mj _y
(i) VG nehL jff iyia fhf.
(ii) ` 165-F thfgL nehL jff vifia fhf.
y 2 6 10 14 16
Fljf nknfhf
1. fj dhit vG Mwiy, mdhF fhgijl
cathf fUjglntL. - #h{ nfl. (Georg Cantor)
mKf
11.1 mKf
uhl (Croxton) kW bfsl (Cowden)
guj msitf
Mnah TWF zf, a (Statistics) vgJ
R tufis nrfj, mj, M brj,
v tufUJ fUJfis gy tiff
yftf ruhr
jUj vd tiuaWfgLwJ. R.A. (R.A. Fisher)
l yf vgt a vD maiy fj xU
khWghL bfG vd, mJ Tjh tufSF braghL
fj vd nghWwh.
nAhnu br (Horace Secrist) vgt
aiy tUkhW tiuaiw brwh. a
vgJ gntW fhuzfdh Fl ms ghf
gLgitf tuf nrifahF. tuf
vfsh FfgL, tirgLjgL myJ
Vila ms Jakhf mslgL, Kghfnt
khfgl nehffhf mitfis Kiwahf
nrfgJ mitfSilnas bjhlfis
btgLJtJ ayhF.
fh ar
(Karl Pearson) J.F. ghu (J.F. Baron) vgt Statistics (a)
(1857-1936) vD brhiy jDila Elements of Universal
yhJ Erudiation vD KjKiwahf gagLdh.
ed fhy a vgJ btW tuf
fh ar vD
My a tYe nrf kW mtufis glsffY.
ed a Jiwia mltizfY mgJ kL my. Tjh
Watf Kndho brj tuf UJ mDkhj kW rakw
Mth. t a fj NH KG uidF Ko nkbfhs nghw
Jiwia Wdh. aa ma fUJf iwj thf J fUjgLwJ.
fUJnfhshd Uw eh Vfdnt ikanghF msitfshd, TL
vw fUij a
ruhr, iliy ms kW KfL Mad g
mKfgLdh. ma
fWnsh. mit ekF gut ika gF cs
yfz (Grammar of science)
vw mtUila gy tuf mlia ga xU fUij jUwd.
Ka fUJf IO ika nghfsitf ga mjfdh
kW w ma tYef tuf gutiy ga KG fUJfis bjJ
fhya ma bfhif bfhs ayhJ. vLJfhlhf (i) 82, 74, 89, 95
f mfkhf mikjd. kW (ii) 120, 62, 28, 130 Ma uL btntW
292
bjhlfSF xnu TL ruhr 85 MF. Kj bjhl cs vf, ruhr
85-F beUfkhf csd. Mdh, ulhtJ bjhl cs vf, ruhr 85-UJ
gutyhf usJ. vdnt ikanghF msitf, tufis ga jtwhd
KofSF t tFfyh. TL ruhria xo, tuf vthW gusd
vgij ma cj tif tufSfhd xU msL njitgLwJ.
11. a 293
vLJfhL 11.3
xU tu bjhF bgU k 7.44 kW mj R 2.26 v,
mbjhF W kig fhf.
R = bgU k - W k
( 7.44 - W k = 2.26
` W k = 7.44- 2.26 = 5.18.
11.2.2 l yf (Standard deviation)
guj msitfhz wj t, tuf bjhFYs xbthU
kF, mj TL ruhrF cs ahrfis tfgL, mj
tffSF ruhr fhgjhF. thW bgwgL guj msit yf tf
ruhr myJ gutgo (Variance) vdgL. yf tf ruhr if tf_y
lyf (Standard Deviation) vdgL. yf tf ruhr vbghGJ if KG
vzhf UF.
fh (Gauss) vgt gagLa ruhr iH (mean error) vw thijF
gyhf, 1894- fh ar (Karl Pearson) vgt l yf vw thijia
Kj Kj gagLdh.
tuf vj my FlgLwnjh, mnj my l yfK
FlgL. l yf tu kf ruhrUJ vts yUwJ
vgij fhL. Fiwthd ks lyf, tu kf TL ruhrF
mik gusij, caj ks lyf, tu kf mf
gusd vgij fhLwd.
x kW v vw FpLfis Kiwna guj TL ruhr (A.M) kW
l yfij (S.D) Fl gagLJnwh. tuf a
mogil mtiw VWtir myJ wF tir mikj gntW
Kiwf fhQ Nufis gagL, eh l yf v - it
fzLnth. (NufSF %gz njitiy)
TL Cf ruhr Kiw
neuo Kiw goyf Kiw
ruhr (Assumed mean
tu (Direct method) Kiw (Step deviation method)
method)
bjhFf
glhjit
/ x2 - c / x m2 / d2 / d2 - c / d m2 / d2 - c / d m2 # c
n n n n n n n
(ungrouped)
F,
F, d = x A F, d = x - A
c
d = x-x
bjhFf / fd2 / fd2 - e / fd o2 / fd2 e / fd o2 # c
glit /f /f /f /f /f
(grouped)
F :
n cWfis (vf) bfhl bjhFF tUtd bkahF
/^ x - x h = 0 , / x = nx kW / x = nx .
294 10M tF fzF
(i) neuo Kiw (Direct method)
cWf tff v bgwgL bghGJ Kiwia gagLjyh.
x x2 F, n = 8
2 4
5 25 lyf, v =
/ x2 - c / x m2
n n
6 36
8 64 = 690 - 68 2
8 `8 j
10 100
11 121 = 86.25 - ^8.5h2
12 144
14 196 = 86.25 - 72.25
/ x =68 / x =690
2
= 14 - 3.74.
(ii) TL ruhr Kiw (Actual mean method)
TL ruhr dkhf yho, mjhtJ KG vzhf UFnghJ
Kiwia gagLjyh.
Kiw l yf fhz cj Nu,
v=
/^ x - x h2
myJ v =
/ d2 . F d = x - x .
n n
vLJfhL 11.5
xU tFF eljgl bghJ mnj bkhj kbgf 40-F,
6 khztf bgw kbgf 20, 14, 16, 30, 21 kW 25. tu l
yf fhf.
nghJ, TLruhr A. M. =
/ x = 20 + 14 + 16 + 30 + 21 + 25
n 6
( x = 126 = 21.
6
flthW mltizia mikf.
x d= x-x d2
14 -7 49 Mfnt, v =
/ d2 = 172
16 25 n 6
-5
20 -1 1 = 28.67
21 0 0
25 16 vdnt, v - 5. 36.
4
30 9 81
/ x = 126 /d = 0 / d2 = 172
11. a 295
(iii) Cf ruhr Kiw (Assumed mean method)
bfhLfgl tu TLruhr KG vzhf iyba, Cf
ruhr Kiw lyf fhzyh. TLkhd tiu xA vgJ f a KG
vfshf mikkhW bghUjkhd v A-id bj brnwh. thW bj
bragL v A-I Cf ruhr vngh. J TL ruhrF f beUfkhf mik.
