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We are considering the introduction of a new product. Currently we are in the 34 percent marginal tax bracket with a 15 percent required
rate of return or cost of capital. This project is expected to last 5 years and then, because this is somewhat of a fad product, be terminated.
The following information describes the new project: Cost of new plant and equipment $7,900,000 Shipping and installation costs
$ 100,000 Unit sales YEAR UNITS SOLD 1 70,000 2 120,000 3 140,000 4 80,000 5 60,000 Sales
price per unit $300/unit in years 1 through 4, $260/unit in year 5 Variable cost per unit $180/unit Annual fixed costs $200,000 Working-
capital requirements There will be an initial working-capital requirement of $100,000 just to get production started. For each year, the
total investment in net working capital will be equal to 10 percent of the dollar value of sales for that year. Thus, the investment in
working capital will increase during years 1 through 3, then decrease in year 4. Finally, all working capital is liquidated at the termination
of the project at the end of year 5. The depreciation method Use the simplified straight-line method over 5 years. Assume that the plant
and equipment will have no salvage value after 5 years. a. Should Caledonia focus on cash flows or accounting profits in making its
capital-budgeting decisions? Should the company be interested in incremental cash flows, incremental profits, total free cash flows, or
total profits? b. How does depreciation affect free cash flows? c. How do sunk costs affect the determination of cash flows? d. What is the
projects initial outlay? e. What are the differential cash flows over the projects life? f. What is the terminal cash flow? g. Draw a cash
flow diagram for this project. h. What is its net present value? i. What is its internal rate of return? j. Should the project be accepted? Why
or why not? k. In capital budgeting, risk can be measured from three perspectives. What are those three measures of a projects risk? l.
According to the CAPM, which measurement of a projects risk is relevant? What complications does reality introduce into the CAPM
view of risk, and what does that mean for our view of the relevant measure of a projects risk? m. Explain how simulation works. What is
the value in using a simulation approach? n. What is sensitivity analysis and what is its purpose? (Keown. Foundations of Finance: The
Logic and Practice of Financial Management, 6th Edition. Pearson Learning Solutions 14.15).

a. We focus on free cash flows rather than accounting profits because these are the flows that the firm receives and can reinvest.
Only by examining cash flows are we able to correctly analyze the timing of the benefit or cost. Also, we are only interested in
these cash flows on an after-tax basis as only those flows are available to the shareholder. In addition, it is only the incremental
cash flows that interest us, because, looking at the project from the point of the company as a whole, the incremental cash flows
are the marginal benefits from the project and, as such, are the increased value to the firm from accepting the project.
b. Although depreciation is not a cash flow item, it does affect the level of the differential cash flows over the project's life because
of its effect on taxes. Depreciation is an expense item and, the more depreciation incurred, the larger are expenses. Thus,

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 accounting profits become lower and in turn, so do taxes which are a cash flow item.
c. When evaluating a capital budgeting proposal, sunk costs are ignored. We are interested in only the incremental after-tax cash
flows, or free cash flows, to the company as a whole. Regardless of the decision made on the investment at hand, the sunk costs
will have already occurred, which means these are not incremental cash flows. Hence, they are irrelevant.

d, e, & f)
Section I. Calculate the change in EBIT, Taxes, and Depreciation (this become an input in the calculation of Operating Cash Flow in Section II).
Year 0 1 2 3 4 5
Units Sold 70,000 120,000 140,000 80,000 60,000
Sale Price $300 $300 $300 $300 $260

Sales Revenue $21,000,000 $36,000,000 $42,000,000 $24,000,000 $15,600,000

Less: Variable Costs 12,600,000 21,600,000 25,200,000 14,400,000 10,800,000
Less: Fixed Costs $200,000 $200,000 $200,000 $200,000 $200,000
Equals: EBDIT $8,200,000 $14,200,000 $16,600,000 $9,400,000 $4,600,000
Less: Depreciation $1,600,000 $1,600,0000 $1,600,0000 $1,600,0000 $1,600,0000
Equals: EBIT $6,600,000 $12,600,000 $15,000,000 $7,800,000 $3,000,000
Taxes (@34%) $2,244,000 $4,284,000 $5,100,000 $2,652,000 $1,020,000

