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Sines and Cosines via Eulers Identity

Making Practical Use of i

Curtis S. Helms III

California Meta-Learning Institute

July 2012

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Table of Contents

1 Sine and Cosine

2 Exponential Functions

3 Complex Numbers

4 Eulers Identity

5 Theorms and Proofs

6 Calculating Values

7 Exercises

8 Summary

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Sine and Cosine Formulas

When learning Calculus, the mastery of sine and cosine transformations is a


critical skill for performing integration.
In this book you will learn a technique that will enable the derivation of these
transformations.

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Key Values of Sine and Cosine
The only equations we need to remember are:

When = 0, cos = 1 and sin = 0. (1)


When = /2, cos = 0 and sin = 1. (2)

Other values that are relevant for calculus are derived later in this book.
y


1 =
sin

1
=
r

cos = 1
x
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Exponential Functions

The laws of exponents state that for real numbers x , y

a + =a a
x y x y
(3)
(a ) = a
y x xy
(4)
a0 = 1 (5)

when a is a positive real number.

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The Natural Exponent

The number e is a special number that we will call the natural exponent. This
number has many special properties. For our purposes, we will focus on this fact:

2<e <3 (6)

Since e is positive, the laws of exponents hold for it. Hence,


x
e + =e e
y x y
(7)
(e ) = e
y x xy
(8)
e0 = 1 (9)

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The Complex Numbers

The complex number z is a number which can be put in the form x + iy ,


where x and y are real numbers and i is called the imaginary unit.

z = x + iy where i 2 = 1 (10)

Within z , x is called the real part and y the imaginary part.


Re(z ) = x and Im(z ) = y (11)

y
z = x + iy

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The Conjugate of z

The conjugate of z is denoted by z . It is constructed from z by


replacing i with i . Therefore , when z = x + iy ,

z = x iy . (12)

z = x + iy

x
z = x iy

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Conjugate Calculations

z + z = x + iy + (x iy )
= 2x (13)

z z = x + iy (x iy )
= 2iy (14)

zz = (x + iy )(x iy )
= x 2 + y2 (15)

1 1 z z
z =
zz
=
x 2 + y2
(16)

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The Angle of z

The angle, in radians, formed by point z with the real axis of the complex plane is
called the angle of z . In this book we will use the letters and to represent the
angle of z .

y
z = x + iy

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The Polar Form of z
The point z with coordinates (x , y ) represents the complex number z = x + iy .
The point z can also be represented by polar coordinates (r , ). Since x = r cos
and y = r sin , we have

z = x + iy = r (cos + i sin ) (17)

where r , the magnitude of z , is



r = |z | = zz = x 2 + y 2
p
(18)

y
z = x + iy
p 2 +y
2
x
r=

x

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Eulers Identity
This is Eulers identity. It is proven in all Calculus texts.
z = x + iy
= cos + i sin
= ei (19)

where

Re e = cos
i

(20)
Im e = sin
i
(21)

and

e = e
i
 i
(22)
e e =1
i
 i
(23)
e e = e (+)
i i i
(24)
e 2 = e2
 i i
(25)
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Sine Defined with Euler

Theorem

sin =
e e
i i

2i
(26)

Proof.

2iy = z z
2i sin = z z

sin =
z z
2i
sin =
e i
e i
2i

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Cosine Defined with Euler

Theorem

cos =
e + e
i i

(27)
2

Proof.

2x = z + z
2 cos = z + z

cos =
z + z
2
cos =
e i
+ e i
2

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Sine is an Odd Function

Theorem
sin() = sin (28)

Proof.

sin() =
e e 
 i i

2i
e

e
i
 i

2i
=

= sin

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Cosine is an Even Function

Theorem
cos() = cos (29)

Proof.

cos() =
e + e
i i

2
=
e + e
i i

2
= cos

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Pythagoras

Theorem
sin2 + cos2 = 1 (30)

Proof.

sin2 + cos2 = y 2 + x 2
= zz
= ei e
i


=1

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Sine Times Cosine

Theorem
1
sin cos = {sin( + ) + sin( )} (31)
2

Proof.

sin cos =
e e e + e
i i i i

2i 2
e +
i
+ e e + e
i i i i i i i

2 2i
=
1 e e e () e () 
 (+) i (+) i i i

2i 2i
= +
2
1
= {sin( + ) + sin( )}
2

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Sine Times Cosine Corollary

Corollary
sin 2
sin cos = (32)
2

Proof.

1
sin cos = {sin( + ) + sin( )}
2
1
= {sin 2 + sin 0}
2
sin 2
=
2

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Sine Times Sine

Theorem
1
sin sin = {cos( ) cos( + )} (33)
2

Proof.

sin sin =
e e e e
i i i i

2i 2i
e i+
i
e e + + e
i i i i i i

2 2i 2
=
1 e
 (+)
i
+ e (+) e () + e ()
i i
 i

2i
= 2
2 2
1
= (cos( + ) cos( ))
2
1
= {cos( ) cos( + )}
2
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Sine Times Sine Corollary

Corollary
1 cos 2
sin2 = (34)
2

Proof.

sin2 = sin sin


1
= {cos( ) cos( + )}
2
1
= {cos 0 cos 2}
2
1 cos 2
=
2

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Cosine Times Cosine

Theorem
1
cos cos = {cos( ) + cos( + )} (35)
2

Proof.