Mfnt, l yf v =
/ d2 - c / d m2 .
n n
F :
Cf ruhr Kiw goyf Kiw, l yf fhQ neuo Kiw
vikahfgl khW Kiwf MF.
vLJfhL 11.6
62, 58, 53, 50, 63, 52, 55 Ma vfSF l yf fhf.
Cf ruhr A=55 vd vLJ bfhL fhQ mltizia mikf.
x d=xA
/d /d m
2
d 2 2
= x 55 v = -c
n n
50 -5 25
52 9 = 160 - 8 2
-3 7 `7j
53 -2 4
55 0 = 160 - 64
0 7 49
58 3 9
62 49 = 1056
7 49
63 8 64
= 32.49
/d = 8 / 2
d =160 7
` l yf v - 4.64
x d = x - 70 d
2
10
30 -4 16
40 -3 9
50 -2 4
60 -1 1
60 -1 1
70 0 0
80 1 1
80 1 1
90 2 4
100 3 9
/d = -4 / d2 = 46
v =
/ d2 - c / d m2 #c
n n
= 46 - - 4 2 # 10
10 ` 10 j
3 -3 9 7 -3 9
5 -1 1 9 -1 1
6 0 0 10 0 0
7 1 1 11 1 1
/d = -3 / d2 = 11 / d = - 3 / d2 = 11
lyf, v =
/ d2 - c / d m2 / d2 - c / d m2
n n l yf, v1 =
n n
2
11 - - 3
=
2
4 ` 4j = 11 - ` - 3 j
4 4
v = 11 - 9 = 35 v1 = 11 - 9 = 35
4 16 4 4 16 4
nkny cs vLJfho xbthU klD 4I Tl, ilF a l
yf khwhk UwJ.
vLJfhL 11.9
40, 42, 48 vD tuF l yf fhf. xbthU k
3 M bgUfgLnghJ ilF a kfSfhd l yf fhf.
bfhLfgLs tuf xbthU kig 3M bgUf
40, 42, 48- l yfij fhngh. ilF a kf 120,126,144.
Cf ruhr A = 132 vf.
Cf ruhr A = 44 vf.
a tu l yf v1 vf.
x d = x 44 d
2
x d = x 132 d
2
40 -4 16
42 4 120 - 12 144
-2
48 16 126 6 36
4
144 12 144
/d = -2 / 2
d = 36
/d = -6 / 2
d =324
l yf, v =
/ d
2
- c
/ d
m
2
/d
2
/ d
2
n n l yf, v1 = - c m
n n
2
= 36 - ` - 2 j 2
3 3 = 324 - ` - 6 j
3 3
v = 104 v1 = 312 = 104
3 3
298 10M tF fzF
nkny cs vLJfho, xbthU kig 3-M bgUF nghJ, ilF
tu a l yf, Kj l yfij 3 M bgUf ilF
vzhf UwJ.
vLJfhL 11.10
2
Kj n a vf l yf v = n - 1 vd %f.
12
Kj n a vf 1,2,3, g , n.
t TL ruhr, x = Rx = 1 + 2 + 3 + g + n
n n
n^ n + 1h n + 1
= = .
2n 2
Kj n a vf tff TLj,
/ x2 = n^n + 1h6^2n + 1h .
l yf, v =
/ x2 - c / x m2
n n
n^n + 1h^2n + 1h 2
= -` n + 1j
6n 2
^n + 1h^2n + 1h 2
= -` n + 1 j
6 2
n 1 ; ^2n + 1h - ^n + 1h E
= ` +
2 j 3 2
n 1 ; 2^2n + 1h - 3^n + 1h E
= ` +
2 j 6
n 1 4n + 2 - 3n - 3
= ` +
2 j` 6 j
2
n 1 n-1 n -1
= ` +
2 j` 6 j
=
12
2
Kj n a vf l yf, v = n -1 .
12
Fiu:
tU Kofis mJ bfhf.
bghJ ahr d bfhl xU TL bjhl tir vj xU bjhlahd
2
n cWf l yf, v = d n - 1 . vdnt,
12
2
(i) i, i + 1, i + 2, g, i + n - l yf v = n -1 , i d N
12
2
(ii) bjhlahd n uilgil KGf l yf v = 2 n -1,n d N
12
2
(iii) bjhlahd n xiwgil KGf l yf v = 2 n -1,n d N
12
11. a 299
vLJfhL 11.11
Kj 10 a vf l yf fhf.
2
Kj n a vf l yf = n -1
12
Mfnt, Kj 10 a vf l yf
2
= 10 - 1 = 100 - 1 - 2.87.
12 12
bjhFfgl tuf l yf
(Standard Deviation of grouped data)
(i) TL ruhr Kiw (Actual mean method)
jj tuf xbthU kid, mj TL ruhrUJ
yff vLJ, l yf fhz gagL Nu
v=
/ fd2 MF. F, d = x - x .
/f
vLJfhL 11.12
xU fj dho dh ngho 48 khztf bgw kbgf tU
mltiz jugLsd.
kbgf x 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
fbtf f 3 6 9 13 8 5 4
tufhd l yfij fzLf.
bfhLfgLs tufSF fl mltizia mikf.
x f fx d=x x fd fd
2
=x9
6 3 18 -3 -9 27
7 6 42 -2 - 12 24
8 9 72 -1 -9 9
9 13 117 0 0 0
10 8 80 1 8 8
11 5 55 2 10 20
12 4 48 3 12 36
/ f =48 / fx =432 /d = 0 / fd = 0 / fd 2
= 124
TL ruhr, xr =
/ fx = 432 = 9.
/f 48
l yf, v=
/ fd2
/f
= 124 = 2.58 - 1.61
48
300 10M tF fzF
(ii) Cf ruhr Kiw (Assumed mean method)
Cf ruhrUJ tu kf yffis fzL bghGJ,
l yf fhz gagL Nu,
2 2
Rfd Rfd
v= -c m . F d = x - A.
