Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
OF
WORKS
FOR
THE CONSTRUCTION
OF
THE LUKUGA BARRAGE
BS British Standard
Fr Froude Number
fy Yield strength
L length
M metres
Q Volume of Discharge, m3
S channel slope
V Velocity, m/s
The Lukuga River originates from Lake Tanganyika and flows into the Congo River, which is the
only outlet for the water flow of Lake Tanganyika.
1.1 Objective
The overall objective of the report is finalize the general layout of the Lukuga barrage project:
selection of the type of barrage, localization and sizing of the spillway, localization and sizing of
stilling basin and sluices, and access bridge.
Spillway
Bridge
The bridge is 480m long with a two lane deck with column piers at 20m centres. It is
founded at the same level with barrage and friction piles incorporated on the column bases.
The soffit of the beams rest at the crest elevation of 778m a.s.l.
Bill Amount
Description
No. ($USD.)
8 GROUTING 499,808.75
11 Dayworks 151,406.25
The main ports on the lake are kalemie railhead to DRC rail network, Kigoma railhead to Dar es
Salam in Tanzania, Mupulungu railhead for Zambia and Bujumbura port.
The objective of this study is aimed at preparing a design for the appropriate water control structure
at the beginning of river Lukuga that will regulate and stabilize the lake water levels to desired
levels which will enable the ports to operate at all times.
Lake Tanganyika has catchment area that is riparian to Republic of Tanzania, Republic of Burundi,
Republic of Zambia and Democratic Republic of Congo.
The major rivers from the above catchments feeding into the lake includes; River Ruzizi from Lake
Kivu, River Malagarasi from Tanzania, and River Kalambo from Malawi.
The Lake Tanganyika has a number of ports including kigoma, kalemi, uvira, etc serving the
riparian countries, and the flacuation of the lake levels often adversely affects the operations of
these ports. In order to reduce the adverse impacts of the flacuations of the lake levels it is necessary
that water balance thereon be maintained such that levels fluctuations is limited to a predetermined
minimum that will allow use of the ports at all times. The purpose of the Dam/ barrage studies is to
provide a control structure at mouth of river lukuga that will maintaion the predetermined water
level.
The design looks into geotechnical studies at the proposed control structure location, metrology and
hydrology of the catchment area and lake water balance and levels fluctuations, design of the
control structure options.
The existing barrier which was constructed in the year 1952 was damaged and vandalized, rendering
it ineffective in controlling the flow.
Construction of barrage at the previuosly constructed site through the following locations
When plotted on Topographic Map forms a straight line with distance across the river being
approximately 256m.
2.9 Figure4: curves of interpreted VES, away from old barrage location
2.10 Table 2: geophysical survey data analysis, away from old barrage location
From the measurements interpretation (given in table above) the underground foundation strata
is determined to be that of sandstone is found at depths varying from 1m to 3m, as the first layer
of rock lying above gravel. Gravel extends to lengths not less than 17m.
With reference to BS 8004:1986, table 1, a bearing pressure of 450kn/m2 has been adopted for
the design.
The required foundation treatment consists of cleaning the top sands deposit and part of the top
mudstone up to depth of 3m from original bed level.
Below the excavation curtain and contact grouting to 10m and 6m respectively is applied to
close the area from leakage/seepage.
Grouting procedures
2.11 Introduction
All holes for grouting, shall be drilled at the locations, in the direction, angle, and to the depths
indicated or as directed by the Engineer. A maximum tolerance for deviation in angle and direction
shall be (30) the first series of holes to be drilled and grouted shall be at (5) - foot intervals and
hereinafter are referred to as primary holes. The location of secondary and succeeding series
(intermediate) holes shall be determined by the split spacing method as defined in paragraph SPLIT
SPACING. The number of grout holes shall be increased, progressively, by the split spacing method
as defined in paragraph SPLIT SPACING. The number grout holes shall be increased progressively,
by the split spacing method as deemed necessary by the Engineer until the amount of grout used -
indicates that the foundation is tight. Each hole drilled shall be protected from becoming clogged or-
obstructed by means of a cap or other suitable device on the collar and any hole that becomes
clogged or obstructed due to fault of the contractor before completion of operations shall be cleaned
out in a manner satisfactory to the Engineer or another hole provided by and at the expense of the
Contractor.
Records:
The Engineer will keep records of all grouting operations, such as a log of the grout holes, results of
washing and pressure testing operations, time of each change of grouting operation, pressure, rate of
The Lake Tanganyika lies between Lat 30 20 to 8048 S and Long 2905 to 31015. OO&P carried
out topographical survey of the river lukuga mouth and a topo plan produced. The topo plan covered
a stretch of 2km of the river from the source, with 1m contour intervals. The remains of the
damaged barrier were also captured.
