Umar saleem

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

I would like to express my gratitude to my thesis advisor SIR IRFAN GHANI and
SIR WAQAR AZIZ for the useful comments, remarks and engagement through the
learning process of this thesis. Furthermore I would like to thank MAM HAJRA
CHEEMA for introducing me to the topic. Also, I like to thank the participants in
my survey, who have willingly shared their precious time during the process of
analysis. I would like to thank my loved ones, who have supported me throughout
entire process, both by keeping me harmonious and helping me putting pieces
together. I will be grateful forever for your love.

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Contents
PART 1:
ESAAY
PART 2:
REPORT
CHAPTER 1
PROJECT RATIONALE: ........................................................................................40
CHAPTER2
Project typology: ......................................................................................................41
Think tanks and performative public spaces: ..........................................................41
THINK TANKS: ......................................................................................................41
ACTIVITES IN THINK TANKS: ........................................................................... 41
Brooking institution .................................................................................................43
Marketing, Public Relations and Public Engagement: .................................... 44
a) Seminars, Conferences and Briefings: ....................................................... 44
b) Publications: .............................................................................................. 44
c) The media: ...........................................................................................................45
d) Relations with government agencies: ..................................................................45
Measuring the Influence of Think Tanks ....................................................... 46
THINK TANKS IN PAKISTAN: ............................................................................47
THINK TANKS IN LAHORE ................................................................................47
CHAPTER3
PROGRAM OF THINK TANKS SPACES: .......................................................47
RESEARCH: ............................................................................................................47
ANALYZE: ..............................................................................................................48

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Presentation: ............................................................................................ 48
CHAPTER 4
PRESS CLUB:......................................................................................... 48
MEMBERS: ........................................................................................................................................ 48
Lahore press club: ............................................................................................................................... 49
ACTIVITES IN PRESS CLUB: .................................................................................................................. 49
SEMINARS and conferences: ............................................................................................................... 49
PUBLIC EVENTS: ............................................................................................................................. 50
RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES ....................................................................................................... 50
FOR CLUB MEMBERS:.................................................................................................................... 50

CHAPTER 5
Site selection criteria: ...............................................................................................51
SHIMLA PAHARI: .................................................................................................51
CHAPTER 6
PROGRAMM OF THINK TANK: .........................................................................53
PRORAMM .............................................................................................................55
CHAPTER 7
Literature review: .....................................................................................................56
Power knowledge by Michel Foucault: ...................................................................56
The practice of everyday life by Michel de certeau: ............................................56
Democracy and public space: ..................................................................................57
SITUATIONISTS: ...................................................................................................57
METHDOLOGY: ....................................................................................................59
Architectural notations: ............................................................................................59
Dance notations: .................................................................................................................... 60
LAWRENCE HALPRIN:...................................................................................................... 60
KELVIN LYNCH: ................................................................................................................ 60

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 PART 1

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ABSTRACT:

Lahore has a rich history of performative, diverse and inclusive public spaces with multiple
overlapping territories. Places like the walled city, despite being a gated community, are diverse
and inclusive of intricate cultural, economic, political and social activities. These spaces are
temporal and flexible where spatial structures are manipulated according to events and need of
the human body. This makes spaces performative, allowing multiple possibilities for social
interaction. In different scenarios in the same place, where distinct social groups create unique
spaces on the basis of economy, identity and social values. Social and political dimensions of
public performance in public space depend upon the governance system.

Public institutions related to policy making in present scenario are an example of separation of
territories and controlled space which eliminate diversity and presence of public in policy and
decision making process. Having an Ideological narrative and its physical manifestation in space
is essential for any model of governance to work and operate successfully. A socially inclusive
ideology of governance considers its citizens to be performers; operating according to their own
narratives and occupying temporal roles acted out in physical space.

Understanding how a manifestation of public spaces occurs, as a place of cultural identities and
expressions under a government authority, allows one an insight into the socio-cultural and
political relationship between the government and its people.

This public domain can be divided into formal and informal spaces on the basis of political
control. Spatial manifestation mostly represents entities that do not fulfill the needs of the places
living patterns which act symbolically rather than being performed.

BACKGROUND:

Historically, precedents of public involvement in collective decision and policy making have
existed. Panchayat and chopal are such example of formal and informal public spaces. Our
history points to a time mostly of empires and colonial dictatorships as models of governance,

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which carries on in the so called democratic governance of today, where it cares little about
public opinion in the institutional decision making and focuses on its self-interests.

HYPOTHESIS:

An investigation into the role of architecture in making institutional public space as a place of
performance and public participation in decision making process and space for public
demonstration.

SYNOPSIS:

Public spaces provide physical space1 for every citizen where he could act freely without
creating any conflict with the rights and freedom of other citizen. So public spaces are diverse
and cater different conflicts with in a society. In present context, due to different social,
economic and political reasons public spaces are creating conflicts among different social
groups. Now, public spaces are less diverse and segregated on the bases of economic classes,
cultures and identities.

Public spaces2 are exclusive, hierarchical, and the spatial structure of those spaces is conception
of different symbolic entities rather than the spaces as performative for the present cultures and
the identities of society due to hegemony between different governance systems. Also exclusion
of public from formal public spaces and separation of formal public spaces from informal public
spaces creates an insensitive gap between the public and their representatives, the decision
makers of society.

RESEARCH ASPECTS:

1-GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC SPACES:

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Public space is co-presence of different strangers with in one society. Lyn Lofland describes public space as:
areas of urban settlements in which individuals in co-presence tend to be personally unknown or only
categorically known to one another
Public space as an interpersonal sphere of sociability.
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SOCIAL FRAGMENTATION AND THE GATED HOUSING COMMUNITIES: DEMISE OF LAHORE; THE CITY OF GARDENS AND
COLLEGES[RAZIA LATIF]

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Governance is a physical exercise of power on a public by the ruling class through different
laws, rights, and responsibilities to control and create order in society. The technique and
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strategies by which a society is rendered governable (foucault) in contemporary times, the
tools of governance have become more complex and fragmented and the addition of new forces
and actors in the process of governance has made it more segregated. Governance is divided into
many parts like democratic governance4, corporate governance, and social governance etc.

PUBLIC:

Public is a group of individuals, also referred to as citizens, in a model of governance. Specific

organization is present between activates and the relations of that group of individuals which
helps to create a social formation within a society. This process is self-forming and self-
organizing. Some sort of specific common agenda or common interests is present which connects
all the individuals in order to create a sense of public identification or citizenship. Public or
citizens controlled or influenced by a governance models through production of specific
knowledge in the specific spatial characteristics of built environment helps to propagate an
unquestionable authority or ruling body.

Democratic governance is about collective decisions of society on different issues, resources.

Economic governance in that type of model mostly allows public spaces to become the consumer
spaces. The spatial organization of these spaces also facilitates their economic activities.
Corporates relate to ethics and moral responsibilities, and practices that create balance between

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Foucault, M. (n.d.). Governmentality. Governmentality is understood as the techniques,
strategies and rationalities by which societies are control and
Governable. Foucault spoke interchangeably about the art of government, by which he referred to the how
questions of governmental practices which direct the production of certain knowledge which helps different power
structures.
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Democracy is a way of governance its all about collective decision making about all issues and distribution of
resources within a society. And public spaces in democracy are like a physical stage for public to perform their role.

Democracy is an ongoing performance, not a periodic or one-shot affair. ve primary democratic roles in a
democracy: narrating, claiming, deciding, scrutinizing, and representing. These ve roles have their own
proper stages: almost limitless for narrating according to safe and unsafe topics. Highly visible stages for
making public claims in democracy; single, dignied and accessible stage for decision making and scrutinizing.

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economic, social and political goals and between subjective and objective goals in society. It IS
main aim to protect the interests of individuals, different businesses and society.