Rf Rf
vLJfhL 11.13
tU tufhd l yf fhf.
x 70 74 78 82 86 90
f 1 3 5 7 8 12
Cf ruhr A = 82 vf.
x f d = x 82 fd 2
fd
70 1 - 12 - 12 144
74 3 -8 - 24 192
78 5 -4 - 20 80
82 7 0 0 0
86 8 4 32 128
90 12 8 96 768
/f =36 / fd =72 / fd2 =1312
l yf v =
/ fd2 - e / fd o2
/f /f
= 1312 - 72 2
36 ` 36 j
= 328 - 22
9
= 328 - 36
9
= 292 = 32.44
9
` v - 5.7 .
vLJfhL 11.14
tU gut yf tf ruhria fhf.
ilbt 3.5-4.5 4.5-5.5 5.5-6.5 6.5-7.5 7.5-8.5
fbtf 9 14 22 11 17
11. a 301
Cf ruhr A = 6 vf.
x
ika 2
ilbt
k f d=x-6 fd fd
3.5-4.5 4 9 -2 - 18 36
4.5-5.5 5 14 -1 - 14 14
5.5-6.5 6 22 0 0 0
6.5-7.5 7 11 1 11 11
7.5-8.5 8 17 2 34 68
/f = 73 / fd = 13 / fd2 = 129
yf tf ruhr, v =
2 / fd2 - e / fd o2
/f /f
2
= 129 - ` 13 j = 129 - 169
73 73 73 5329
= 9417 - 169 = 9248
5329 5329
2
Mfnt, yf tf ruhr v - 1.74.
(iii) go yf Kiw (Step deviation method)
vLJfhL 11.15
cyf fhgJ nghof 71 Kd uf moj nfhf
vif tuf tU mltiz bfhLfgLsJ. tu
l yf fhf.
ilbt 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
fbtf 8 12 17 14 9 7 4
A = 35 vf.
ehfhtJ u bfhLfgLs xA- kf bghJfhu c = 10.
x
ilbt ika xA d = x-A
f c fd fd
2
k
0- 10 5 8 30 -3 - 24 72
10- 20 15 12 20 -2 - 24 48
20- 30 25 17 10 -1 - 17 17
30- 40 35 14 0 0 0 0
40- 50 45 9 10 1 9 9
50- 60 55 7 20 2 14 28
60- 70 65 4 30 3 12 36
/f = 71 / fd = - 30 / fd2 = 210
= 210 - 900 # 10
71 5041
14910 - 900 # 10
=
5041
= 14010 # 10 = 2.7792 # 10
5041
l yf, v - 16.67.
vLJfhL 11.16
40 f JLf sf (br.-F Ujkhf) nH bfhLfgLsd.
tufhd yf tf ruhria fzLf.
s (br.) 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70
f JLf
2 3 8 12 9 5 1
vif
Cf ruhr A = 35.5 vf.
s ika k JLf
x vif d= xA fd fd
2
(f)
1-10 5.5 2 - 30 - 60 1800
11-20 15.5 3 - 20 - 60 1200
21-30 25.5 8 - 10 - 80 800
31-40 35.5 12 0 0 0
41-50 45.5 9 10 90 900
51-60 55.5 5 20 100 2000
61-70 65.5 1 30 30 900
/ f = 40 / fd = 20 / fd2 = 7600
yf tf ruhr, v
2
=
/ fd
2
-e
/ fd
2
2
o = 7600 - ` 20 j
/f /f 40 40
= 190 - 1 = 760 - 1 = 759
4 4 4
2
` v = 189.75.
11.2.3 khWghL bfG (Coefficient of Variation)
khWghL bfG fhQkhW tiuaWfgLwJ.
khWghL bfG C.V = v # 100 . F v , x vgitf Kiwna bfhLfgLs
x
tuf l yf kW TL ruhr MF. khWghL bfGit
rh l yf (relative standard deviation) vd miHfgLwJ.
11. a 303
Fiu:
(i) uL myJ mjF nkgl tu bjhFf ik jikia
myJ iy jikia (consistency) xl, khWghL bfG gagLwJ.
(ii) xU tu khWghL bfG mfkhf Ujh, mj tu
Fiwj ik jik myJ Fiwj iy jik bfhLsJ.
(iii) khWghL bfG Fiwthf Ujh, mj tu mf ik jik
myJ mf iy jik bfhLsJ.
vLJfhL 11.17
18, 20, 15, 12, 25 vw tufSF khWghL bfGit fhf.
bfhLfgLs tuf TL ruhria fzLnth.
TL ruhr x = 12 + 15 + 18 + 20 + 25
5
= 90 = 18.
5
x d = x - 18 d
2
12 -6 36
15 -3 9
18 0 0
20 2 4
25 7 49
/d = 0 / d2 = 98
v =
/ d2 = 98
n 5
= 19.6 - 4.427.
khWghL bfG C.V = v # 100
xr
vLJfhL 11.18
18 - 16 256 27 -8 64
33 -1 1 35 0 0
34 0 0 35 0 0
38 4 16 37 2 4
47 13 169 41 6 36
170 0 442 175 0 104
x = 170 = 34 x = 175 = 35
5 5
v =
/ d2 v =
/ d2
n n
= 442 = 88.4 104 = 20.8
=
5 5
- 9.4
- 4.6
khWghL bfG, C.V = v # 100
xr
khWghL bfG, C.V = v # 100
= 9.4 # 100 xr
34
= 4.6 # 100
= 940 35
34
= 27.65 = 460 = 92 = 13.14
35 7
` kil u A vLj XlfSfhd ` kil u B vLj XlfSfhd
khWghL bfG = 27.65 (1) khWghL bfG = 13.14 (2)
(1) kW (2) UJ B- khWghL bfG, A- khWghLbfGit
lFiw. vdnt, B vw kil u, A vw kil uiu l Xlf vLg
mf ik jikia bfhLsh.
vLJfhL 11.19
xU tu 30 kf TL ruhr kW l yf Kiwna 18
kW 3 MF. mt TL bjhifia, nkY mt tff TL
bjhifia fhf.
30 kf TL ruhr, x = 18
vdnt, 30 kf TL bjhif, / x = 30 # 18 = 540 (x =
/x )
n
l yf, v = 3
2
v =
/ x
2
-c
/ x
m
2
n n
11. a 305
(
/ x2 2
- 18 = 9
30
(
/ x2 - 324 = 9
30
( / x2 - 9720 = 270 ( / x2 = 9990
` / x = 540 kW / x2 = 9990.
vLJfhL 11.20
xU tu, 20 kf TL ruhr kW l yf Kiwna 40
kW 15 vd fzlgld. mitfis rghFnghJ 43 vw k jtWjyhf 53
vd vGjglJ bja tjJ. mtu rahd TL ruhr kW rahd l
yf Matiw fhf.
rahd TL ruhria Kj fhngh
20 tuf ruhr, x =
/ x = 40 (bfhLfgLsJ)
n
(
/ x
= 40
20
( / x = 20 # 40 = 800
Ujgl / x = / x + rahd k jtwhd k
2
yf tf ruhr, v =
/
x
2
- c
x/m
2
= 225 (bfhLfgLsJ)
n n
(
/
x
2
2
- 40 = 225
20
( /
2
x - 32000 = 225 # 20 = 4500.