The site is generally gentle with elevations varying from 766m a.m.s.l to 774m a.m.s.l.
This Topography allows fitting of a weir of crest height of 5m from riverbed to raise water level to
774m to as proposed on the hydrological study.
From site topography and the required crest elevation of 774m, the following Weir parameters were
noted,
3.1 General
Barrage structure is designed to facilitate the control of water flow to river lukuga, to raise the head
of the lake by 4m within Kalemie Port (as per the hydrological report). The water level required for
port is 774m a.m.s.l. a bridge will be running above the barrage for vehicular transport.
Considering the foundation condition where depth of firm materials range from 1 to 3 metres along
the proposed barrage alignment above the lukuga river, the foundation of the weir is proposed to be
at elevation 769-3=766m, (769 is the river bed level) the overall height of the weir is 774-766=8m
on the overflow potion.
LUKUGA
BARRAGE
HYDRAULIC MATERIALS
USE HEIGHT
DESIGN USED
NON
DIVERSION MASONRY MEDIUM
OVERFLOW
ROCKFILL
This is the most common type of barrage normally constructed to store excess flood water which
can be utilized later when demand exceeds the flow in river. The Storage dams may be constructed
for various purposes such as irrigation, water supply, hydro-power generation etc. they may be
made of concrete, stone or earth or rock fill etc.
These types of barrage are mainly constructed to control flood. This type of barrage stores water
temporarily and releases it gradually at a safe rate when the flood recedes. Detention barrage
provides safeguard against possible damage due to flood on the downstream side of it. Sometimes a
detention dam may also be used as storage dam.
Diversion Barrage
The purpose of diversion dam is necessarily different. It is constructed to divert the river water into
canal, conduit etc. For this purpose, mostly a weir or low level dam is constructed across the river to
raise the water level which can be diverted as per the needs. This type of dam may be used for water
supply, irrigation or some other purposes.
An overflow dam is built to allow the overflow of surplus discharge above the top of it. They are
generally built of masonry or concrete and they are gravity type of dam. Usually dams are not
designed as overflow for their entire length. Only few meters of its length is kept as overflow
section
Non-Overflow Barrage/Dam:
In this type of dam, water is not allowed to overtop the dam. The top of the dam is fixed at a higher
elevation than the expected maximum flood level. Since water is not allowed to overtop, it can be
constructed of large variety of materials such as earth, rock fill, masonry, concrete etc.
The area where the embankment is constructed is dewatered dry using constructed upstream and
downstream parallel sets of temporary cofferdams. The embankment is built in sections to allow
reusing the cofferdam materials.
Considering the foundation soils consisting of sandstones and gravel materials the embankment
design considered in this option has the following particulars:-
a) Slope inclinations of 5:1(horizontal: vertical) on the upstream slope and 7:1 on the
downstream slope.
b) The crest of the dam would be 10m wide ( to allow for 2way traffic) and provide for 2.5m
of freeboard above mean lake level.
c) An overexcavation depth of 3m is provided under the embankment crest, and an
overexcavation depth of 5m is provided under embankment toes. An additional
embankment volume computed on basis of average settlement of 6% of the unexcavated
soft soils over the entire width of the embankment.
The main advantage of this option is that the dry construction method allows compaction of the
embankment materials that makes it stable.
The disadvantages:-
Extensive cofferdams are required for temporary dewatering and staging of construction is
complex.
Expensive river diversion works required.
The location does not have suitable material for construction of impermeable core.
A large river diversion channel required
Require a side spillway
As for seismic dyke, 3 to 5m loose foundation soils will be excavated and replaced with
embankment material. An additional embankment volume computed on basis of average settlement
of 6% of the unexcavated soft soils over the entire width of the embankment.
Slope inclinations of 5:1(horizontal: vertical) on the upstream slope and 7:1 on the downstream
slope.
The crest of the dam would be 20m wide (to allow for construction of the multiple lift rock dykes)
and provide for 2.5m of freeboard above mean lake level.
Large volumes of rocks, makes it expensive and time comsuming. They require a separate spillway
away from the main dam.They require heavy maintenance cost and constant supervision.They are
more susceptible to be damaged by floods than any other type of dam.
Alternately, bentonite slurry would be constructed through the dam along its crest to provide a
seepage barier. As for seismic dyke, 3 to 5m loose foundation soils will be excavated and replaced
with embankment material. An additional embankment volume computed on basis of average
settlement of 6% of the unexcavated soft soils over the entire width of the embankment.