PUBLIC SPACE:

Public spaces5 in an urban context are living organisms which could respond to different social,
political and economic conditions. A common realm of streets, plazas, parks, malls, and
buildings where access is unrestricted and strangers interact with each other (Madan pour, 2003;
see also Hanafi and Strong, 2001). The meaning and spatial characteristics of public spaces is
varied according to context and the systems of governance. Public spaces in democratic
governance are different from the public spaces in dictatorship. Public spaces have evolved with
time due to different social, cultural, and political factors. Cultural factors have defined the social
public life: catering to an urge to meet, interact and socialize over common daily practices like
eating, talking, buying etc. Public spaces also have a symbolic presence in society: to catering to
the sense of peoples association and being a part of a larger group. Only those public spaces
become successful in a society which meets peoples needs both physical and psychological. If
public space is symbolic and monumental and not catering the human needs but only the
conception of non-physical entities, then those types of public spaces start to lose their sense of
ownership and belonging in a society. Those spaces do not provide physical space for public to
perform their role in public spaces. In public spaces the most difficult thing to create a sense of
association, belonging, and pride for the user of that space and these factors are extremely
important in order to sustain and evolve any public space.

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ARISTOTLE believes that an ideal square or public space was one where nothing was brought or sold but ideas
were exchanged and debates took place.
According to carr it is impossible to understand public life and social structures and space without recognized its
political relations. Therefor public life in public spaces is one of the most democratic rights. Also he talks about
importance about public space which brings different diverse social groups together so they can learn from each
other and solve different conflicts which increase multicultural and heterogeneous society.
According to carr three critical human dimensions should guide the process of design and management of public
spaces: the users essential needs; their spatial rights, and meaning they seek.
Michel de certeau talks about popular culture common daily practices like eating, talk, read, write, without any
boss

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Public spaces in context of Lahore:

Built environment of old Lahore are facilitate the public interaction into different informal public
spaces like streets and chowks that serve as a place of interaction and these spaces are constantly
changing and their spaces transform according to the changing events. Center between different
street which is also called chowk become the center of cultural activates and recreation and
economic activates also happen there. Some public spaces like hazauri bagh and Manto Park
depicts the democratic nature of civic life, where people gather for political ideologies and goals.

Scales and association in public spaces:

As a public space for the whole city or a nation, it is only when public spaces have some
symbolic or ideological association within society that it becomes a ceremonial space. This is
referring to some specific historical event. Performative public space is not for whole country or
city and also not for only small group. The scale and zone of public space should be defined to
make that public space sustain. Association in public spaces is defined at two levels one is
institutional association or memories which build on the level of nation or society. That type of
association is objective for the whole society. Therefor the meaning of symbols and spatial
structure of that spaces is mostly support some specific message for whole society. Another point
is the personal and subjective association with spaces. Mostly those spaces are performative
public spaces where everyone has its own subjective experience with that space.

Formal/ informal public spaces:

Formal public spaces are spaces of institutions which are related to governance. Those
institutions are physical demonstration of power through control. Those spaces are common
interests and common effects on society. Informal public spaces are physical performance space
for public role. Where public could perform with freewill. Presence of informal performative
public space in formal public space is tactical act against the power structures. Now the power
structures and policy makers are audience and public is performer. And this thing could help to
make more realistic policies and decision about social aspects.

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 (Fig 1)Agora and (fig 2) Reichstag6 and (fig 3) charring cross Lahore are three different public
spaces of different time periods and different context and under different governance systems.
Agora is a combination of both formal and informal public spaces and the public presence in that
space is performative. Reichstag, however public symbolically present because they cant
physically part in any process but only act as spectators in that space. Public used charring cross
as symbolic for getting attention. But due to strong territory of power public is excluding from
that democratic space only symbols of power present there.

Figure2: Reichstag by Norman foster (source: Figure3: charring cross Lahore (source, google
Figure1: ancient agora market place google images, 1992) images)
(source: Pinterest, Athens)

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Market of agora in Athens is best example of formal and informal public spaces layering.in market different
formal political activates are happened at the same time many economical activates are also happened. Which
make the space more tactical and performative.
Habermass describe distinctions between a formal public sphere of authority and the informal public sphere of
free citizens engaging into debates and opinion formation; the economic sphere of private business transactions;
the sphere of the intimate (using Helds terms); and the complex transmission (or, indeed, exclusion) mechanisms
of governance that include policy networks and discourse coalitions and the impersonal coordination provided by
discourses, state institutions, and the capitalist political economy.

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Research Aspect 2:

Power structures and space:

Space is a tool for different power systems to govern and control society. Systems are of
different types like political, social, capitalist, communist, totalitarian and religious. Every
system has its own specific space with specific tectonics and spatial structures, which eventually
mold the user experience and behavior. For Foucault power7 is co-extensive with society, it
regulates and is utterly pervasive. Power reaches into the very grain of individuals, touches
their bodies and inserts itself into their actions and attitudes, their discourses, learning processes
and everyday life. (Foucault, M. Power/Knowledge pg. 39).

Urban fabric and public spaces of city are facilitating the display of power of ruling class through
different spectacles. Organization of spaces and symbols are present in built environment which
produce knowledge of power which helps to control the public both physically and
psychologically. In ancient time piazza is a public space of city but a place where different
power structures display their power through the built environment. Monumentality in scale,
aesthetics, spatial organizations, CCTV cameras, high walls with fences, all the elements are
used as symbols of power.in contemporary Lahore most of public spaces change into the
spectacles of power. Existing public spaces is increasingly controlled by various form of
surveillance like a new form of surveillance is private for example gated communities and
shopping malls which prescribed their boundaries.

STRATGIES AND TACTICS:

Power structures are playing important role in urban fabric as a Relationship between public and
institutions of control and things that draw physical and psychological boundaries around Place
and declare their ownership is called strategies. And those that use movement and event

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Disciplinary power and Power-Knowledge relations are not specific to institutional bodies. Foucault forwarded
that the modern era, including the Enlightenment power is productive of knowledge and knowledge is productive
of power and it is infinite cycle. The formation of Power-Knowledge differs from monarchical power relationships
is that knowledge systems are the productive means of ordering establishing networks of control, not the rule of
the one authority. But it is whole system knowledge of power produce.

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according to time and situation and transform a space for his use is called tactics. Tactics,
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Michael de Certeau suggests, are practices that used through the dimension of time to
manipulate the spatial limits imposed by different power structures. Architecture planned as
strategic: permanent, owned. The question is how architectural practices that operating
tactically, or uses movement, event for critique on architectures usual collusion with power.

Strategy is about fixed and permanent place and ownership like shops of different bazars of
Lahore having define area which is own by something for long time of span. Tactics is about
temporary, about situations and probabilities. Different venders in front of shops example of
tactics in public space which could manipulate others space for temporal time and situation and
move it according situation. To understand the relation between strategy and tactics it is
necessary to understand concept of territories in public space. Case study related to tactics and
strategy in (APPENDIX D).

Territories in architecture:

Territories9 is spatially bounded control on specific area through certain set of rules and some
regular patterns of activates.in political geography territory means intentional strategy of power
to manage and influence the society. Some territories are produce intentionally and some
produce through use or association with specific space. Territorial strategies is always planned
And its represent control. Territorial tactics always depend upon situations and also part of
ongoing sequence in daily life. Territorial tactics are mostly temporal as compare to strategy
which is permanent. Some territories also produce by use of some specific area for a long time
which creates a specific association with that space. Those territories are not pre-planned or

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De Certeau, Michel. (1984) the Practice of Everyday Life.
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Territorial complexity is understood by a large number of territorial productions and their overlapping within
each form of production as well as taken together.
Annemarie Mol and John Law describe complexity in territories
When things in one space could be related to each other, but do not add up; there are not one, but several
different orders.
When events cannot be described in linear time. When absent orders or phenomena remain as traces, or keep
shifting between being absent and present.
When phenomena cannot be categorized or registered as a set of co-ordinates within a field, either as different
classes or as boxes in a coherent system of classification.
One can recall Foucault and his point that power and knowledge also have productive sides. Assumption is that the
publicness of a place could be seen in terms of territorial complexity.