` / x2 = 32000 + 4500 = 36500
Ujgl / x = / x + (rahd k) (jtwhd k)
2 2
2 2
( /6^ x - 7h - 2 @2 = 82
( /^ x - 7h2 - 2/6^ x - 7h # 2 @ + / 4 = 82
( /^ x - x h - 4/^ x - x h + 4/1 = 82
2
( /^ x - x h - 4 (0) + (4 # 5) = 82
2
a /1 = 5 kW /^ x - x h = 0
( /^ x - x h = 62
2
` / x2 = 307 kW /^ x - x h = 62.
2
vLJfhL 11.22
U tu bjhlf khWghL bfGf 58 kW 69 vf. nkY, mt
l yff Kiwna 21.2 kW 15.6 v, mt TL ruhrfis fhf.
11. a 307
ulhtJ bjhl TL ruhr x2 = v # 100
C.V
= 15.6 # 100 a C.V = 69 kW v = 15.6
69
= 1560
69
= 22.6.
KjyhtJ bjhl TL ruhr = 36.6 , ulhtJ bjhl TL ruhr = 22.6.
g 11.1
1. tU kfSF R kW R bfG fhf.
(i) 59, 46, 30, 23, 27, 40, 52, 35, 29.
(ii) 41.2, 33.7, 29.1, 34.5, 25.7, 24.8, 56.5, 12.5.
2. xU tu W k 12. mj R 59 v m tu
bgU kig fhf.
3. 50 msf fbga k 3.84 .. mj R 0.46 . v, mitf
W kig fhf.
4. flj tu bjhFYs 20 kf l yf 5 vf.
tu xbthU kig 2 M bgUdh ilF a
tuf l yf kW yf tf ruhr fhf.
5. Kj 13 a vf l yfij fzLf.
6. fhQ tuf l yfij fzLf.
(i) 10, 20, 15, 8, 3, 4. (ii) 38, 40, 34 ,31, 28, 26, 34.
7. fl mltiz bfhLfgLs tu l yfij
fzLf.
x 3 8 13 18 23
f 7 10 15 10 8
9. tU tu yf tf ruhria fzLf.
x 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
f 4 4 5 15 8 5 4 5
Matiw fhf.
11. a 309
g 11.2
rahd ilia njbjLf.
1. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23 , 29 vw Kj 10 gfh vf R
(A) 28 (B) 26 (C) 29 (D) 27
2. bjhFYs tuf f a k 14.1 kW mtu R 28.4
v, bjhF f bga k
(A) 42.5 (B) 43.5 (C) 42.4 (D) 42.1
3. bjhFYs tuf fbga k 72 kW fa k 28 v,
mbjhF R bfG
(A) 44 (B) 0.72 (C) 0.44 (D) 0.28
4 11 kf Rx = 132 v, mt TL ruhr
(A) 11 (B) 12 (C) 14 (D) 13
7. x, y, z- l yf t v, x + 5, y + 5, z + 5- l yf
9. xU tu yf tf ruhr 12.25 v, mj l yf
10. Kj 11 a vf yf tf ruhr
(i)
/ x2 c
/ x m2 (ii)
/ d2
n n n
(d = x - x kW x = TLruhr)
(iii) / d2 - c / d m2 (iv) / d2 - c / d m2 #c
n n n n
x A
(d = x- A kW A Cf ruhr) `d = -
c j
q bjhFfgl tuf lyf ( v )
(iii) / fd2 - e / fd o2 # c. F d = x - A
/f /f c
11. a 311
12 fjf
It is remarkable that a science which began with the consideration
of games of chance should have become the most important object of
human knowledge -P.D. Laplace.
mKf
12.1 mKf
mwhl thif eh ghF
fjf bjhik
ff kW nkbfhS bgUghikahd
tiuaiw
braf thfSF cglit. fg,
fjf Tl a, Mnguiy, d kW bjhWneh
njw guj nghw ff VgLtij Kdnu
Cf ayhJ. vghuhk VgL ff
kj FyF ngHid VgLJwd.
Vfdnt elj ff tuf mogil,
Jnghw ff vfhy VgLbkd
Jakhf Kdnu Cf aYkhdh, njitahd
KjL eltoiffshY nrjij fLgLJ
brafshY kj d MgJfUJ
fhgwgL. thW KTona, ffis
Cf aYtjF fjfa (Probability theory)
a o. yhyh
(Pierre de Laplace)
fgJ f mtakhwJ.
(1749-1827) 1654 M ML brthna o-a (Chevalier de
uh
Mere) vgtuh vGggl xU Njhl fzdh
yhyh vgh vnghJ fbgw buR fjayPf sh ghf
jiywj mayhsfS
(Blasie Pascal) kW a o-bgkh (Pierre de Fermat)
xUtuhf fUjgLwh, t
uhR eho l vd MnahUilna foj gkhw eilbgwJ.
bgUikahf miHfgLwh. f fjf fUaiy fj
1812- a gy thyhf cUthaJ. oa A (Christian
mogil Kofis cUth Huggens) (1629-1695), bgndh (Bernoulli) (1654-1705),
dh. t tU Kiw
fhuzij fl fj o nkht (De-Moivre) (1667-1754), a o yhyh
jJtid fjf mo (Pierre de Laplace) (1749-1827), fh (Gauss) (1777-1855),
gil Tdh. fjf ghrh (Poisson) (1781-1845), brnr (Chebyshev)
bfhiffis KjKj m
KfgLatU tnu Mth. (1821-1894) kW khnfh (Markov) (1856-1922) nghw
t fj bfhiff fjayPf fjf fUa tsF
x W f j f v g J bgU gfjd. 1933- UZa fjayP
nrhjid rhjfkhd ff
fSF bkhj elf aY v.nfhnkhnfhnuh (A.Kolmogorov) vgh vLnfh
fffSF cs j mQFKiw (Axiomatic approach) ed fjf
vgjhF. fUaYF monfhdh.
312
ff elgij, elfhkUgij bghUnj fjff UF.
fjfa fUJ TWfshd th nrhjid (uhl nrhjid) (random
experiment), Ka (trial), TW bt (sample space) kW gntW tifahd ff
(events) ga tiuaiwfis eh fngh.
fjayPf nrhjid (experiment) kW nrhjid Kofis
(outcomes) guj ms gagLJwd. TJ ftfgL myJ msL
br vj xU braY nrhjid vdgL. Fl eh yfF tUif
njh vifia g brj, xU ehzaij RLj, gy wf
gJf bfhl igUJ xU gid vLj kW xU Fl l xU
eh fG gJf vifia g brj Mad nrhjidfhd
y cjhuzfshF.
xU nrhjidia fJtjF Kghfnt Koid Tw ayhj nrhjid
th nrhjid vgjhF. UD xU nrhjid Ko fH ths
midJ Kofis eh goalyh.
xU rkth nrhjid fH ths midJ ff fznk
mnrhjid TWbt vdgL. J S vw vGjh FfgLwJ. xU
nrhjidia xbthU Kiw brtJ xU Ka (trial) vdgL.