Slope inclinations of 5:1(horizontal: vertical) on the upstream slope and 7:1 on the downstream
slope.
The crest of the dam would be 10m wide and provide for 2.5m of freeboard above mean lake level.
Advantage of this option is that no over excavation of foundation soils would be required. However,
the concept is unique for application as a dam, and the rigidity of the system would not be as
accomodatind (as embankments) to seismic deformations.
Advantages:
It can be built of any height provided suitable foundation is available to bear all the loads coming on
it.
The failure of a gravity dam is not sudden at all. It gives sufficient time for evacuation of area
downstream of it.
Though its Initial cost is higher, and It needs skilled labor and mechanized plants for construction
and It may take more time in construction, its is the most prefered option for Lukuga.
From considerations of technical viability of construction of the above options it was considered
that the concrete gravity dam with central overflow spillway was the suitable dam type for Lukuga
Dam/Dyke. The design therefore adopted this type for futher hydraulic and structural design
analysis.
The proposed barrage structure is 5m high above the river bed at deepest point and has a crest weir
length of 180m, a non overflow concrete wall of 166 m and 134m on either sides of the 180m
overflow weir and an 480m access concrete bridge deck to allow access to the sluices penstock
gates for the control of sluices gates penstocks facilities and also vehicles connecting the north and
south sides of Kalemie Port.
3.12 Bridge
The bridge is to connect the two towns to the port.
The bridge is a modular bridge 480m long composing of 24No. 20m span centre to centre bearings.
7.0m carriageway with 2 No. 1.9m clear walkways, 50mm thick surfacing.
The beams grillage is composed of 5 No. 1500 deep by 500mm wide main beams simply supported
on free bearings, 2No. 1500mm deep by 300mm wide Diagphrams each on support. The height of
the freeboard is 4m above the barrage crest overflow width.
Hw
Rw 0 .5
Hw
0 .4 Cot
L
Zuiderzee formula:
U 2F
S
1400 * D
L 5.12 * T 2
Where:
Hw is significant wave height (m),
Rw is wave run-up (m)
S is wind set-up (m)
U is the wind velocity over water (km/hr)
F is reservoir fetch (km)
L is wave length (m)
D is average water depth along the central radial (m)
F is reservoir fetch (m)
Ho is the freeboard (m)
is the angle of upstream face of the dam with horizontal
T is the wave period (sec)
for F > 32 km
Where is the height of water from the top of crest to bottom of trough in meters.
Wind velocity overland is 110km/h associated over water is 1.15 times larger; giving 126.5 km/hr
for design wind speed.
variables
velocity
normal pool 127 km/hr
max reservoir 92 km/hr
Fetch 2.64 km
(VF)^0.5 18.2745725
F^0.25 1.274679442
9% of waves may exceed the significant wave height hence the corresponding design wave height
is;
1.1x1.002348=1.1026m.
Hw 1.10 m
F 2.64 km
D 1400 m
90
U 127 km/hr
S is wind set-up (m)
S= 0.021554051 m
Tp=0.07118*F^0.3*U^0.4
F 2640 m
U 35.13888889 m/s
g 10 m/s
T= 3.141625198 s
Tm 2.576132662
L is wave length (m)
= 33.97867261 m
Rw is wave run-up (m)
Hw/L= 0.032449267
Tan 572.957213
Cot 0.001745331
Rw= 2.75 m
2 2
Q h * b gh
3 3
Q
b 3
2
1.7 * h
Where;
b is the spillway width (m)
h is the design upstream water head above the spillway crest,
Q is the design flood
PMF METHOD
ln(PMF+1)=1.175*(ln(CA+1))^0.755+3.133
where PMF, Probable Maximum Flood,
m3/s
CA, Catchment Area (km2)
CA >32 take 200km2
= 7.27367
PMF 1440.83 m3/s
design floods are calculated has a proportion
of the PMF, i.e. Q5000=0.46*PMF and
Q1000=0.38*PMF
c. Spillway width
2 2
Q h * b gh
3 3
Q= 1440.83 m/s
freeboard
h= 4 m max
h^(3/2)= 8
b 105.943 m
Since the current width of the channel at the proposed site is 180m, a spillway width of 180 m will
be adopted.
hydraulic analysis to
determine design head
discharge Q=CxLxH^2/3
where, Q=600m3/s, L=180m,
Cd=2.2
design head,
H=(Q/(2.2X180))^2/3
1.31918 m
height crest above riverbed
P 5 m
Crest height D= 5m
Discharge Q=600m3/s
C=0.7
Theoretical velocity at foot of spillway V1= 2(gH) ^1/2 = (2x9.81 x 8.685) ^1/2 = 13.05m/s
Fr.=7.3
Tw/y2=1.0
Tw/y1=11
Tw=y1x11=0.277*11=3.047m
Y2=Tw=3.047m
Factor of safety
FS= (TW-Twmi)/y2=(3.047-2.9085)/3.047
V= 13.05m/s (<15m/s)
Therefore use type II stilling basin USBR with chute Blocks and end sill.