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 intentionally established but they are result of daily practices. Territorial adoption territories
which are produce through repetitive and consistent use of a space by a certain person or group
create specific association with that space. Some places in old Lahore are the best examples of
both strategy and tactical territories.

Figur4: study of territories in mazang main bazar its about how the
territories of different users of street overlapping with each other. Figure5: spatial walks of 4 minute in mazang streets to record the
spatial sequence of spaces. And how territories are change with he
changing of spatial experience of spaces
Territories in public spaces and streets in
those places constantly change and also
overlap and negotiate with other territories.

(Fig 4) is study of different territories in mazang

main bazar. According to time different territories
are creating and transform according to situations.
Study is also about how different territories are
overlapping with each other and negotiate. (Fig 5) is
about spatial walks of 4 minutes and after every
minute spatial structure of spaces is record to
understand how different territories are spatially
arranged together. (Fig 6) is conceptual sketch of
overlapping of two conflicted territories which is Figure6: conceptual sketch about overlapping of two territories
or chaos in order.

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present in contemporary Lahore. The background grid represents the newly constructed
territories in

Contemporary context of Lahore which is planned, uniform, modular and predictable and
permanence. Old Lahore urban fabric which is very dynamic and transforms every moment
according to situations. Spaces sequence in that urban fabric is very unpredictable and having
multiple variations in proportions, scale, and spatial configurations and spaces arrangements.
And also spaces are connected with other spaces physically and spatially very strongly. Therefor
communal territories are creating in that urban fabric. Design charrette related to territories in
(APPENDIX B)

Architecture and politics:

Different authorities and ruling classes manipulated built environment to support his specific
agenda and exercise his power on a society. Architecture is a political and social act because the
message which is produced by architectural form and spatial experience is not only subjective
but also communicates with the whole society. Sometime icons and symbols are used in
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architecture to produce different emotions about nationalism in a society. According to
Jencks architecture space communicates different massages for whole the mass appeal. That lend
themselves to being taken for granted even when they are not highly conventional, but there are
at the same time inventive and heuristic aspects to these messages (1980:42-43).

.Architectural form is an important element of architecture to support different power relations.

Its ability of dialectic relationship between itself and with the perceiver. It used for communicate
the massages of specific agenda and also to symbolize certain events of history, beliefs and
values which is identifiable and associate with specific group or society. Monumentality in
proportions is one example of expression through form. This is expressing the power and

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Charles Jencks describe architectural objects besides permitting and promoting certain functions, they permit
and promote critical readings, in which one compares them with prior (and subsequent) means of societies
ideologies and inhabitation (Jencks 1980:43)
Young (1976:73) states that nationalism is the main vehicle for a ruling body to secure their political legitimacy
and power in this newly independent society.

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stronger from other things. Similarly form also portrayed in symmetrical arrangements with a
dominant focal point to enhance the focus of
something which is important.

Like piazza space in renascence time period in

enclosure and perspective focal points are used for
political and religious control. Form is also an
important factor to dominate the neighbor, such as
building present on raised platform in relation to
other architecture buildings. Like in Athens
acropolis is present on high rock as compare to
whole city. Faade of building also used for
communicating different heterogeneous elements
create focal and symbolize the status of building
through sculptural detail in different scales and proportions which create multiple perspective
according to distance of viewer.

Spatial experience of spaces also an important property

to symbolize political ideology of ruling body.
Lefebvre said architecture does not mean to serve
their own purposes, but it is also part of the dominant
discourse of power and domination in society.
Arrangement of spaces in hierarchical manner like
axial path based on linear focal point. For example in
churches spaces are arrangements for focal point which
dominate the altar. In Islamabad on constitution avenue
civil sectriate building is a focal point and whole
contextual arrangements support that focal point.

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RESEARCH ASPECT 3:

4- PERFORMATIVE PUBLIC SPACES:

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In performative public spaces where the spaces are manifestation of performer desires and it
creates diverse and inclusive environment where public is performer. In performative spaces the
production of culture and identity always in the process change it could induct and deduct,
include and exclude. And other is symbolic where public is always passive watcher of different
elements of power, ideology and different identity and spatial structure of spaces also
representation of that power or ideology through tectonics. So the performance of pubic in that
space is also very symbolic and limited. Spaces are static and physical manifestation of non-
physical ideology and culture which is disconnected with present time.in those spaces with
fragments every time composed a new story. Design charrette related to performative spaces in
(APPENDIX A).

ARCHITECTURE AND MOVEMENT:

Movement in architecture is an important element it helps to understand architecture spatial

experience in a different way. An architect has to be able to sequence the importance of spatial
experiences according to some narrative. Architecture is traditionally connected to the
conception of the building as a static object: a theoretical and historical fix idea of space finish
the social and political experiences of the city. By doing so, production of experience in

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Today if I were to talk about architecture, I would say that it is a ritual rather than a creative process. I say this
fully understanding the bitterness and the comfort of ritual.
Aldo Rossi, A Scientific Autobiography, p. 37.
Situationists:
one of the most important precedents in for using tactical performances as a
Practice to transcend spatial boundaries in the urban public spaces was movement of situationists. critical
practice, called unitary urbanism, included a range of performances that critically looked city structures: in
particular,psychogeography, (study of the city through play). Performance in space is
instrumental, to transcending the mechanisms of control of ruling class that induced passivity in ordinary citizens.
The situationists unitary urbanism can be similarly described as tactical. all practices of situationists that
generated zones of freedom from social norms and questioned assumptions about ownership of public places.
Architect Constant Nieuwenhuys was a member of the
situationsts. His work included designs for a situationist city, New Babylon, in which streets and living spaces
were elevated and automated so that there was no need to work and people could engage endlessly in fluid
creative play and leisure activities.

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architecture space is also very still and static.12 Heneri Lefebvre argues that architecture must
produce dynamic activities and experiences to enhance the social and cultural importance of any
space. The idea of film and movement in architecture are also related with each other. In film
different sequence are composed according to script and spectator move through that sequences
which create a sense of revealing and curiosity with
some reference. Similarly in movement in architecture
also like movement in film different spaces are
sequence which could reveled by human body
movement through that spaces.

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Sergei Eisenstein fig 8 talks about the relationship
between the moving body with lm and architecture,
as his idea here is based on the observer and view of Figure 8: drawing of acropolis of Athens by sergei
Einstein ( source: montage and architecture )
the mover in the eld., literally a body moving through
space and reveled them. He connects the architecture, lm, and the perceptual path to
peripatetic, called theory of itinerant. Eisenstein highlights his idea a walk around the
Acropolis of Athens,

And the spatial experience of that space he called the example of best film. This walk starts with
physical movement but it could change into a perceptual path. Movement of human body around
the Acropolis, it is our movement that create meaning, they create, a montage or an architectural
sequences of spaces subtly composed step by step. And Spaces are revealed with every step and
it could transform the spectator experience.

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In Sergei Eisensteins Montage and Architecture, introduced to the links between film and architecture,
movement and space as linked by their motion through, and framing of space. Movement on the part of the
observer in space actually serves to create motion of the observed, in architecture. Thus, despite of its static
nature, architecture is characteristic to become dynamic.
The Glass House of Einstein was based on multiple possibility of looking at things from various angles.

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(Fig 9) is about the study patterns of
human body movement and events in
different sequences of build spaces in
relation of time. This study is also
about the spatial quality of spaces and
their relationship with human behavior.