TWbt S - vj xU cfzK nrhjid xU f (event) vdgL.
A vgJ S- cfz vf. xU nrhjid eljgL nghJ ilj KothdJ
A- csJ v, A vw f elJsJ vW Twyh.
y vLJfhLf _y rkth nrhjid, TWbt kW ff
Matiw sFnth.
vLJfhL 12.1
xU uhd gfil xU Kiw cUlgLwJ. tU ffSfhd
fjffis fhf.
(i) v 4 ilj (ii) xU uilgil v ilj
(iii) 6- gfh fhuf ilj
(iv) 4-I l bga v ilj
n (B)
vdnt, P (B) = =3 =1.
n (S) 6 2
(iii) 6- gfhfhuf ilF fia C vf.
` n (C) = 2 .
C = {2, 3}
n (C)
vdnt, P (C) = =2 =1.
n (S) 6 3
(iv) 4 -I l bga v ilF fia D vf.
D = {5, 6} . Mfnt, n (D) = 2 .
n (D)
vdnt, P (D) = =2 =1.
n (S) 6 3
vLJfhL 12.2
xU uhd ehza uL Kiw RlgLwJ. fhQ ffSfhd
fjfid fhf.
(i) U jiyf ilj (ii) FiwjJ xU jiy ilj
(iii) xU kL ilj.
vLJfhL 12.9
xU ig 5 t kW y y w gJf csd. migUJ xU y
w gij vLgjfhd fjf, xU t w gij vLgjfhd fjf
_W klF v, migYs y w gJf vifia fhf.
vLJfhL 12.10
tUtdtfhd fjfid fhf.
(i) rkth Kiw njbjLfgL belho (leap year)
53 btHikf Uj.
(ii) rkth Kiw njbjLfgL belho 52 btHikf
kLnk Uj.
(iii) rkth Kiw njbjLfgL rhjhuz tUl (Non-leap year)
53 btHikf Uj.
(i) xU belho cs ehf vif = 366. mjhtJ 52 thuf
kW 2 ehf.
52 thuf 52 bt Hikf csd. jKs uL ehf
fhQ VG thf VnjD xwhf UF.
(PhW, f), (f, brth), (brth, j), (j, ahH),
(ahH, bt), (bt, r) kW (r, PhW).
Mfnt, n(S) = 7.
nknys 7 thf, xU btHik tUtjfhd fia A vf.
A = "^ahH, bth,^bt, rh, vdnt, n(A) = 2.
n (A)
vdnt, p (A) = = 2.
n (S) 7
Mfnt, tUl 53 btHikf Ugjfhd fjf 2 .
7
(ii) xU belho 52 btHikf kLnk tUtjhf U, 52 thuf
nghf jKs U ehf btHik cWahf tuhJ.
F
(i) A , B vw f eilbgw ntLbk A vw f eilbgwyh
myJ B vw f eilbgwyh myJ uL ffS xnu
neu eilbgwyh. A + B vw f eilbgw ntLbk A, B vw
U ffS xnu neu eilbgwntL.
(ii) A- B- xiwbahW yF ff v, A + B = 0 MF.
vdnt, P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) . Vbd, P (A + B) = 0 .
(iii) A + B vw fia, xU fzkhf fUJnghJ A + B kW A \ B vgd
rk fzfshF.
(iv) P (A + B ) = P (A) - P (A + B) , S
A B
P (A + B) = P (B) - P (A + B)
A+B
F, A + B vgJ A- B yhkY vd bghUgL
A+B A+B
nj ngh, A + B vgJ B- A yhkY vd
bghUgL. gl 12.6
TWbt S = " HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT , .
Mfnt, n (S) = 8.
rahf U f ilF fia A vf
vdnt, A = " HTT, TTH, THT , kW n (A) = 3.
n (A)
` P (A) = = 3.
n (S) 8
FiwjJ xU jiyahtJ ilF fia B vf
vdnt, B = " HTT, THT, TTH, HHT, HTH, THH, HHH , kW n (B) = 7.
n (B)
` P (B) = = 7.
n (S) 8
A kW B Mad xiwbahW yfh ff. Vbd
A + B = A . vdnt, P (A + B) = P (A) = 3 .
8
` P (A myJ B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B)
Mfnt P (A , B) = 3 + 7 - 3 = 7 .
8 8 8 8
F
nkfl vLJfho eh fjf Tl ia gagLnsh.
UD A , B = B vgjh P (A , B) = P (B) = 7 vd v ilF.
8
vLJfhL 12.13
xU gfil UKiw cUlgLwJ. FiwjJ xU cUlyhtJ v 5
ilgjfhd fjfid fhf. (Tl njwij gagLJf)
vLJfhL 12.14
xU khzF kUJt f nrif ilgjfhd fjf 0.16
vf. bgha f nrif ilgjfhd fjf 0.24 kW U
ffY nrif ilgjfhd fjf 0.11 v,
= 5 + 3 = 8 .
13 13 13
vLJfhL 12.16
A, B kW C vgd xiwbahW yF kW iwbr ff
vf. nkY, P (B) = 3 P (A) kW P (C) = 1 P (B) v, P(A)-I fhf.
2 2
P (A) = p vf. Mfnt, P (B) = 3 P (A) = 3 p .
2 2
nkY, P (C) = P (B) = 1 ` 3 pj = 3 p .
1
2 2 2 4
A, B kW C Mad xiwbahW yF kW iw br ff
vd bfhLfgLsd.
` P (A , B , C) = P (A) + P (B) + P (C) kW S = A , B , C .
jnghJ, P (S) = 1. ( P (A) + P (B) + P (C) = 1
( p + 3 p + 3 p = 1
2 4
( 4p + 6p + 3p = 4 ( p= 4
13
` P (A) = 4 .
13
vLJfhL 12.17
52 Lfis bfhl xU LfoUJ rkth Kiw xU L
vLfgL nghJ, mL xU uhrh (King) myJ xU Ah (Heart) myJ xU
t w lhf ilgjfhd fjfid fhf.
A, B kW C vgd Kiwna xU uhrh, xU Ah nkY xU t w L
ilF f vf.
vdnt, n (S) = 52, n (A) = 4, n (B) = 13 kW n (C) = 26.
n (A + B) = 1, n (B + C) = 13, n (C + A) = 2 kW n (A + B + C) = 1.
` P (A) = 4 , P (B) = 13 kW P (C) = 26 . nkY,
52 52 52
12. fjf 327
P (A + B) = 1 , P (B + C) = 13 , P (C + A) = 2 kW P (A + B + C) = 1 .
