1.

"The Antarctic is the vast source of cold on our planet, just as the sun is the source
of our heat, and it exerts tremendous control on our climate," Jacques Claude told
the camera. "The cold ocean water around Antarctica flows north to mix with
warmer water from the tropics, and its upwellings help to cool both the surface
water and our atmosphere. Yet the fragility of this regulating system is now
threatened by human activity." From "Captain Claude," Audubon (May 17, 1990)

Answer:

According to Claude (1990), the activity of people in Antarctica is jeopardizing the

natural mechanism that controls the earth's climate. He fears that human activity
could interfere with the balance between the sun, the source of the earth's heat, and
the source of cold from Antarctic waters that flow north which cool the oceans and
atmosphere

Claude, J. (1990). Captain Claude. Audubon.

2. "The twenties were the years when drinking was against the law, and the law was
a bad joke because everyone knew of a local bar where liquor could be had. They
were the years when organized crime ruled the cities, and the police seemed
powerless to do anything against it. Classical music was forgotten while jazz
spread throughout the land, and men like Bix Beiderbecke, Louis Armstrong, and
Count Basie became the heroes of the young. The flapper was born in the twenties,
and with her bobbed hair and short skirts, she symbolized, perhaps more than
anyone or anything else, America's break with the past." From Kathleen Yancey,
English 102 Supplemental Guide (1989): 25.

3. "Of the more than 1000 bicycling deaths each year, three-fourths are caused by
head injuries. Half of those killed are school-age children. One study concluded
that wearing a bike helmet can reduce the risk of head injury by 85 percent. In an
accident, a bike helmet absorbs the shock and cushions the head." From "Bike
Helmets: Unused Lifesavers," Consumer Reports (May 1990): 348.

4. "Matisse is the best painter ever at putting the viewer at the scene. He's the most
realistic of all modern artists, if you admit the feel of the breeze as necessary to a
landscape and the smell of oranges as essential to a still life. "The Casbah Gate"
depicts the well-known gateway Bab el Aassa, which pierces the southern wall of
the city near the sultan's palace. With scrubby coats of ivory, aqua, blue, and rose
 delicately fenced by the liveliest gray outline in art history, Matisse gets the
essence of a Tangier afternoon, including the subtle presence of the bowaab, the
sentry who sits and surveys those who pass through the gate." From Peter
Plagens, "Bright Lights." Newsweek (26 March 1990): 50.

5. "While the Sears Tower is arguably the greatest achievement in skyscraper

engineering so far, it's unlikely that architects and engineers have abandoned the
quest for the world's tallest building. The question is: Just how high can a building
go? Structural engineer William LeMessurier has designed a skyscraper nearly
one-half mile high, twice as tall as the Sears Tower. And architect Robert Sobel
claims that existing technology could produce a 500-story building." From Ron
Bachman, "Reaching for the Sky." Dial (May 1990): 15.

6. In 1610, Galileo Galilei published a small book describing astronomical

observations that he had made of the skies above Padua. His homemade
telescopes had less magnifying and resolving power than most beginners
telescopes sold today, yet with them he made astonishing discoveries: that the
moon has mountains and other topographical features; that Jupiter is orbited by
satellites, which he called planets; and that the Milky Way is made up of individual
stars. From David Owen, The Dark Side: Making War on Light Pollution,
The New Yorker (20 August 2007): 28.

7. In American society, Introverts are outnumbered about three to one. As a result,

they must develop extra coping skills early in life because there will be an
inordinate amount of pressure on them to shape up, to act like the rest of the
world. The Introvert is pressured daily, almost from the moment of awakening, to
respond and conform to the outer world. Classroom teachers unwittingly
pressure Introverted students by announcing that One-third of your grade will be
based on classroom participation. From Otto Kroeger and Janet M. Thuesen,
Type Talk: The 16 Personality Types that Determine How We Live, Love and
Work. New York: Dell Publishing, 1989.

8. "Michelangelo was a man of tenacious and profound memory, Vasari says, so

that, on seeing the works of others only once, he remembered them perfectly and
could avail himself of them in such a manner that scarcely anyone has ever
noticed it." That scarcely anyone has ever noticed it, is easy to understand. For,
Michelangelo, when exploiting the works of others, classical or modern,
subjected them to a transformation so radical, that the results appear no less
Michelangelesque than his independent creations. From Erwin Panofsky,
Studies in Iconography. New York: Harper and Row, 1971.
 9. By mid-December, 1914, British troops had been fighting on the Continent for over
five months. Casualties had been shocking, positions had settled into self-
destructive stalemate, and sensitive people now perceived that the war, far from
promising to be over by Christmas, was going to extend itself to hitherto
unimagined reaches of suffering and irony. From Paul Fussell, The Great War
and Modern Memory. London: Oxford University Press, 1977.