Figure 9: notational study of human movement and

events and in a build space with relation to time.
CONCLUSION:

Relationship between architecture space and human body is dialectic. Without human body
architecture space is nothing similarly without architecture space human not place itself or
identify his position in that large world. So both are provided identity to each other. And that
relation between body and space is very dynamic, abstract, unpredictable, temporal, and depend
upon multiple situations and transform according to them. Therefor it is necessary for an
architect for the protection of that relation to create such spaces which could drive from the
patterns of events and movements and behavior of human body. Rather than using preconceived
knowledge of space, form and culture. Which make the space symbolic for human body rather
than making performative. Design process of an architect in the creation of performative space
for human body is also very important instead of consider one possibility in space and make one
drawing only that possibility architect should consider multiple possibilities and abstraction in
human relation with space and creating multiple drawings and notations to create multiple
perceptions and provide space for tactics and possibilities rather than one strong image which act
as a strategy.

Human body is not only relating itself with space but it also relate with other bodies through
architectural space. space playing an very important role to create relations between different
bodies if build environment is very still, permanent and strong boundaries and there is no
overlapping and sequences of different spatial configuration then the human relations also very

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still and isolated and individual territories are produce in that space which weak the concept of
society. On the other hand if spaces are weak boundaries and spatial settings of spaces are
changing according to events, time and situations and also there is lot of overlapping between
activates of human body and sequence of spaces then the human relations also very connected
which increase the sense of association and due to overlapping the communal territories are
produce which could build his relation with other territories through negotiation which could
strengthen the concept of society.

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APPENDIX B: DESIGN CHARRETTE 2

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APPENDIEX C:

Notational system:

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NOTATIONAL AND SPACE SYNTAX STUDY OF HUMAN BODY IN
INSTITUTIONAL SPACE:

To understand the relationship of bodily experience in institution space where

different hierarchies are present which define the uses of spaces. The purpose of
study to understand the how the human body manipulate a space according to his
own desire in a controlled frame work. How could human body create tactics
against strategy of institution and spaces?

METHDOLOGY:

The methods which are used for that analysis is notational study and space syntax.

First an institutional space university is selected and students teachers and staff,
authorities area act as a different hierarchies of a social system for example student
is like a public and authorities is like strategy who control space.

NOTATIONAL SYSTEM:

One notational system is used for the record of movement and unprogrammed
activates. One actor Is select and for five minute his movement and activates are
recorded which is performed in the define space. for example most of movement
are recorded in corridors which is used for movement but analysis shows that
corridor also used for unprogrammed activities like eating, talking, sitting, and
reading. Desire lines in green surface along paths also important element of that
observation.

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NOTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF BODY IN SPACE:

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SPACE SYNTAX:

According to observation one space is selected which is most active space of

university for unprogrammed activities according to time and scale of activity
also recorded and then space syntax analysis is performed to understand why that
space is more attractive as compare to other spaces. VGA analysis and isovist
are performed to understand that.

VGA ANALYSIS AND UNPROGRAMMED ACTIVITIES.

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FINDINGS:

Unprogrammed activities are mostly related with movement. Most of

unprogrammed activities performed where strong movement lines and possibilities
of desire lines are present. Unprogrammed activate s is time dependent and scale
dependent and also they are context dependent. Space syntax analysis shows that
the active space in the whole system is much visually integrated to all other spaces.

Isovist

analysis

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APPENDIX D:

PARC DE LA VILLETE- Bernard Tschumi

OBJECTIVE:

To understand how human could body create spaces through events and movement? and how to
create a space for multiple possibilities and situations which could transform according to
situation.

According to tschumi architecture has political

and social act and effects in society. And for
political transgression on the scale of human
body architecture space is ideal medium. UN
programmed events which are created by human
body, through movement in sequences of spaces
according to time. Tschumi work Manhattan
transcript is also about human movement relation
with built space.

CINEMTIC PROMENADE:

Tschumi work also about cinematic promenade and

sequence, in a real built project, the Parc de la Villette, the
movement designed was labelled as a cinematic
promenade. The placement of trees and shrubs and follies
in the park has been conceived as a lm and, while body
move through the circulation path. And the events are created around that movement. form is
moving with events.

PROGRAMMS:

This project is about idea of tschumi about

programs tschumi talks about cross program,
disprogramm,and trans program in his six
point,

in parc da la villette different programs are

present like science museum, music halls,

26
follies which is for different programs like information center and restaurant ,Imax theaters and
open air theatres are present in park.

LINE, POINT AND SURFACES:

Three systems in architecture. What are called lines, points and surfaces?
Tschumi using different techniques like fragmentation, rearrangement, and
superimposition of lines, points and surfaces to create a disjunction
between the form and the experience of human body. Through separation
between point line and surfaces, creates a physical separation between the
form and the human body.

LINES: lines are about two major axes which are running perpendicular on
orthogonal grid. These linear path having strong linear focus and
connect all important programs and circulation of park.

Nonlinear paths are based on the idea rhizome which is no linear

form.

POINTS:

Tschumi accept the jaques derrida theory of deconstructvism.

Tschumi applied this process on 26 red follies in Parc de la Villette,
the red follies as abstract notations in a process, met operational
elements, a frozen image, a freeze-frame in a process of constant
transformation, Using (i.e. repetition, distortion, superimposition, and fragmentation techniques
to design that red follies. Follies have not programmatic consideration but it could change
according to time. Follies act as a reference in chaotic environment of nature.

27
Surfaces: surfaces are geometrical and constructed with gravel iron, earth etc.

CHARACTES:

Character plays an important role in spatial experiences which

conveys meaning about the relation of images and symbols.it
is the red follies or points most flexible and transformable
character of tschumi design. To order the future growth of
park tschumi using a grid placed at intervals of 120 meters.

DESIGN:

Tschumi called weakening of architecture, it is an

relationship between structure and image also relation between
symbol and meaning .Therefore, in parc de la villette the final
form becomes a pathway for new forms (bodies)to exist
within them.

28
ORGANIZATION:

Organization and composition of the spaces in relation to each

other play an important role for the functioning of plan and relation
between different programs. Important program is grand hall which
and science museum. Tschumi moves main activities around major
circulation lines to create a create equilibrium in movement and
experience of visitor.

Openness:
Openness enhances the spatial experience of the space,
visitor look away from one place to other different places
vastness and openness provide clear vision to visitor.
Tschumi also creates convex and concave inclines through
narrowing and widening of spaces arrangement for different
perspective.

CONCLUSION:

This case study is an example of such architecture which is used tactics to critique strategies in
architecture space. Focused on such architectural space that arises from performance of human
body rather than focused on form making process. Performative spatial idea of that project,
generating new types of social relations with architectural space and developing a new visions
for a sustainable future. This project is also about how to create order in chaotic situation.

The red follies in that project are about how to create a space which is space of multiple
possibilities and abstraction in perceive, conceive and lived space. Which is derived from the
events of human body and also overlapping of different programs is create hybrid situation

29
Space syntax analysis of parc da le villete:
14
Analysis done by patricia seang hui riberio
Student of ucl[university of London]
To understand the bodily experience of space of parc de la villette spatial analysis is done which
is divided into different parts. That spatial analysis is space syntax process which is depending
upon VGA analysis and isovist analysis and axial lines analysis.

Initial hypothesis of that research is different level of human experience of space which is

depending upon visual integration and physical access of spaces. Programmed is divided into
two different categories one is programmed activities and other is unprogrammed activities and

14
Ribeiro, P. (2005, September 01). UCL Discovery. Retrieved May 04, 2017, from
http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1386/

30
major focused of analysis is un programmed activities. Like walking eating, reading and talking.
And that unprogrammed activities is time dependent.

RESEARCH METHDOLOGY:

Research methodology depends upon direct observation analysis spatial analysis

and syntactic analysis by using visibility graph and isovist analysis.

DIRECT OBSERVATION:

For direct observation three days are selected and

physically observe the unprogrammed and movement
in a park. Static snapshot technique is used for that
analysis, time is also recorded.

SPATIAL ANALYSIS:

For spatial analysis mostly isovist analysis is

performed from different points in a park for example
follies, cinematic promenade and lines. Spatial
analysis is all about the visual integration of spaces in
a whole global structure.