Blocks:-
Height 2y1= 2 x 0.345= 0.69m
At the Lukuga River, the flood flows of 402m3/sec. occurs during the month of May while the low
flow of 252m3/sec occurs during the month of October and November. The average flow from
hydrological study is as shown on the graph below;
500
400
300
200
100 Series1
0
Sluice sizing
INPUT DATA
Q 250 m3/s
River Channel
width 180 m
height 0.5 m
sluice dia 1.45 m
Q VxA
(a) 18no. cast iron penstock/GMS gates at the gravity dam spillway width
(a) Cast Iron Penstock Gate
The design provides for 18 no. sluice openings at 5m depth to control flow through a 1.45m sluice
fitted in the Low Gravity Concrete Diversion Weir.
C=coefficient (0.7) ,
These sluice will each discharge Q= 4.629m3/s total 83.33m3/s. at water level at spillway crest
elevation.
From reference to Ham and Baker Catalogue, a 1500 x 1800mm penstock gate with half frame
thrust remote rising spindle, having the following particulars:-
o Safety
o Economy
o Aesthetics
Geotechnical investigations and selection of foundation types.
Bridge design.
o Design standards
o Loading
o Methods of analysis
o Analysis Results
o Design of foundations and structural elements.
Construction methodology and maintanance.
In the design of the bridge, we set out to ascertain that ideal structure adopted does not
collapse in use. It must be capable of carrying the loading required of it with the appropriate
factor of safety.
The structure is designed not to suffer from local deterioration/failure, from excessive
deflection or vibration, and it must not interfere with sight lines on roads above or below
it.
To ensure that the above is achieved, strict adherence to recommended codes of practice for
bridge engineering governing loading and design of the various structural elements was ensured.
suspension bridges
cable stayed
A 20m spans with expansion joints at every 40m has been adopted hence adopting the insitu
reinforced concrete deck with insitu T Beams.
Indeed Single or multi-cell reinforced concrete box Girder Bridge have been proposed and
widely used as economic aesthetic solution for the over crossings, under crossings, grade
separation structures and viaducts found in modern highway system examples including Nyali
bridge at Mtwapa and the sabaki bridge in malindi.
Appearance.
Bridges being long lasting structural monuments, emphasis, in recent years, has been actually on
the aesthetic appeal of the bridge. Bridges all over the world are fast becoming tourist
attractions with their elegant forms.
the blend of the bridge and the weir provides beautiful scenery to the area surrounding.
Further downstream it was established presence of weak points due to some fractures in the ground
which are believed to have contributed to the River formation and the flow out of the lake. The lake
formation was a result of Greater Rift Valley formation due to faulting phenomenon episodes.
The safe foundation strata varied from 2.3 - 8 m with clayey soil beneath. Friction piles have been
incorporated in the design.
Reference has also been made to Y Maekawas (Bridges section, Ministry of Roads and Public Works
/ JICA) guidelines on calculations presentation dated December 1985. Design has been carried out for
both permanent and transient loads on the bridge structure.
The following loadings were considered:
Dead loads, self weight, surfacing, fixings etc
Live load surcharge: HA loadings with a check for a minimum of 30 units HB loading.
Braking forces
The effects of seismic activity were checked to be in conformity with the Kenyan
Seismic Design Code as issued by the Building Centre, Ministry of Roads and Public
Works especially for the rift valley belt.
Detailed computerized design was carried out by use of Engineering softwares SAP 2000,
bestech sam bridge, oasys gsa bridge.
The details of the structural modeling, the computer analysis for both serviceability and
ultimate limit states and the member design are attached as in the design calculations.
Abutments specified is solid reinforced concrete with transverse diaphragm beams to distribute the
deck structure loading onto them. Wing walls have been designed as free-standing cantilevers but
with continuity bars connecting the wing walls to abutments to eliminate longitudinal movement
between the wing walls and the abutments which is fairly common in purely free standing wing walls
unconnected to abutments.
