Pharmacology

pharmacology is a branch of medical science in which we study the influence of drug on a living body
function.

Pharmacology divided into

1- basic pharmacology

in which we study the influence of drug in animal

2- clinical pharmacology

in which we study the influence of drug in a patient

.basic pharmacology is divided into

a)- pharmacokinetics :

in which we study the general principle of absorption,distribution ,metabolism & elimination of drug.

b)- pharmacodynamics:
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in which we study the site of action, mode of action & mechanism of action of drug.

c)- pharmacotherapeutics:
in which we study the drug substance which are use to diagnose of disease ,treatment & proflexis of
disease.

d)- toxicology:
in which we study the side effect or unwanted or undesirable effect of drug on a living body.

drug:
a substance that cause a biological changing in a body by its mechanism action.

prodrugs:
it is a substance that is inactive form but it will be in active form after metabolism.

Placebo:
a ineffective substance which are use as a drug for a satisfaction of a patient.

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drug nomenclature:
1- chemical name of a drug:
is a name which is fully describe the chemical structure of chemical substance.

2-international non-properiety name I.N.P.N( generic name)

is a short name of drug which is based on chemical formula.it is given by (W.H.O)

3-trade name
it is given by pharmaceutical company.

e.g acetylsalicylic acid is a generic name while aspirin is a trade name

anatomical therapuetics chemical

(A.T.C) classification of drug:

every drug has own code nummber.this code nummber consist of 5- levels
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1- by anatomical group of drug.include 14-groups

A- drug effect on digestive system

B- drug effect on blood

C- drug effect on C.V.S

D- dermatological drugs

G- drug effect on urogenital system

H-hormone which effect on endocrine system

J-antimicrobial drug

L-anticancer drug

M- drug effect on bones & muscle

N- drug effect on C.N.S

P- antiparasitic drugs

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R- drug effect on respiratory system

S- drug effect on sensory organ

V- misallanious drug

2-every anatomical group divided into pharmacological therapeutics group

3-pharmacological therapeutic group is divided into subgroups

4-it indicate chemical group of every pharmacological class

5-it indicate chemical subgroup

pharmacopeia:
means how to prepare a drug ,any recipe or formula.every country has own pharmacopia.it is
necessory to regulate a drug manufacture its quality & also quanity.pharmacopia contain following
characteristics.

generic name

code name of drug

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molecular weight empirical formula & also structral formula

method of drug standerization

method of drug identification

conseption of rational drugs:

was offered by (W.H.O) in 1977.according to this every government should be provide a essential drug
to population of country.it should be necessory in low cost & quanity for every citizen by health
ministry.this list of drugs is removed in every 2- year.

New drug development:

2- source of drug obtaining

a)-natural drug obtaine e.g drug obtain from plants,animals,microorganism & minerlas

b)-synthetic drug obtaine which are prepare in labortary by some chemicales

the pharmacokinetics property of drug are studing

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 studing in which disease will effect this drug & efficasy, side effect of this drug .after
this we use this drug in clinical practice.

Dosage forms of drugs:

1- oral preparation:
a) liquids.syrups,tinctures,mixture

b) solid.tablets,capsule

2- rectal preparation:
suppositories,enemas

3- parenteral preparations
injection e.g ampoules,vials

4- inhalational preparation
gases,steam inhalation,aerosols

5- topical preparation:
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ointments, lotions,mouth wash,ear-eye& nose drops,

6- intravaginal preparation:
vaginal suppositories,intra vaginal cream

BY
ANAS-KHALID
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