System of lines:

Most of activities on system of lines is dynamic and

related to movement and the isovist analysis provide
information there is long views are present on lines
therefor there is strong relation between linear movement
and views in park.

System of points:

Follies are mostly used for unprogramed activities and

mostly they are connected with lines and cinematic
promenade. Some follies having strong visual integration
in a whole system therefor they used for much more

31
public activities. And some follies which is not so
much visible mostly used for some private uses.

System of surfaces:
Most of static activities are performed in a system of
surfaces and they are intersected by the desire lines which
people mostly created when they left the define route and
start to move on a surfaces along the path according to his
own desire. So between two movement lines the surface
which is present act as a field for desire line and due to his
integration it is used for many unprogrammed activities.

FINDINGS:
After the analysis the findings are the most integrated in
the entire system is which is easily accessible and more
visually connected from all other spaces. Integration is
correlation with movement like in cinematic promenade which design like montage.
Unprogrammed activites having strong link with visual and syntactic properties of park and it is
mostly happened in intersection or boundaries between three spatial systems and also they are
performed in closed spatial proximity. The outcome of isovist analysis informed that visual field
generated from the position of performer tends to have directionally and limited extension. The
asymmetrical and controlled visual field reinforces the unprogrammed activities.

32
PRECEDENT ANALYSIS:

REICH STAG, BERLIN:

NORMAN FOSTER
Objective of study:
TO UNDERSTAND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORMAL AND INFORMAL PUBLIC
SPACE. AND ALSO THE SYMBOLIC PRESENCE OF PUBLIC IN THE PUBLIC SPACE.
AND CREAT DEMOCRATIC SPACE THROUGH ARCHITECTURE.

Introduction:
The 15Reichstag is a political and historical landmark that reflects Germanys history. It is built in
19th century for the purpose of parliament building. But it is mutilated by war. Having been

hated and almost forgotten for four decades, Reichstag lost its status of separation and become
place of reunification after the removal of the berlin wall.

15
McNeill, D. (2005). In search of the global architect: the case of Norman Foster (and Partners). International
journal of urban and regional research, 29(3), 501-515.
Wise, M. Z. (1998). Capital dilemma: Germany's search for a new architecture of democracy (p. 23). New York:
Princeton Architectural Press.

33
Context:
after decision to
relocate the federal
capital of Germany
from Bonn to berlin,
various projects for the
construction of new
parliament building to
house the headquarters
of the main institutions
of the countrys work
was more emblematic
of the complete remodeling inside story building, the Reichstag restoration of its facade and
construction of a dome with modern design.it is one of the main symbols of the new berlin.
Also the new glass dome is communication between old and new present and past. Reichstag is
the result of the ingenuity of Norman foster winner in 1993; the international convened with
the aim of rebuilding the structure demolished in 1954.

CONCEPT:

Transparency the principle has been inspiring, in fact do more publicly accessible government
actions; and create single entry for the public and politicians for chance encounter between
masses and authority. On the first floor a glass wall with direct view public to parliament hall.

Spatial experience:
When a person start to move on a ramp spaces are reveled outside of the building different
important buildings and landmark of city is visible from inside the dome due transparency. Also
these landmarks are spectacles which are used

34
as symbols of power for visitor by authorities. On first floor visitor visually look at the different
activities in main parliament hall not hear them because the sound proof glass. The whole
journey and presence of public in that space is symbolic. 16

Architect intention:
Norman foster approach to the Reichstag redesign was sensitive: however pushing the
boundaries for a trend setting public building was always the core of this plan. His concept
revolved around four key issues. These are his interpretation of them:

Parliament: to understand the institute of parliament and its working.

HISTORY: how should old meet with new? How scars can record its troubled past and how once
revealed could be preserved as a living museum for future generations.

ECOLOGY: environmental control

REDSIGN:

Transformation process began with removal of the incentive 1960 intervention while attention
was paid to preserving the building 19th century structure. Avoidance in use of fossil and reliance
on use of natural and alternative sources of energy for lighting ventilation and heating. New
service installation rely on refined vegetable oil, a renewable biofuel from plants that burned in a
cogenerate produce electricity. Main feature of design is dome which is known as cupola. Cupola
plays a key role in the buildings daylighting and also connects the visitor with the important
places of city visually. Entire roof of building is demarcated as public space. Restaurant and
viewing terraces from part of this space, which lead to the cupola where a spiral walkway leads
to the highest viewing platform. Modern materials and elements can be added to the facade to
subtly depict the new coming through old.

16

35
CONCLUSION:
Reichstag is symbolizing vision of democratic society of Germany. Public presence in
democratic space is most important achievement of architect in redesign of that building. It
creates a potential in a whole project. But at the same time public presence is very symbolic not
critical. Public visit from start journey is control through different spectacles which support the
knowledge of power. Only visual access into main chamber is very exclusionary act by architect.

36
REFRENCES:
Architecture Movement Notation - DSpace Home

Appleyard, Donald, Kevin Lynch, and John R. Myer. The View from the Road. Cambridge
Mass.: MIT, 1964. Print.

Bernard Tschumi: Architecture: Concept & Notation ... (n.d.). Retrieved January 2, 2017, from
https://www.bing.com/cr?

McDonough, P., & Polzer, J. (2012). Habitus, hysteresis, and organizational change in the public
sector. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 37(4), 357-379.

Democracy and Public Space - John Parkinson - Oxford ... (n.d.)

Defensible Space - home of architect & author Oscar Newman. (n.d.). Retrieved January 02,
2017, from http://www.defensiblespace.com/start.htm

Eisenstein, S. M., Bois, Y. A., & Glenny, M. (1989). Montage and architecture. Assemblage,
(10), 111-131.

Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge, ed. C. Gordon. New York: Pantheon, 90.

H. (n.d.). Architecture as an expression of political ideology. Retrieved January 02, 2017, from

5- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripatetic_school

Jencks, Charles .1980. The Architectural Sign. In

Jencks, C. (1995) The Architecture of the Jumping Universe. New York: St. Martin's Press.!

https://archive.udmercy.edu/handle/10429/588

Krrholm, M. (2005). Territorial Complexity in Public Spaces-A Study of Territorial Production

at Three Squares in Lund. Nordisk arkitekturforskning, 18(1), 99-114.

Lofland, L. H. (1998). The public realm: Exploring the city's quintessential social territory.
Transaction Publishers.

37
Lemke, T. (2002). Foucault, governmentality, and critique. Rethinking marxism, 14(3), 49-64.

Law, J. (1999). After ANT: complexity, naming and topology. The Sociological Review, 47(S1),
1-14.

Parkinson, J. (2012). Democracy and public space: the physical sites of democratic performance.
Oxford University Press.

Rendall, S. F. (2011). The practice of everyday life.

Signs, Symbol and Architecture . Edited by Broadbent, Geoffrey. New York: John Wiley and
Sons.

Sadler, S. (1999). The situationist city. MIT press.

Tschumi, B. (1993). Six Concepts in Contemporary Architecture. Theory and Experimentation,

13-20

Lefebvre, H. (1991). The production of space (Vol. 142). Blackwell: Oxford.

Tschumi, B. (1981) Manhattan Transcripts. London: Academy Editions.!

Tschumi, Bernard. La Case Vide, La Case Vide: La Villette 1985, London:

Architecture Association, 1985,

TECi; DEC 12 1972 - dspace.mit.edu. (n.d.). Retrieved January 2, 2017, from

http://www.bing.com/cr?

