CIVI 390 Loads in Buildings

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 Limit States Design

Limit state-- limiting the state of the structure for which it is

designed

Major limit states:

(1) ULS those limit states concerning safety, this includes
exceeding the load carrying capacity; fracture etc.

(2) SLS - the limit state involves disruption of the functional

use; not a case of safety. This includes: deflection, vibration,
local cracking, permanent deformation etc.

(3) FLS represents failure due to repeated loading

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 Safety and Serviceability Criteria

Safety criteria for the ULS

Factored resistance effect from factored loads
R iSi

M r D M D + L M L + ........

Vr DVD + LVL + ........

Pr D PD + L PL + ........

Serviceability criteria
Serviceability limit effect of service loads

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 Importance Category

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 Importance factors

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 Different Loads and Effects
D- dead load. permanent load due to the weight

E-Earthquake load and effects rare load due to EQ

H- due to lateral earth pressure, groundwater permanent load

L- live load due to intended use/occupancy.. ..(variable load)

S- snow/ associated rain load.. ...(variable load)

W- wind load.. ....(variable load)

P- permanent effects caused by prestress

T- effects due to temperature change, shrinkage, moisture
changes, creep, ground settlement

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 Some Loading Terms Used by NBCC
Principal load specified variable or rare load that dominates in
a loading combination
Companion load- specified variable load that accompanies the
principal load in a given load combination

Importance factor factor to indicate the importance/

consequences of the structure in case of failure

Factored load- (specified load) x (load factor)

Resistance factor, , a factor applied to account the variability

of dimensions, material properties and other uncertainties

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 Load Combinations by NBC 2010

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 Example 1 (Load Combination)

A building roof is subjected to a DL of 6 kPa, a LL of

1.0 kPa, and a snow load (S) of 3.0 kPa. Determine the
factored load according to NBC 2010

Load case 1: wf = 1.4D = 8.4 kPa

Load case 2: wf = 1.25D + 1.5 L +0.5S = 10.5 kPa

Load case 3: wf = 1.25D + 1.5 S +0.5L = 12.5 kPa

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 Load Factors for ULS (NBC 2010)

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 Specified uniformly distributed LL
Use of Area of Floor or Roof Minimum specified
load, kPa
Assembly areas with or without fixed seats 4.8
Arenas, Auditoria, Gymnasia, Museums, Theatres , Dance
floors, Churches

Assembly areas with fixed seats that have backs over at least 2.4
80% the assembly area
Churches, Courtrooms, Lecture Halls, Theatres etc.

Classroom with or without fixed seats 2.4

Office areas located in
Basement and first storey 4.8
Floors above the first storey 2.4
Residential areas in apartments, hotels, and motels
Exterior balconies 4.8
Main floor corridors 4.8
Sleeping and living quarters 1.9
Bedrooms 1.9
Roofs 1.0

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 Live Load Reduction Factors
Why do we need to apply LLRF ???
Consider a multi-storey building. It is very unlikely that all the floor
will be fully loaded at a certain time. So need to apply LLRF.

For members supporting areas greater than 80 m2 with LL 4.8 kPa

20
LLRF = 0.5 + A is the tributary area in m2
A

For members supporting areas greater than 20 m2

9.8
LLRF = 0.3 + A is the tributary area in m2
A

Live load = Specified LL * LLRF

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 4-storey steel building

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 Calculate LLRF for column C5 in every floor
Snow Load, S = 1.48 kPa
Live Load , Floor = 2.40 kPa
Dead Load, Roof = 1.12 kPa
Dead load, Floor = 4.26 kPa

First floor height = 4.0 m

Other floor height = 3.75 m

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 Snow Loads

Detailed of Snow loading is in Commentary G

Ss and Ss for different cities are given in Division B-Appendix C-

Climatic data

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 Table 4.1.6.2 NBC 2010

Importance factor, Is

Importance category Serviceability limit

Ultimate limit state
state

Low 0.8 0.9

Normal 1.0 0.9

High 1.15 0.9

Post-disaster 1.25 0.9

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 Snow Loads

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 Snow Loads

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 Snow Load Calculations
Consider a 4-storey wood-framed apartment building in Montreal east
Calculate design snow load for the building

1
3

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 Snow Load Calculations

S = I s [S s (CbC wC s Ca ) + S r ]
I s = 1 For normal importance

From Appendix C of NBC 2005, Design data for major Canadian

locations: S s = 2.7 kPa and S r = 0.4 kPa for Montreal east

C b = 0 .8 since larger plan dimension of the roof is less than 70m

Wind exposure factor C w = 1.0

Roof slope = tan-1(1/3)=18.430 slope factor, Cs = 1

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 Snow Load Calculations
The shape factor Ca for different roof shapes is described in
Commentary G of NBC 2010

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 Ca = 1 for load case I
Ca = 0.25+ /20 for load case II
= 1.17
Snow load, S = 2.56 kPa for load case I

Snow load, S = 2.93 kPa for load case II (govern)

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 Snow distributions for lower levels of adjacent roof

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 Snow distributions for lower levels of adjacent roof

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 Snow distributions for lower levels of adjacent roof

In equation (4) lc is for the upper roof. In equation (2), (3), and (4),
Cb is for the lower roof

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 Snow loading factors for lower levels of adjacent roof

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 Example 2
Find snow load distributions for the lower roof

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 Snow distributions for multi-level roof with a sloped upper roof

A lower roof should be designed

for the loads provided in Fig.G-5
plus an additional load produced
by the snow that may slide from
an upper roof. The lower roof
should be assumed to carry its
full load according to Fig.G-5
plus 50% of the total weight of
the Case I snow load of Fig.G-1
from the portion of the upper
roof that slopes toward the lower
roof.

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 Snow distributions for areas adjacent to obstructions (Fig. G-8)

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 Snow distributions for areas adjacent to obstructions

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