CRITERIA OF A GOOD RESEARCH

Purpose should be clearly defined.

Research process/procedure should be detailed.

Research design should be thoroughly planned objectively.

High ethical standards should be applied/report frankly.

Limitations and Assumptions should be frankly revealed.

Data, Analysis and Reliability.

Findings should be presented unambiguously.

Conclusions should be justified.

Researchers experience and Integrity should be reflected.

Systematic.

Logical.

Empirical.

Replicable.

Creative.

Concepts should be clearly explained.

Acknowledgement of Sources.

Reports according to Standards.

Useful to the Society.

Although the research works and studies differ in their form and kind, they all still meet on the
common ground of scientific methods employed by them. Hence, scientific research is expected
to satisfy the following criteria:

i. The aim of the research should be clearly mentioned, along with the use of common concepts.

ii. The procedures used in the research should be adequately described, in order to permit
another researcher to repeat the research for further advancement, while maintaining the
continuity of what has already been done.

iii. The research procedural design should be carefully planned to obtain results that are as
objective as possible.
 iv. The flaws in the procedural design should be sincerely reported by the researcher to correctly
estimate their effects upon the findings.

v. The data analysis should be adequate to reveal its significance.

vi. The methods used during the analysis should be appropriate.

vii. The reliability and validity of the concerned data should be checked carefully.

viii. The conclusions are needed to be confined and limited to only those data, which are justified
and adequately provided by the research.

ix. In case, the researcher is experienced and has a good reputation in the field of research,
greater confidence in research is warranted.

Research process
Research process contains a series of closely related activities which has to carry out by a researcher.
Research process requires patients. There is no measure that shows your research is the best. It is an art
rather than a science. Following are the main steps in social or business research process.

1. Selection of Research Problem

2. Extensive Literature Survey
3. Making Hypothesis
4. Preparing the Research Design
5. Sampling
6. Data collection
7. Data Analysis
8. Hypothesis Testing
9. Generalization and Interpretation
10. Preparation of Report
Selection of Research Problem
The selection of topic for research is a difficult job. When we select a title or research statement, then other
activities would be easy to perform. So, for the understanding thoroughly the problem it must have to discuss
with colleagues, friend, experts and teachers. The research topic or problem should be practical, relatively
important, feasible, ethically and politically acceptable.

Literature Review or Extensive Literature Survey

After the selection of research problem, the second step is that of literature mostly connected with the topics.
The availability of the literature may bring ease in the research. For this purpose academic journals,
conference and govt. reports and library must be studied.

Making Hypothesis
The development of hypothesis is a technical work depends on the researcher experience. The hypothesis is
to draw the positive & negative cause and effect aspects of a problem. Hypothesis narrows down the area of a
research and keep a researcher on the right path.

Preparing the Research Design

After the formulation of the problem and creating hypothesis for it, research Design is to prepare by the
researcher. It may draw the conceptual structure of the problem. Any type of research design may be made,
depend on the nature and purpose of the study. Daring R. Design the information about sources, skill, time
and finance is taken into consideration.

Sampling
The researcher must design a sample. It is a plan for taking its respondents from a specific areas or universe.
The sample may be of two types:

1. Probability Sampling
2. Non-probability Sampling
Data collection
Data collection is the most important work, is researcher. The collection of information must be containing on
facts which is from the following two types of researcher.

Primary Data Collection: Primary data may be from the following.

1. Experiment
2. Questionnaire
3. Observation
4. Interview
Secondary data collection: it has the following categories:
1. Review of literature
2. Official and non-official reports
3. Library approach
Data Analysis
When data is collected, it is forwarded for analysis which is the most technical job. Data analysis may be
divided into two main categories.

Data Processing: it is sub-divided into the following.

Data editing, Data coding, Data classification, Data tabulation, Data presentation, Data measurement

Data Exposition: Date Exposition has the following sub-categories.

Description, Explanation, Narration, Conclusion/Findings, Recommendations/Suggestions

Hypothesis Testing
Research data is then forwarded to test the hypothesis. Do the hypothesis are related to the facts or not? To
find the answer the process of testing hypothesis is undertaken which may result in accepting or rejecting the
hypothesis.

Generalization and Interpretation

The acceptable hypothesis is possible for researcher to arrival at the process of generalization or to make &
theory. Some types of research has no hypothesis for which researcher depends upon on theory which is
known as interpretation.

Preparation of Report
A researcher should prepare a report for which he has done is his work. He must keep in his mind the
following points:

Report Design in Primary Stages

The report should carry a title, brief introduction of the problem and background followed by
acknowledgement. There should be a table of contents, grapes and charts.

Main Text of the Report

It should contain objectives, hypothesis, explanations and methodology of the research. It must be divided
into chapters and every chapter explains separate title in which summary of the findings should be enlisted.
The last section would be clearly of conclusions to show the main theme of the R-study.

Closing the Report

After the preparation of report, the last step in business research process contains of bibliography,
references, appendices, index and maps or charts for illustration. For this purpose, the information should
more clearer.

WHAT IS RESEARCH?
Research common sense of the term refers to a search for knowledge. Research is a part
and parcel of human knowledge.

Research may be defined as a careful critical enquiry or examination in seeking facts or

principles; diligent investigation in order to ascertain something.

It is a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on specific topic. It is an art
and as well as science of investigation.

The advanced Learners Dictionary of current English defined as a careful investigation or

inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.

Redman and Mory define research as a systematized effort to gain new knowledge. Some
people consider research as a movement, a movement from the known to the unknown.

According to J.H. Shera, Research is an intellectual process whereby a problem is

perceived, divided into its constituent elements, and analysed in the light of certain basic
assumptions.

SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH
According to Hudson Maxim Significance as, All progress is born of inquiry. Doubt is often
better than overconfidence, for it leads to inquiry and inquiry leads to investigation

Research inculcates scientific and inductive thinking and it promotes the development of
logical habits of thinking and organization.

The role of research in several fields of applied economics, whether related to business or to
the economy as a whole, has greatly increased in modern times.

Research provides the basic for nearly all government policies in our economic system.
Research provides the basis for nearly all government policies in our economic system.
Research has its special significance in solving various operational and planning problems of
business and industry. In several ways, operations research, market research and
motivational research are vital and their results assist in taking business decisions.

Research is equally important for social scientists in studying social relationships and in
seeking answers to various social problems. It gives intellectual satisfaction of knowing
things for the sake of knowledge. It also possesses the practical utility for the social scientist
to gain knowledge so as to be able to do something better or in a more efficient manner.
 CONCLUSION

Research is, thus, an original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge making for its
advancement. It is the pursuit of truth with the help of study, observation, comparison and
experiment.

In short, the search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding
solution to a problem is research.

The systematic approach concerning generalization and the formulation of a theory is also
research.

WHAT IS A RESEARCH PROBLEM?

A research problem is the situation that causes the researcher to feel apprehensive, confused and ill at
ease. It is the demarcation of a problem area within a certain context involving the WHO or WHAT,
the WHERE, the WHEN and the WHY of the problem situation. There are many problem situations
that may give rise to research. Three sources usually contribute to problem identification. Own
experience or the experience of others may be a source of problem supply. A second source could be
scientific literature. You may read about certain findings and notice that a certain field was not
covered. This could lead to a research problem. Theories could be a third source. Shortcomings in
theories could be researched. Research can thus be aimed at clarifying or substantiating an existing
theory, at clarifying contradictory findings, at correcting a faulty methodology, at correcting the
inadequate or unsuitable use of statistical techniques, at reconciling conflicting opinions, or at
solving existing practical problems.
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