W Weaver, R. K. (Ed.). (2002). Think tanks and civil societies: Catalysts for ideas and action.
Transaction publishers.

http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1386/1/RIBEIRO_thesis_2005.pdf

38
 PART 2

39
 PROJECT RATIONALE:
Public space is a physical demonstration of social and cultural formations of any society which
provides a stage for different governance models to exercise his power on a human body by
using different architectural spatial settings. Different governance systems create different
territories in a city and spatial and social structure of those territories is different from one
another. In democratic governance public spaces are much more performative diverse accessible,
transparent and inclusive for public where everyone having equal role and space to perform
rather than spaces being symbolic and exclusive. Think tank is a space which act as a mediator

Figure 1: dystopian scenario about surveillance and control in Figure 2: Bahrian gate (source : google images)
city.

Between authority and public. Theoretically it creates a bridge between policy and decision
maker and masses through different mediums and forums. Think tank is a physical space for the
production of knowledge and that knowledge is directly related with the policies and his
implication in physical context and common man. So the presence of public in the territory of
think tank very critical and rational for the working of think tank and also the presence of media
in the form press club is represent the space for present governance model in which different
separated parts are combined into one place.

40
Project typology:

Think tanks and performative public spaces:

17
THINK TANKS :
Research and policy making institutes about social, political and economic issues. They
act in a very unique manner, they provide policies and road maps about public, analysis
and advice, and also they are work without any profits and independently work without
the involvement of government and political parties. The important function of these
nonprofit or civil organizations is to provide guidelines to government for social
development and for the better understanding of different national and international
issues, they are also playing critical role in a society on different social issues. Like

Playing a mediator role between public and governments to bridge a gap for real and
informed policies of authority about public.
Present an independent opinion in policy making.
Analyze, criticize, on current issues, and then propose the very logical and rational
solutions for those issues.
Translate social events and issues and future policies for the media to communicate
with whole society the true picture of an issue.
Providing a platform where different ideas, issues are discussed and exchanged.
Helps to construct the network of issues.
Critically analyze different issues, problems and policies of governance.
Challenging the traditional ideas about the decision and policy making wisdom of
bureaucrats and elected officials.

ACTIVITES IN THINK TANKS:

Various types of activates and functions which create balance between research, analysis and
then its presentation. The scale of activities in think tanks involve in policies about different
issues, researching and publishing in books, articles, policy briefs and publishing different demo

17
Think Tank and Policy Advice in the US - Auftrag: Demokratie! (n.d.). Retrieved January 2, 2017, from
http://www.bing.com/cr?
Think tank. (n.d.). Retrieved January 02, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tank

41
graphs, different think thanks also conducting research on government behalf about specific
issue or topic which is highlight by authority;. Creating different networks between different
actors and also on different scale and communicate information through workshops, debates,
seminars, and briefings to government officials.

History of think tanks:

"Think tank", term first used in 1950s. In London Institute for Defense and Security Studies
was founded in 1831. Where first think tank was officially established for about international
securities.

The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, was established in Washington, D.C. in
1910 oldest think tank of America. After it for federal government research another think thank
brooking institute was founded. In 21st century due to globalization think tanks, become most
evident and important organ of policy making about any common issue in every region and
country for national and international policy making. Different surveys in recent years indicate
the importance of think tanks, not only for forging policy or war but also for making different
social, cultural, political and economic policies with in a society.

SOCIAL THINK TANKS

CULTURAL THINK TANKS
POLITICAL THINK TANKS
ECONOMIC THINK TANKS

Organizational Types of think tanks:

1-Academic-diversified: think tanks tends to conduct research and analysis on whole range of
different policy issues, including economics, foreign policy, politics, culture and the
environment.

2- Academic-specialized: These institutions only focused on single issue or aspect, such as

economics or welfare reform.

3- Contract consulting research Organizations/: These are think tanks, which perform the
research and analysis for government agencies and different institutions.

42
4- Advocacy Think Tanks: Those organizations that promote a point of view and whose
analysis has a very strong point of view about different issues.

Brooking institution:

Brookings Institution is an old American think tank in

Washington, D.C. It conducts different research about education
also in social sciences, economics, metropolitan policies,
governance issues, international policy, and global economic
conditions and development. Its provide innovative and
practical solutions which could strengthen the American
democracy; economic and social welfare, security and
opportunity of all Americans; and create more secure open, safe,
prosperous, and cooperative global system.

Figure 3: brooking institute building (source : www.

Brooking.edu)
Think tanks spaces conducting different workshops, seminars
and debates about different social, cultural, political issues and policies after research and
analyze and different officials of ruling body, media, people from different fields like students
also present in conversations so think tanks acts as a platform for mass communication and
getting involved more opinion of society about some issue or policy.

43
Marketing, Public Relations and Public Engagement:
18
The principal task of the think tanks is to generate policy relevant knowledge and provide
information for political and business elites as well as the public at large. Over the last 20 years
think tanks have placed increasing emphasis on disseminating their research, appearing in the
media and conducting public outreach programs. Think tanks often employ professionals with
experience in marketing and public relations in order to facilitate the dissemination of
information.

a) Seminars, Conferences and Briefings:

Think tanks make a conscious effort to target their audience with a range of lectures, seminars,
conferences, expert meetings, and individual or group briefings. The Center for Strategic and
International Studies (CSIS), for example, reports that it stages around 700 events of this kind
every year, and the annual report of the AEI generally lists 200 such occasions.

b) Publications:
Many think tanks also operate as highly productive publishing houses, generating both
traditional and, increasingly, multimedia publications. In addition to numerous print publications
(e.g., Brookings stages press conferences and readings to launch new publications), each think
tank today also publishes its very own high-quality journal or magazine several times a year
(e.g., the Cato Journal appears three times a year, and The American Enterprise every two
months). Such publications also carry work by external analysts and academics (e.g., Foreign
Policy from the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, or Foreign Affairs from the
Council on Foreign Relations). Similarly, institutions often also print a number of quickly and

easily produced newsletters and information brochures as well as policy briefs on individual
topics. Finally, some think tanks provide special information services via fax or e-mail, which
comment on the days political and economic developments. Such daily analyses are often sent
free of charge to members of Congress, government representatives, and top business executives.

18
Ideas and Influence: Think Tanks, Politics and Public Policy, (Forthcoming Spring 2005), Edward Elgar Publishing,
Inc.

44
One of the most important tools for any think tank is its website. Today, almost every think tank
publishes an extensive range of information online, which serves to reach the public at large.
Most think tank websites also carry speeches, commentaries by the fellows, conference reports
and programs, synoptic analyses, book abstracts, biographies of their experts, information on
events and, increasingly, video and audio clips, all of which can be downloaded free of charge.
At the same time, a website will publish information on research topics, research programs, and
the think tanks organizational structure. It will also provide details for contacting specific
institution members and offer information for those who wish to apply as visiting fellows,
general employees, or interns (e.g. the AEI employs almost 100 interns each year).

c) The media:
Journalists looking to fill column inches or program slots profit from the expertise of think tank
employees. In turn, the think tank and the expert concerned gain a wide forum for the opinion
expressed and sometimes even a certain renown as a result of the direct media exposure. Think
tank analysts are quoted as experts in the print media and appear on television and radio news
programs as well as on talk shows. Numerous think tank experts regularly publish their work,
sometimes in their very own newspaper columns, but mostly in the form of op-ed pieces. The
large number of online political magazines also represents an increasingly important forum for
publication of such contributions. Similarly, other forms of electronic media are also playing an
increasingly important role for presenting both the think tank itself and its employees. The
Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, for example, has a regular radio program
called Dialogue, which is broadcast by more than 200 stations and already has around 200,000
listeners. The Brookings Institution and the Heritage Foundation both have their own TV studios
and two think tank experts from the AEI each have their very own weekly show broadcast by the
US public television station PBS. Many of their think tank colleagues appear several times a
week as regular political commentators on CNN and other cable channels.

d) Relations with government agencies:

Think tank experts regularly testify at parliamentary hearings and also hold individual briefings
for members of parliament and the administration as well as their staff. In turn, government
officials and members of parliament are invited to speak at think tank events, which provide

45
them with opportunities to test out political ideas or initiatives on neutral ground in front of an
audience of experts. A number of the major think tanks also stage regular meetings and
discussion forums in an effort to develop formal networks with government representatives. For
example, the Council on Foreign Relations has a Congress and US Foreign Policy Program,
which brings together Congressional staff members from both major parties. Additionally,
members of Congress also serve on the board of directors of numerous US think tanks. Some US
think tanks purposely cultivate close links to political circles, since many of them most
notably the RAND Corporation and the Urban Institute obtain a significant portion of their
budget from contract work (research projects, producing studies, preparatory work for
legislation) for various US government agencies.