cos cos =
e + e e + e
i i i i

2 2
=
ei +i
+e + e i +i + e i i
i i

4
1 e i (+) + e i (+) e i () + e i ()
 
= +
2 2 2
1
= {cos( + ) + cos( )}
2
1
= {cos( ) + cos( + )}
2
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Cosine Times Cosine Corollary

Corollary
1 + cos 2
cos2 = (36)
2

Proof.

cos2 = cos cos


1
= {cos( ) + cos( + )}
2
1
= {cos 0 + cos 2}
2
1 + cos 2
=
2

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Addition

Proof.

z = e (+)
i

= e ( + )i i

=e e
i i

= (cos + i sin ) (cos + i sin )


= (cos cos + i 2 sin sin + i sin cos + i sin cos )
= (cos cos sin sin ) + i (sin cos + sin cos )

Hence,

Re(z ) = cos( + ) = (cos cos sin sin ) (37)


Im(z ) = sin( + ) = (sin cos + sin cos ) (38)

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Addition Corollary

Corollary

cos 2 = cos cos sin sin = cos2 sin2 (39)


sin 2 = sin cos + sin cos = 2 cos sin (40)

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Subtraction

Proof.

z = e ()
i

= e ( )i i

= e e
i i

= (cos + i sin ) (cos i sin )


= (cos cos i 2 sin sin + i sin cos i sin cos )
= (cos cos + sin sin ) + i (sin cos sin cos )

Hence,

Re(z ) = cos( ) = (cos cos + sin sin ) (41)


Im(z ) = sin( ) = (sin cos sin cos ) (42)

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Calculating Sine and Cosine

The geometric definition of sin is the length of the side of a right triangle that is
opposite . And cos is defined as the length of the side of a right triangle
adjecent to . For most angles of , you will need to use a calculator to obtain
values for sin and cos. When studying calculus, you will focus on these angles:


= 0, , , , = {0 , 30 , 45 , 60 , 90 }
6 4 3 2
Equations (1) and (2) give us the answers for the extreme values of this set. The
proofs of those equations are self evident, since the triangles are actually lines.

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Trignometric Isosceles Triangle
y

1
R = Y


= 4
0 X x
Figure: /4
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Calculations for 45

The right triangle with acute angle = /4 is called an isosceles triangle because
vertical and horizantal sides are necessarily equal in length. We can use the
Pythagoras Theorem R 2 = X 2 + Y 2 along with the fact that X = Y to
calculate the length of the sides.

X 2 + Y 2 = R2
Y2 +Y2 = 1
2Y 2 = 1
Y 2 = 1/2
Y = 1/2
p
positive root only

sin(/4) = 2/2 = cos(/4) (43)

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Trignometric Equalateral Triangle
y

= /6
1

= /3
A D B x
Figure: /3 and /6
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Calculations for 30 and 60

The equalateral triangle formed by the radius of a unit circle necessarily contains
three equal acute angles, = /3. The perpendicular bisector creates two right
triangles where = /6. Therefore,

cos(/3) = sin(/6) = 1/2 (44)

and

AD 2 + CD 2 = 1
(1/2)2 + CD = 1
2

CD 2 = 3/4
CD = 3/4
p
positive root only

sin(/3) = 3/2 = cos(/6) (45)

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Tools for Calculation

You can utilize equations (28) and (29) to calculate other corresponding values of
sin or cos. Here are some other tools you may want to utilize in your future work:

sin
tan = , cos 6= 0. (46)
cos

sin(90 ) = sin(90 ) cos() sin() cos(90 )


= 1 cos() sin() 0
= cos() (47)

There exists two additional angles for which easy trigonometric calculations are
possible. These angles are 15 and 75 . Using the tools we have developed in
this book, lets proceed to find the values.

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More Sine Calculations

sin 15 = sin(45 30 )
= sin(45 ) cos(30 ) sin(30 ) cos(45 )
! !
2 3 1 2
=
2 2 2 2

6 2
= (48)
4

sin 75 = sin(45 + 30 )
= sin(45 ) cos(30 ) + sin(30 ) cos(45 )
! !
2 3 1 2
= +
2 2 2 2

6+ 2
= (49)
4
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More Cosine Calculations

cos 15 = sin(90 15 )
= sin(75 )

6+ 2
= (50)
4

cos 75 = sin(90 75 )
= sin(15 )

6 2
= (51)
4

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More Tangent Calculations


sin 15 6 2 6 2
tan 15 =

=
cos 15 6+ 2 6 2

62 2 6+2
=
62

84 3
=
4
=2 3 (52)


sin 75 6+ 2 6+ 2
tan 75 =

=
cos 75 6 2 6+ 2

6+2 2 6+2
=
62

8+4 3
=
4
=2+ 3 (53)
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Summary of Values


sin cos tan

0 0 0 1 0

6 2

6+ 2

/12 15 4 4 2 3

/6 30 1 3 3
2 2 3

/4 45 2 2 1
2 2

3

1

/3 60 2 2 3

6+ 2

6 2

5/12 75 4 4 2+ 3
/2 90 1 0

Figure: Table of Values

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Conclusion

We recommend that you write out by hand the equations, theorems,


corollaries, and proofs presented in this book. Perform this process multiple
times.
Wherein, the knowledge that you have acquired will embed itself into your
long term memory.

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