10. It has never been denied that Dante the political philosopher as well as Dante the
poet assimilated to the full the political doctrines by which his century was moved.
In fact, Dante held a key-position in the political and intellectual discussions
around 1300, and if in a superficial manner he has often been labeled reactionary,
it is simply the prevalence of the imperial idea in Dantes worksdifferent though
it was from that of the preceding centurieswhich obscured the overwhelmingly
unconventional features of his moral-political outlook. From Ernst H.
Kantorowicz, The Kings Two Bodies. Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1981.

11. It is natural, and in so rapid and superficial review as this inevitable, to consider
the criticism of Wordsworth and Coleridge together. But we must keep in mind how
very different were not only the men themselves, but the circumstances and
motives of the composition of their principal critical statements. Wordsworths
Preface to Lyrical Ballads was written while he was still in his youth, and while his
poetic genius still had much to do; Coleridge wrote the Biographia Litteraria much
later in life, when poetry, except for that one brief and touching lament for lost
youth, had deserted him, and when the disastrous effects of long dissipation and
stupefaction of his powers in transcendental metaphysics were bringing him to a
state of lethargy. From T. S. Eliot, The Use of Poetry and the Use of Criticism:
Studies in the Relation of Criticism to Poetry in England. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1961. Wordsworth and Coleridge 58-77.

Answers
Here are sample answers for the paraphrasing exercise:

1. According to Claude (1990), the activity of people in Antarctica is jeopardizing the natural
mechanism that controls the earth's climate. He fears that human activity could interfere
with the balance between the sun, the source of the earth's heat, and the source of cold from
Antarctic waters that flow north which cool the oceans and atmosphere

2. During the twenties, lawlessness and social nonconformity prevailed. In cities, organized
crime flourished without police interference, and, in spite of nationwide prohibition of liquor
sales, anyone who wished to buy a drink knew where to get one. Musicians like Louis
Armstrong become favorites, particularly among young people, as many turned away from
classical music to jazz. One of the best examples of the anti-traditional trend was the
proliferation of young women who rebelled against customs by cutting off their hair and
shortening their skirts (Yancey, 1989).

3. The use of bike helmets can reduce bicycling fatalities, which are due to head injuries 75%
of the time. By cushioning the head upon impact, a helmet can reduce accidental injury by as
much as 85%, saving the lives of hundreds of victims annually, half of whom are school going
children (Bike Helmets, 1990).

4. Matisse paintings are remarkable in giving the viewer the distinct sensory impressions of
one experiencing the scene firsthand. For instance, "The Casbah Gate" takes one to the walled
city of Tangier and the Bab el Aassa gateway near the Sultan's palace, where one can imagine
standing on an afternoon, absorbing the splash of colors and the fine outlines. Even the
sentry, the bowaab vaguely eyeing those who come and go through the gate, blends into the
scene as though real (Plagens 50).

5. The Sears Tower is a world marvel, and it is unknown how much higher skyscrapers of the
future will rise. However, the design of one twice as tall as the Sears Tower is already on the
boards, and an architect, Robert Sobel, thinks we currently have sufficient know-how to build
a skyscraper with over 500 stories (Bachman 15).

6. Galileo was able to make some amazing discoveries with his telescope. He made
discoveries about the moon, about Jupiter, and about the Milky Way. He was able to do this
with a telescope that was less

7. There are many more extroverts than introverts in America. This puts a lot of pressure
on introverts to fit in and be like everybody else. Even in school, teachers add to this
pressure by making class participation part of the student's grade. Consequently, introverts
have to acquire additional skills to deal with these pressures.

8. Michelangelo had a tremendous memory. He could remember the details of works of art
after having seen them just once. He copied these works, but changed them dramatically--he
created copies in his own, unique style. As a result, few people ever realized some of his
works were actually copies.

9. After more than five months of fighting, the British had lost so many men and they were
unable to make progress. People began to realize that the war would not end before
Christmas. Instead, it would continue for longer and be more ironic than they had ever
imagined.

10. Both as a poet and as a philosopher, Dante's political outlook was formed by the period
in which he lived. During his liftime he even participated in important debates that were of a
political and intellectual nature. Though it is true that certain themes in his writing broke
with the past, Dante was more than a simple reactionary. His moral and political views were
both quite extraordinary for his time.

11. The criticism of Wordsworth and Coleridge are usually examined together. However, it is
important to remember that these two men were very different. Moreover, their works were
written for different reasons and during different periods of their lives. Wordsworth wrote
Preface to Lyrical Ballads when he was young and his life lay before him. Coleridge, on the
other hand, wrote Biographia Litteraria near the end of his life.