Measuring the Influence of Think Tanks

Political scientists view think tanks as either part of the political elite or as one of many
institutional interests competing for policymakers' attention in a pluralist framework. Neither
approach helps us much in determining what kind or level of influence think tanks have on
policy. My research has led me to conclude that think tanks are most influential in the early
stages of the policy making process, particularly in issue articulation and formulation .we need a
more nuanced understanding of what constitutes influence and how it is measured before we can
specify how these different types of think tank work. He suggests that influence should be
tracked and measured by direct and indirect indicators at various points in the policy cycle as
follows:

Issue articulation (such are addressed to publics, intermediaries such as media, elites,
governments, channeling policy currents, coalition formation, and aim to get issues onto the
public agenda).

Policy formulation (such as studies, evaluation, briefings, testimony, consultation, networking,

iconic projects, demonstration effects).

Policy implementation (such as contracting, advisory, media, supply of officials, training,

database maintenance).

46
THINK TANKS IN PAKISTAN:
Social policy, local political issues, foreign policy, and regional politics are main focus point of
Pakistani think tanks. Most of think tanks are working in Islamabad and other large city cities of
Pakistan like Lahore, Karachi etc. one is important think tank of Pakistan is the Sustainable
Development Policy Institute (SDPI) main focus is environment and social development.
Another policy maker think tank in Islamabad is the Social and Policy Sciences (I-
SAPS)which focus on education, health, governance issues, and about conflict in society. Many
other important think thanks are working in Pakistan and help government to make better
policies for social development.

THINK TANKS IN LAHORE:

1- PILDAT[ Pakistan institute of legislative development and transparency]

2- IPR [ institute of policy reform]
3- SEPLAA
4- SPEARHEAD

PROGRAM OF THINK TANKS SPACES:

Three level of activates is present in any think tank space.

Research
Analyze
Present

RESEARCH:
Most of research of think tanks mostly conducts into very real and physical spaces of society
where event or activity is happened and also public is performer in that space. for example for
political research those spaces are attractive for think tanks where different political gatherings
or protests are conduct due to some symbolic importance of that space and also the streets and
chowks and other public spaces where political discussion between general public is happened
without any boss or controlling body. Similarly bazars and other public spaces where public
doing different commercial activates is used for economic research by different think tanks for
different purposes.

47
ANALYZE:
The process of analyze the research data is conduct into define spaces of think tanks building.
Analyze the data is private activity zone which is not accessible for everyone.

Presentation:
After research and analysis the next of think level of think tank working is to present policies on
different forums some forums are physical spaces and some are nonphysical. Some policies are
published in books or media. Seminars and discussions are also conducting onto those policies
where different type of people of society is present there. So the presentation of policies also a
public or open activity which is accessible for public on different forums.

PRESS CLUB:
19
Press clubs are institutions where journalists congregate and share news stories and
information among the members of the club. Over the years, during the long spells of
dictatorial regimes, the role of the press clubs has evolved and is not just bound to that of
sharing information. They have played a substantial role in the sociopolitical history of the
country. They had to champion the role of democracy and human rights' defender, becoming a
last refuge for the dissenting voices. The National Press Club in Washington describes the
essence of a press club, The place where news happens.

MEMBERS:
1. The Club may have 5 general classes of members, the designation and
qualifications for which are as follows:
1- Media: Includes persons residing in or employed by organizations which are
engaged in the gathering, handling or production of print or electronic news and
features for publication or dissemination by means of general circulation
newspapers, magazines, periodicals, radio, television networks and wire services;
freelance correspondents for such organizations; internet journalists and teachers of
journalism and mass communication.
2- Professional:

48
 3- Social: Includes persons ineligible for membership under Media, Professional,
Retired or Honorary classifications who wish to participate in Club activities. Non-
voting members.
4- Student: Open to full-time communications majors in college. Non-voting
members.
5- Dignitary: Elected or appointed public
officials. Non-voting members.

Lahore press club:

The Lahore Press Club (LPC) is an association of primarily
news journalists, but also includes academics, business
people and members of the public service sector in
Lahore, Pakistan. The second biggest press club in the
country (after Karachi Press Club), the LPC has a total
membership of 923 and is well known for its gatherings
with invited speakers from public life.

ACTIVITES IN PRESS CLUB:

SEMINARS and conferences:

Seminar conferences and meetings are held on different social cultural and political issues.
Different political parties and public from different field of life take part in that events media
cover all that events.

49
PUBLIC EVENTS:
For the sake of social interaction different public events are also host by press club. And that
event creates a bridge between media and public. Not only member of club but also
nonmember public participate in those events.

RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES

FOR CLUB MEMBERS:

Different type of recreational activates also present in press club for members journalists like
indoor gaming zone. And restaurant where member of club get the subsidize food.

50
Site:
Site selection criteria:
1- MULTIPLE TYPES OF USERS ARE PRESENT ON SITE FROM
DIFFERENT SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL GROUP.
2- Site is should be present at the center of city.
3-AUTHORITY OR POWER STRUCTURES TERRITORIES SHOULD
BE PRESENT THERE.
4- SITE SHOULD HAVE OPPOURUNITIES OF EVOLUTION.
5- MEDIA AND POLICY MAKING INSTITUTES PRESENT ON
SITE.

ACCORDING TO SITE SELECTION CRIETERIA SHIMLA PAHARI IS

SELECTED AS A SITE.

SHIMLA PAHARI:
Shimla pahari having strong identity in a society due
to the presence of media so public used as a forum for
protest. Because they easily get the media coverage
and also the context of shimla pahari very different
policy making institute are present there and decision
makers are also present there. Different cinemas and commercial activites are also present.

51
52
PROGRAMM:
Program is divided into two parts one is stable program and other is unstable events.
Stable program is static and defined like offices seminar rooms meeting rooms etc. unstable
events are dynamic and always in transformation process which depend upon time and
situations. Stable program act as strategy and unstable is act as tactics.

53
54
PRORAMM:

55
Literature review:
Power knowledge by Michel Foucault20:
In his work Michel Foucault use the term Power-Knowledge and space is refer to different
power structures which are produce in a society through the production of specific knowledge,
by habitus and social norms. And production of knowledge is used to control the society. This
also affects the spatial structure of spaces because the built environment is arranged and shaped
for the facilitation of Power & Knowledge, for example the utopian vision of Jeremy
Benthams Panoptic on and the radial and centralized urban planning of the ancient cities. In his
work Foucault is critical to power relations in modern times which are established by
institutions, to control individuals. Surveillance thus becomes the controlling theme of modern
space; the institution of power becomes central in the formation of power relations. Foucaults
notion of power is not simple to understand; it is a far complex, intricate. For Foucault power
is co-extensive and every human body is source of production of power in a society. For
Foucault institutions like, schools, hospitals and insane asylums are essential because that places
where knowledge of power produce. And those institutions exist and function within the larger
social context. They do not exist in physical isolation. The city and urban fabric ties together,
produce expand the power-knowledge that are created within the sites of power institutions, and
according to Foucault surveillance through built spaces still is the disciplinary controlling
mechanism of power.