Section II. Calculate Operating Cash Flow (this becomes an input in the calculation of Free Cash Flow in Section IV).
Operating Cash Flow:
EBIT $6,600,000 $12,600,000 $15,000,000 $7,800,000 $3,000,000
Minus: Taxes $2,244,000 $4,284,000 $5,100,000 $2,652,000 $1,020,000
Plus: Depreciation $1,600,000 $1,600,000 $1,600,000 $1,600,000 $1,600,000
Equals: Operating Cash Flow $5,956,000 $9,916,000 $11,500,000 $6,748,000 $3,580,000
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Section III. Calculate the Net Working Capital (This becomes an input in the calculation of Free Cash Flows in Section IV).
Change In Net Working Capital:
Revenue: $21,000,000 $36,000,000 $42,000,000 $24,000,000 $15,600,000
Initial Working Capital Requirement $100,000
Net Working Capital Needs: $2,100,000 $3,600,000 $4,200,000 $2,400,000 $1,560,000
Liquidation of Working Capital $1,560,000
Change in Working Capital: $100,000 $2,000,000 $1,500,000 $600,000 ($1,800,000) ($2,400,000)

Section IV. Calculate Free Cash Flow (using information calculated in Sections II and III, in addition to the Change in Capital Spending).

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 Free Cash Flow:
Operating Cash Flow $5,956,000 $9,916,000 $11,500,000 $6,748,000 $3,580,000
Minus: Change in Net Working $100,000 $2,000,000 $1,500,000 $600,000 ($1,800,000) ($2,400,000)
Capital
Minus: Change in Capital Spending $8,000,000 0 $0 0 0 0
Free Cash Flow: ($8,100,000) $3,956,000 $8,416,000 $10,900,000 $8,548,000 $5,980,000

NPV = $16,731,096
IRR = 77%

g. Cash flow diagram

$3,956,000 $8,416,000 $10,900,000 $8,548,000 $5,980,400

($8,100,000)

h. NPV = $16,731,096
i. IRR = 77%
j. Yes. This project should be accepted because the NPV 0. and the IRR required rate of return.
k. First, there is the total project risk also called project standing alone risk, which is a projects risk ignoring the fact that much of
this risk will be diversified away as the project is combined with the firms other projects and assets. Second, we have the
projects contribution to firm risk, which is the amount of risk that the project contributes to the firm as a whole; this measure
considers the fact that some of the projects risk will be diversified away as the project is combined with the firms other projects
and assets, but ignores the effects of diversification of the firms shareholders. Finally, there is systematic risk, which is the risk

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 of the project from the viewpoint of a well-diversified shareholder; this measure considers the fact that some of a projects risk
will be diversified away as the project is combined with the firms other projects, and, in addition, some of the remaining risk will
be diversified away by the shareholders as they combine this stock with other stocks in their portfolio.
l. According to the CAPM, systematic risk is the only relevant risk for capital-budgeting purposes; however, reality complicates this
somewhat. In many instances, a firm will have undiversified shareholders; for them, the relevant measure of risk is the projects
contribution to firm risk. The possibility of bankruptcy also affects our view of what measure of risk is relevant. Because the
projects contribution to firm risk can affect the possibility of bankruptcy, this may be an appropriate measure of risk since there
are costs associated with bankruptcy.
m. The idea behind simulation is to imitate the performance of the project being evaluated. This is done by randomly selecting
observations from each of the distributions that affect the outcome of the project, combining each of those observations and
determining the final outcome of the project, continuing with this process until a representative record of the projects probable
outcome is assembled. In effect, the output from a simulation is a probability distribution of net present values or internal rates of
return for the project. The decision maker then bases his decision on the full range of possible outcomes.
n. Sensitivity analysis involves determining how the distribution of possible net present values or internal rates of return for a
particular project is affected by a change in one particular input variable. This is done by changing the value of one input variable
while holding all other input variables constant.

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