52 52 52 52
P (A , B , C) = P (A) + P (B) + P (C) - P (A + B) - P (B + C) - P (C + A) + P (A + B + C)
= 4 + 13 + 26 - 1 - 13 - 2 + 1 = 44 - 16
52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52
= 7 .
13
vLJfhL 12.18
xU ig 10 btis, 5 fU, 3 gir kW 2 t w gJf csd.
rkth Kiw njbjLfgL xU gJ, btis myJ fU myJ gir
wkhf Ugjfhd fjfid fhf.
S-I TWbt vf.
` n (S) = 20.
W, B kW G Mad Kiwna xU btis, xU fU kW xU gir w
gij njbjLF ff vf.
n (W)
xU btis w gij vLF f fjf P (W) = = 10 .
n (S) 20
n (B)
xU fU w gij vLF f fjf P (B) = = 5 .
n (S) 20
n (G)
xU gir w gij vLF f fjf P (G) = = 3 .
n (S) 20
` xU gij njbjLf mJ btis myJ fU myJ girahf Uf
fjf P (W , B , G) = P (W) + P (B) + P (G) ( a W, B kW G Mad xiwbahW
yF ffshF.)
= 10 + 5 + 3 = 9 .
20 20 20 10
(F : P (W , B , G) = P (Rl ) = 1 - P (R) = 1 - 2 = 9 vd ilia bgwyh)
20 10
g 12.2
1. A kW B vgd xiwbahW yF ff. nkY
P (A) = 3 kW P (B) = 1 v, P (A , B) -I fhf .
5 5
2. A kW B vw uL ff P (A) = 1 , P (B) = 2 kW P (A , B) = 1
4 5 2
v, P (A + B) -I fhf.
3. A kW B vw uL ff P (A) = 1 , P (B) = 7 kW P (A , B) = 1
2 10
v, (i) P (A + B) (ii) P (Al , Bl ) Matiw fhf.
4. xU gfil UKiw cUlgLwJ. Kjyhtjhf cUlgLnghJ xU
uilgil v ilj myJ mU cUl Kf vf
TLj 8 Mf Uj vD f fjfid fhf.
1. (i) 2850 (ii) 7875 2. 1020 3. (i) 260 (ii) 75 4. (i) 1890 (ii) 50
ilf 333
g 2.5
1. s20 = 15 ;1 - ` 1 j E s27 = 1 ;1 - ` 1 j E
20 27
2. 3. (i) 765 (ii) 5 (3 - 1)
12
4 3 6 3 2
6. 75 ;1 - ` 4 j E
1 - ^0.1h10 23
(ii) 10 ^10 - 1h - 20
20
4. (i) 5. (i) n = 6 (ii) n = 6
0.9 81 9 4 5
8. (i) 70 610 - 1 @ - 7n (ii) n - 2 81 - ` 1 j B
n n
7. 3 + 6 + 12 + g
81 9 3 10
^ 15 h
9. s15 = 5 4 - 1 10. ulhtJ th; khgHf vif 1023. 11. r = 2
3
g 2.6
1. (i) 1035 (ii) 4285 (iii) 2550 (iv) 17395 (v) 10650 (vi) 382500
2. (i) k = 12 (ii) k = 9 3. 29241 4. 91 5. 3818 r.br. 6. 201825 f.br.
g 2.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B D C D D A B B B B
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B A B D A B B A C A
3. afj
g 3.1
1. `4 , 3 j 2. (1 , 5) 3. (3 , 2) 4. ` 1 , 1 j 5. (1 , 5)
2 3 2
6. ` 11 , 22 j 7. (2 , 4) 8. (2 , 1) 9. `5 , 1 j 10. (6 , 4)
23 31 7
g 3.2
1. (i) (4 , 3) (ii) (0.4, 0.3) (iii) (2 , 3) (iv) ` 1 , 1 j
2 3
2. (i) 23 , 7 (ii) ` 18,000 , ` 14,000 (iii) 42 (iv) ` 800 (v) 253 r.br. (vi) 720 .
g 3.3
1. (i) 4, 2 (ii) 1 , 1 (iii) 3 , - 1 (iv) 0, 2
2 2 2 3
(v) 15, - 15 (vi) 2 , 1 (vii) 1 , 1 (viii) - 13, 11
3 2 2
2. (i) x - 3x + 1 (ii) x - 2x + 4 (iii) x + 4 (iv) x - 2 x + 1
2 2 2 2
5
(v) x - x + 1 (vi) x - x - 4 (vii) x - x - 1 (viii) x - 3 x + 2
2 2 2 2
3 2 3 3
g 3.4
1. (i) x + 2x - 1, 4 (ii) 3x - 11x + 40, - 125
2 2
(iii) x + 2x - 2, 2 (iv) x - 5 x + 5 , - 50
2 2
3 9 9
2
(v) 2x - - x +
3 x 3 51 ,- 211
3 2
(vi) x - 3x - 8x + 55 , - 41
2 8 32 32 2 2
2. a =- 6, b = 11, 5 3. p =- 2, q = 0, 10
g 3.6
2 3 2 3 2
1. (i) 7x yz (ii) x y (iii) 5c (iv) 7xyz
2. (i) c - d (ii) x - 3a (iii) m + 3 (iv) x + 11 (v) x + 2y (vi) 2x + 1
2 2 3 2
(vii) x - 2 (viii) ^ x - 1h^ x + 1h (ix) 4x ^2x + 1h (x) (a - 1) (a + 3)
2 2 2
3. (i) x - 4x + 3 (ii) x + 1 (iii) 2^ x + 1h (iv) x + 4
g 3.7
3 2 3 3 2 2 2 4 4 4 m+3
1. x y z 2. 12x y z 3. a b c 4. 264a b c 5. a
2 2 2
6. xy^ x + yh 7. 6 (a - 1) ^a + 1h 8. 10xy^ x + 3yh^ x - 3yh (x - 3xy + 9y )
2 3 3
9. (x + 4) (x - 3) ^ x - 1h 10. 420x ^3x + yh2 ^ x - 2yh^3x + 1h
g 3.8
2 4 2
1. (i) (x 3) (x 2) ( x + 6) (ii) ^ x + 2x + 3h^ x + 2x + x + 2h
2 3 2 3 3 2
(iii) ^2x + x - 5h^ x + 8x + 4x - 21h (iv) ^ x - 5x - 8h^2x - 3x - 9x + 5h
2 3 2 2 4 2 2 4
2. (i) ^ x + 1h (x + 2) (ii) (3x - 7) ^4x + 5h (iii) ^ x - y h^ x + x y + y h
(iv) x(x + 2) (5x + 1) (v) (x 2) ( x 1) (vi) 2(x + 1) (x + 2)
g 3.9
2
1. (i) 2x + 3 (ii)1 (iii) ^ x - 1h (iv) x + 3x + 9
x-4 x -1
2 x+3
(vi) 2 x + 2 x-1
2
(v) x - x + 1 (vii) (viii) (x + 3)
x + 2x + 4 x+1