Piling has been included in the design together with spread footing as currently specified. The pile
arrangements will be bored cast insitu piles. Alternatives may be made at construction stage.
Bridge bearings
Elastomeric bridge bearings were adopted
The structural analysis and design for the proposed barrage, has been based on the Ultimate Limit
State method. Factors of Safety as applied to materials and loadings are as specified in the Standards
and Codes of practice currently in use. The softwwares used included masterseries, prokon and
spreadsheets for analysis and design
B.S 8004-Foundations
Department of Transport Highway & Traffic Departmental Standard BD 37/88 loads for
BS 5896 High Tensile Steel Wire and Strand for Pre-stressed Concrete, 1980
4.2 Loadings
Loading condition is usual which includes normal operating and frequent flood conditions.
Dead load on the structure comprises of own weight of the designed structural elements and applied
finishes.
4.3 Foundations
Due to the interface between the pier bases and barrage base, a raft foundation have been used to spread
the total loading coming from the columns and are optimally sized to be in tune with gravelly type of
soils with Safe Bearing Capacity up to 450Kn/m2.. Additional friction piles have been incorporated on
the pier bases.
6000x800mm Rectangular reinforced concrete columns have been used as structural supports in the
entire bridge.
4.5 Walls
Stilling basin walls are reinforced concrete walls and acts as retaining walls.
4.7 Concrete
Concrete class 30 is considered for all substructures and superstructures. The slump is between
75-125mm.
Exposing and removal of top sand material and loose rocks to depth of 3.0m which will result into
reduction of settlement from loose materials.
Application of drilling and grouting foundation treatment to approximately 10m depth below weir
foundation base to seal lenses between hard rocks which will seal leakages through these seepage
potential seepage paths.
Removal of loose material including sand will reduce potential occurrence of liquefaction in case of
occurrence of seismic activity when the weir structure is built.
1. Water pressure
2. Uplift pressure
3. Earthquake
4. Silt pressure
5. Wave pressure
Water pressure
Water pressure act on the upstream and downstream face of the barrage. The water pressure on the
upstream face is destabilizing (or overturning) force acting on the gravity dam. Tail water helps in
stabilizing. Tailwater is generally small in comparison with water pressure on the upstream face.
The water pressure p, (kn/m2) varies linearly with the depth of the water measured below the free
surface (m).
Water has a tendency to seep through the pores and fissures of the foundation material. It also seeps
through the joints between the body of the dam and its foundation at the base, and through the pores of
the material in the body of the dam. The seeping water exerts pressure and was accounted for in the
stability calculations.
The uplift pressure is defined as the upward pressure of water as it flows or seeps through the body of
the dam or its foundation.
A portion of the weight of the dam will be supported on the upward pressure of water; hence net
foundation reaction due to vertical force will reduce. The effective area is taken as approximately equal
to the total area.
The earthquake sets up primary, secondary, Raleigh and love waves in the earths crust. The waves
impart accelerations to the foundation under the dam and cause its movement.
The earthquakes cause random motion of ground which can be resolved in any three mutually
perpendicular directions (vertical and horizontal). This motion causes the structure to vibrate.
Peak ground acceleration of 0.32g horizontal and 0.16g vertical have been adopted for analysis. This is
the accelerations with expected increase by 10% in 50years. Hence the design acceleration is 0.34g and
0.17g respectively.
Silt pressure
Gravity dams are subjected to earth pressures on the downstream and upstream faces where the
foundation trench is to be backfilled. Silt is treated as saturated cohessionless soil having full uplift and
whose value of internal friction is not materially changed on account of submergence.
Wave pressure
In addition to the static water loads the upper portion of dam is subjected to the impact of waves. The
force and dimensions of waves depend mainly on the extent and configuration of the water surface, the
velocity of wind and the depth of reservoir water. Empirical formula adopted.
The weight of the dam is the main stabilizing force in the gravity dam. The dead load to be considered
comprises the weight of the concrete, such appurtenances as piers, gates and bridges.
All the load combinations have been analysed for different section both at the overflow section and non
overflow section.
1) Safe against sliding on any plane and combination of planes within the dam, at the foundation
or within the foundation.
2) Safe against overturning at any plane within the dam, at the base, or at any plane belw the base.
3) Safe unit stresses in the concrete of the dam and foundation have not been exceeded.
Live Loads
Dead Loads
Wind Loads
Seismic Loads
Dynamic River Current Load
Live Loads
HAU loading
HA KEL Loading
30 Units HB loading
Pedestrian loading
Dead Loads
The following dead loads were considered in the design by the previous consultant namely.