The practice of everyday life by Michel de certeau:

The Practice of Everyday Life looks at the city and spaces through the perception of user or
consumer of those spaces rather than through the perception of creator like architect or urban
21
planner. Certeau also focused on how the daily practices of common man produce culture
and social norms rather than to look at traditions or non-physical elements to understand culture.
Investigation of different patterns of everyday activities, in relationship of Foucault's Discipline
and Punishment, where Foucault talks about the mechanisms of power institutions and the
20
Foucault: power is everywhere | Understanding power for ... (n.d.).
Power knowledge, Michel Foucault.
21
De Certeau, Michel. (1984) The Practice of Everyday Life (Berkeley: University of
California Press) pxix

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functioning of power for control which is also called surveillance. In The Practice of Everyday
Life certeau suggest an attempt of common man which manipulates the mechanisms of power
through his daily activates.

In one chapter Michel de Certeau, talks about power relations which are played out in the urban
fabric as a relationship between, institutions and things that draw boundaries around place and
declare ownership is called strategies and those that uses tactics. everyday practices like talking,
reading, shopping, walking and cooking etc. and timing to usurp, and negate the power
structures, de Certeau suggests, tactical practices of common man that unfold through the
dimension of time and opportunity to transcend the spatial limits imposed by the powerful.

Democracy and public space:

22
John Parkinson work is about political theories about democracy and physical performance of
public in public spaces. Author has developed a democratic theory in detail then defines
distinction between public space and private space. Also define different factors and actors
which could help to create a public space. Important analyses of the book are the relationship
between democracy, and physical public spaces and public performance. This relationship in
present context inform us about the problems of exclusion and segregation of different groups of
society from public spaces. Author also talks about the importance of physical public space
because of its importance to get attention of media by generating images and symbols therefor
public used those physical spaces as a stage for his claims. Parkinson divides his work into
different parts in first part he describes theoretically democracy and public in detail and then
creates his relationship with public spaces. In next part define the criteria about the definition of
public spaces in contemporary consumer culture. And in last part author talks about the formal
public institutions and public involvement in that institutions.

SITUATIONISTS23:
Situationists International Manifesto (1960) talks about (1) psycho-geography making mental
maps of the city that are different from its existing urban network, (2) Flaneur - an unplanned
stroll through the city for exploration/loitering and to observe their surroundings, (3) Derive

22
Democracy and Public Space - John Parkinson - Oxford ... (n.d.)
23
Sadler, S. (1999). The situationist city. MIT press.

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strolling the city and letting the environment effects our emotions and behavior and so
following the changes in spaces character, (4) Detournement rebelling through propaganda
by using popular cultural symbolism to mock and provoke authority (5) Unitary Urbanism with a
dynamic layout of the city to accommodate different lifestyles and behaviors, Integrated
composition of arts and technology and lastly, to focus on exciting situations (experiences) over
exciting forms.

Situationists International Manifesto brought forward an ideology and new principles for
artists to redefine the importance of art within society and rebel against the status quo in order
to achieve their goal. This kind of thinking seems to come about due to the Industrial
automation processes which, according to them, would free people of their need for economic
responsibility and help focus on their creative side due to the innate nature of human beings
for play.

Defining Principles of the new culture have been positive, in my opinion. These include the
participation of society (Social inclusion) over the spectacle of art created in isolation from the
public. This is extremely important, as public opinion would help direct ideologies into a more
harmonious direction, comprehended and felt by the larger masses. A global unification of
ideologies (international style) and practices relating to all usable elements (defined in
modernism), yet a freedom of cultural expression through trends and experiments that would
create schools of thought, a multi-ideological discipline. I understand this as a general principle
followed globally and local ideas that adapt the ideologies according to local culture and values.
Everyone would be a producer and consumer (artist in full) which Is strange because not all
people enjoy consuming what they produce and vice versa.

Playful creativity guarantees freedom for all, equality guaranteed by the absence of
exploiting.

Guy Debord then explains his perspective to justify his actions, claiming to look at a higher
game in which stimulus to this game is the human existence itself. He believes that true art is
suppressed and should be given the freedom against social frameworks that look down on
some expressions of art. The Author then calls to the International Community to unite over
this ideology: Revolutionary players from every country unite to emerge from the pre-historic
phase of daily living.

Then he makes a declaration of the Revolution:, especially after his call to physical revolt, a
coup against the established institutions. By doing this they aim for recognition from UNESCO
for implementation of art as a cultural heritage for conservation and reproduction.

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Limitations:
Different type of governance models are present but for that project major focused on democratic
governance and also major focused on those public spaces which are present into the spaces of
authorities or powers. To create a performative public space it is necessary to define scale,
program and user of public spaces. Mostly social, cultural, political and economic think tanks to
be focused and program of public spaces related to that types of think tanks.

DESIGN BRIEF:
Architectural space and his spatial configuration is a result of perceptions, emotions, desires,
movement of human body, which is present in a space and created events which could provide
an identity to a space. A class room is perceived through the activities of student bodies in the
space and without event it would be anything else. So the main objective of design is to create a
space which is derived from a question that how human body could move in a space and create
events? To design a space consists of multiple possibilities and unpredictable human behavior.
The whole process is also about a question on design process. Could architect look at the space
through the perception of common user of that space and design space according to that
perceptions or architect used his preconceived ideas about space, culture and identity and design
space according to them.

METHDOLOGY:
Architectural notations:
24
Historically, the human body and architecture have always coexisted, for
without shelter and enclosure the body cannot survive and placed itself into
that cosmic world. So architectural spaces are anchor point for human body for
physically and emotionally. And without a body what is the use of an
architectural space? Architecture space does never exist without the event and
movement which is created by human body. Also architecture space is
perceived and conceived through lived space of human body. So architectural

24
Architecture Movement Notation - DSpace Home
https://archive.udmercy.edu/handle/10429/588
TECi; DEC 12 1972 - dspace.mit.edu. (n.d.). Retrieved January 2, 2017, from http://www.bing.com/cr?

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notation is recording of different events, movements, emotions and gestures of human with in a
built environment this is a way to perceive a space by the experience and perception of human
body about space not through preconceive knowledge of space.

Dance notations:
In architectural notational system most of symbols and techniques are borrowing from dance
notations because both are about human body and its movement and emotions. To understand
notational theory.it is important to understand how notations have been used throughout history
and have evolved over time. Dance notations are mostly developed as compare to other art
forms, in dance field explored and tested many different principals and techniques for notational
theory. By studying their evolution, dance notation can begin to describe what is/ is not
important in terms of capture vital human body information as well as what are the most accurate
methods of conveying precise movement information.

Different methods and systems are creating with time for architecture
notations.

LAWRENCE HALPRIN:
First method of notation was created by Lawrence Halprin. A landscape
architect and with his wife which is dance choreographer. The system is
about to expresses the urban landscape perceived by a person how could
travel through time. Halprins system is a two parts one is horizontal and one
is vertical. The column on the left is known as the Horizontal Track and is
where the sequence of spaces is notated while the Vertical Track follows
the elevation of the person as the move through the spaces. Symbols are
used to describe the characteristics of build space are mostly visualls. In that
system exact measurements were missing.

KELVIN LYNCH:
The second system is led by architect Kevin Lynch. In his work The Image
of the City 5 elements are explained which describe the urban fabrics like
path, nodes, districts, landmarks etc. Similar to Halprin system, Lynchs

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system follows a vertical staff read bottom to top. The difference between both systems is harplin
system only record visual elevation of space but lynch system also talks about experience
qualities of spaces. And multiple layers of information is present in that system.

Benesh- Theil Approach:

Another system of notations is introduced by Benesh Philip
Theils this system is about evaluation of scene. By
breaking the sequence into 3 separate parts; Experience,
Movement & Material (similar to Theils Space, Place and
Occasion), Notation in order to record the progression of the
sequence of space. This approach allowed for the gathering of
information by taking quick sketches of each importance
gesture in order to interpret the different layers of architectural
information. Combining the three frames into a whole scene then allowed for a comprehensive
analysis of the multi-dimensional information.

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