^ x - 1h ^ x + 1h
(ix) (x) 1 (xi) (xii) (x 2)
^ x + 1h ^2x - 1h
g 3.10
1. (i) 3x (ii) x + 9 (iii) 1 (iv) 1 (v) 2x + 1 (vi) 1
x-2 x+4 x-1 x+2
2. (i) x - 1 (ii) x - 6 (iii) x + 1 (iv) x - 5 (v) 1 (vi) 3x + 1 (vii) x - 1
x x-7 x-5 x - 11 4^3x + 4h x+1
ilf 335
g 3.11
2 2 2 (x + 4) 2
1 . (i) x + 2x + 4 (ii) (iii) (iv)
x+1 x+3 x-5
(v) x + 1 (vi) 4 (vii) 2 (viii) 0
x-2 x+4 x+1
3 2 2
2. 2x +2 2x + 5 3. 5x - 7 x + 6 4. 1
x +2 2x - 1
g 3.12
3 4 5 2 3
1. (i) 14 a b c (ii) 17 (a - b) (b - c) (iii) x - 11
2 2 4 3
(a + b) (x - y) (b - c)
(iv) x + y (v) 11 x (vi) 8
9 y 5 (x + y) 2 (a - b) 3 (b + c) 5
2. (i) 4x - 3 (ii) (x + 5) (x - 5) (x + 3) (iii) 2x - 3y - 5z
(iv) x + 12
2
(v) ^2x + 3h^3x - 2h^2x + 1h (vi) ^2x - 1h^ x - 2h^3x + 1h
x
g 3.13
2 2 2 2
1. (i) x - 2x + 3 (ii) 2x + 2x + 1 (iii) 3x - x + 1 (iv) 4x - 3x + 2
2. (i) a =- 42, b = 49 (ii) a = 12, b = 9 (iii) a = 49, b =- 70 (iv) a = 9, b =- 12
g 3.14
1. "- 6, 3 , 2. $- 4 , 3 . 3. '- 5 , 3 1 4. 3
$- 2 , 5 . 5. $- 4 , 2 .
3 5 3
6. $5, 1 . 7. $- 5 , 3 . 8. ' 12 , 12 1 9. 5
$- 2 , 3 . 10. $7, 8 .
5 2 2 b a 3
g 3.15
g 3.19
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B C A A C D B C C C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
D B A A A D D D B C
21 22 23 24 25
D A C C A
4. mf
g 4.1
400 500 6
400 200 300
1. f 200 250 p , c m , 3 # 2 , 2 # 3 2. f8 p, ^ 6 8 13 h
500 250 400
300 400 13
3. (i) 2 # 3 (ii) 3 # 1 (iii) 3 # 3 (iv) 1 # 3 (v) 4 # 2
4. 1 # 8 , 8 # 1 , 2 # 4 , 4 # 2
5. 1 # 30 ,30 # 1 , 2 # 15, 15 # 2 , 3 # 10, 10 # 3 , 5 # 6, 6 # 5 .
J N J1 J1 N
J N 1 1 O 9N K 2 2O
0 1 K K2 2O
1 2 1 0 K - O
3 O 7. (i) K 2 1 O
2 K O
6. (i) c m (ii) c m (iii) K 1 (ii) K 0 2 O (iii) K 1 1 O
2 4 3 2 K 0 O K O K O K2 O
3 K 3 3 O K1 1O
L P 2 P K 3 0O
L L2 2P
L2 P
T 2 4 5
8. (i) 3 # 4 (ii) 4, 0 (iii) 2 MtJ iu kW 3 MtJ u 9. A = c m
3 1 0
ilf 337
g 4.2
1. x = 2, y =- 4 , z =- 1 2. x = 4 , y =- 3
-1 2 14 3 0 - 18
3. e o 4. c m 5. e o 6. a = 3, b = 4
16 - 6 14 5 33 - 45
J 2 12 N J 2 13 N
K 5 -5 O K O
7. X = K O, Y = K 5 5 O 8. x = 3, 3, y = 1, 4
K - 11 3 O K 14 - 2 O
L 5 P L 5 P
TV DVD Video CD
Wt taJtnjh
55 27 20 16 fil I
5 5 gf 2 kF K
11. f 72 30 25 27 p fil II 12. c m
10 10 gf 2 kF
47 33 18 22 fil III
g 4.3
1. (i) 4 # 2 (ii) tiuaWfgliy (iii) 3 # 5 (iv) 2 # 2
8 - 11 - 40 64 12 - 42
2. (i) ( 6 ) (ii) c m (iii) c m (iv) e o
22 12 22 1 -6 21
1750 Kj eh
3. f 1600
p ulh eh , ^ 5000 h 4. x = 3, y = 0 5. x = 2 , y =- 5
1650 _wh eh
15 4 9 6
7. AB = c m , BA = c m, AB ! BA 11. x = 3, 5
12 0 17 6
g 4.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D D A D B D B C C A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B D D B C B A C B D
5. Mabjhiy toa
g 5.1
1. (i) (2, 1) (ii) (0, 2) 2. (i) (5, 2) (ii) (2, 1) 3. (12, 8)
g 5.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
C B A D A B D A D C C B
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
C C C D B B D A A B B
ilf 339
6. toa
g 6.1
1. (i) 20 br. (ii) 6 br. (iii) 1 2. 7.5 br. 3 (i) iy (ii) M
4. 10.5 br. 6. 12 br., 10 br. 9. (i) 7.5 br. (ii) 5.8 br. (iii) 4 br.
10. (i) M (ii) iy 11. 18 br.
g 6.2
1. (i) x = 4 br., y = 9 br. (ii) x = 3.6 br., y = 2.4 br., z = 10 br.
(iii) x = 8.4 br., y = 2.5 br. 2. 3.6 3. 1.2 4. 140
6. 6 br. 7. 64 br. 2 8. 166.25 br. 9. (i) 9 (ii) 55 10. 6.3 r..
64 64
11. 72 br. 12. 9 13. (i) 3 XWY, 3 YWZ, 3 XYZ (ii) 4.8
g 6.3
1. 65c 2. (i) 4 br. (ii) 12 br. 3. (i) 12 br. (ii) 5 br. 6. 30 br.
g 6.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B B A D B C B D B B
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
D D C D D A B B D C
7. Knfhza
g 7.1
1. (i) iy (ii) iy
g 7.2
1. 1.8 2. 30c 3. iy 4. 174.7 5. 40 br.
6. fhf B 7. 5 6 8. 1912.40 9. 30 2 10. 1.098
11. 19 3 12. M 13. 87 14. 3 lf 15. 3464 .
16. 40 17. 60 ; 40 3 18. 90
g 7.3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B C C A A B A A C B
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B C A D C C D B B D
g 8.2
1. 18480 br. 3 2. 38.5 l 3. 4620 br. 3 4. r = 2.1 br.
5. V1: V2 = 20: 27 6. 10 br. 7. 4158 br. 3 8. 7.04 br. 3
9. 8800 br. 3 10. 616 br. 3 11. 5 br. 12. 1408.6 br. 3
13. 314 2 br. 3 14. 2 13 br. 15. 8 br. 16. 2.29 .
7
17. 3050 2 br. 3 18. 288r br. 2 19. 718 2 br. 3 20. 1 : 8
3 3
g 8.3
1. 11.88r br. 2 2. 7623 br. 3 3. 220 . 2 4. 1034 r.
5. 12 br. 6. 12.8 . 7. 2 br. 8. 1 br.
9. 1386 l 10. 3 k 12 lf 11. 16 br. 12. 16 br.
13. 750 nfhs tot FLf 14. 10 Tf 15. 70 br.
16. r = 36 br., l = 12 13 br. 17. 11
g 8.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
B C A A B C A B D C C
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
D D B D B C B D A D C
10. tiuglf
g 10.1
2. (i) "- 2, 2 , (ii) "- 2, 5 , (iii) "5, 1 , (iv) $- 1 , 3 .
2
3. {1, 5} 4. {2, 3} 5. {2.5, 2} 6. {3, 5} 7. bk _yf VJ iy
g 10.2
1. 120 . 2. (i) `105 (ii) 11 nehL jff
3. (i) y = 8 (ii) x = 6 4. (i) k = 15 (ii) ` 45 5. y = 4; x = 2 6. 24 ehf
ilf 341
11. a
g 11.1
1. (i) 36, 0.44 (ii) 44, 0.64 2. 71 3. 3.38 . 4. 2 5 , 20 5. 3.74
6. (i) 5.97 (ii) 4.69 7. 6.32 8. 1.107 9. 15.08 10. 36.76, 6.06
11. 416, 20.39 12. 54.19 13. 4800, 240400 14. 10.2, 1.99 15. 25
16. 20.41 17. 12 18. 5.24 19. 1159, 70 20. khzt A
g 11.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D A C B D C C B A D
11 12 13 14 15
D B C D B
12. fjf
g 12.1
1. 1 2. 1 3. 1 4. 1 5. 3
10 9 3 5 4
6. (i) 1 (ii) 3 (iii) 12 7. (i) 7 (ii) 3 (iii) 1 8. (i) 1 (ii) 3
4 4 13 8 8 2 2 5
9. (i) 1 (ii) 24 10. 1 11. (i) 1 (ii) 2
10 25 2 4 3
12. (i) 1 (ii) 17 13. 1 14. 1 15. 1 16. 12
4 20 3 36 6
17. (i) 22 (ii) 24 18. (i) 1 (ii) 3 19. (i) 5 (ii) 17
25 25 4 9 18
g 12. 2
1. 4 2. 3 3. (i) 1 (ii) 4 4. 5 5. 8
5 20 5 5 9 25
6. 5 7. 4 8. 9 9. 3 10. 4
8 9 10 5 13
11. 8 12. 2 13. 5 , 4 14. (i) 0.45 (ii) 0.3 15. 101
13 3 13 13 105
g 12. 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C D B A A B A A D A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
D C C B B D D A A B
3f (x) + 1
1. f (x) = x - 1 , x ! - 1 v, f (2x) = vd Wf.
x+1 f (x) + 3
2. x- vyh bkba kfSF (x - 1)(x - 2) (x - 3) (x - 4) = 15
vw rkghil c il : x = 5 ! 21 m
2
x x
3. log10 2 , log10 (2 - 1) kW log10 (2 + 3) vgd mnj tir xU TL
bjhltirid mikjh x- kfis fhf? ( il: x = log5 2 )
4. xU bgUF bjhltir bghJj r, Kj ehF cWf
TLj 15 kW Kj ehF cWf tff TLj 85 v,
4 3 2
14r - 17r - 17r - 17r + 14 = 0 vd Wf.
2
5. " bn ,1 - n > 1 vDnghJ bn = bn - 1 bn + 1 vd Ujh, Ujh kLnk
3
2
TLbjhltir vd Wf.
6 6 2 2
8. sin a + cos a + 3 sin a cos a = 1 vd %.
9. sin x + cos x = tan3 x + tan2 x + tan x + 1 vd fhLf.
2
cos x
10. X <yf viz, mbt yff TLjyh tFf < 4,
3 vd ilF. mnj <yf viz, mj yff bgUf
gydh tFf < 3, 5 vd ilF v, mj viz fhf.
(il : 23)
11. 4 M tFF nghJ 1 ilFkhW mikj midJ <yf vf
TLjiy fhf. (il : 1210)
J 1 1 N
K a + b+c O 2 2 2
b + c - a m (a + b + c) - 2
12. RUFf : K Oc1 + ( il : 1 )
1
K - 1 O 2 bc 2bc
L a b + c P
gtif fzFf 343
2
13. ax + bx + c = 0 vD Ugo rkgho _yf bkbaf iy
kW a + b + c < 0 v, v c- Fid fhf. (F : f (x) = 0-F
bkbafshyhd _yf iy v, x- vyh kfSF f (x) -
kf midJ xnu Fid bfhoUF) (il: c < 0)
(il: x = 15)
2 3 2 3
6x1 x2 - 4x1 + 6x1 x2 - 4x2
16. fzLf 2 2 , F x1 kW x2 Mad
3x1 + 5x1 x2 + 3x2
( il : - 320 )
2
x - 5x + 2 = 0 vg _yfshF.
73
17. cosec a - cot a - sin a + cos a + sec a - 1 = - 1 vw KbwhUikia Wf.
cos a sin a
(n + 1) (n + 2)
27. RUFf: (1 + 2 ) (1 + 2 ) (1 + 2 ) g (1 + 2 ) . (il : )
2 3 4 n 6
28. _W tltot tLf uo Muf r mFy. _wht
Mu 2r mFy. xU to viyF kw viyF bghJ
xnw xW UFkhW _W tLfS xnu js itfgLwd.
tLf ika fsh mikfgL Knfhz gugsit
fhf. (il : 2 2 r2 n)
2. Ann Xavier Gantert, Algebra 2 and Trigonometry, Amsco School Publications Inc.,
2009
4. Imre Lakatos, Proofs and Refutations: The Logic of Mathematical Discovery, January
1976
8. James Stewart, Lothar Redlin, Saleem Watson, College Algebra, Thomson Brooks/Cole,
Jan 2010
10. http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/BiogIndex.html
12. H.S.Hall, S.R. Knight, Elementary Algebra for Schools, Surjeet Publications 2007
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